Gut Microbiomes

The gut microbiomes is a complex community of microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that reside in the gastrointestinal (related to stomach and intestine) tract, primarily in the colon of intestine.

• We have a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship with microbes in our gut where both of us are benefitted.

1. Gut bacteria helps break down complex carbohydrates & other substances, and produce nutrients that human can't produce (e.g. SCFAs, Vitamin K, some Vitamin B).
   1. (Butyrate is a SCFA, which acts as a main energy source for cells lining the large intestine, and strengthens junctions between cells to prevent harmful substances leaking into the bloodstream.)

2. Healthy gut microbiome can compete with harmful pathogens and restrict their growth. They can also help immune system to identify pathogens from harmless microbes to prevent unnecessary inflammation. (tho i don't know how yet).

3. a. Gut bacteria can help regulate energy balance by controlling gut hormones (e.g. leptin) for appetite (desire to eat) regulation.

3. b. Gut microbes also help generate neurotransmitters (e.g. serotin) to help regulate mood.