Glaspie, A
<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/April_Glaspie" title="April Glaspie" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px; background-image: none;">April Glaspie</a><div>=</div><div><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><span style="font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump" style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: -1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#mw-navigation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#p-search" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /></div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="n" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;"><span class="fn">April Catherine Glaspie</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); text-align: center;">13th <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Iraq" title="United States Ambassador to Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">United States Ambassador to Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: center;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>In office</b></span>
1988–1990</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">President</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_George_Newton" title="David George Newton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">David George Newton</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C.Wilson" title="Joseph C. Wilson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Joseph C. Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); text-align: center;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">April 26, 1942 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 71)</span>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Vancouver</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Alma mater</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Johns Hopkins University</a>'s<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H.Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">Profession</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Diplomat</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; float: right; clear: right; width: 22em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.4em 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_of_state.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><img alt="Department of state.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Department_of_state.svg/140px-Department_of_state.svg.png" width="140" height="140" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Department_of_state.svg/210px-Department_of_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Department_of_state.svg/280px-Department_of_state.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.Near_Eastern_Affairs_Diplomats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Near Eastern Affairs Diplomats (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">U.S. Near Eastern Affairs Diplomats</a></th></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loy_W.Henderson" title="Loy W. Henderson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Loy W. Henderson</a> (1922–1960)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W.Yost" title="Charles W. Yost" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Charles W. Yost</a> (1930-1971)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_O.Waring" title="Robert O. Waring" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Robert O. Waring</a> (194?-1976)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stoltzfus" title="William Stoltzfus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">William Stoltzfus</a> (1949–1976)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J.Sisco" title="Joseph J. Sisco" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Joseph J. Sisco</a> (1951–1976)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Eilts" title="Hermann Eilts" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hermann Eilts</a> (1947–1979)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Killgore" title="Andrew Killgore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Andrew Killgore</a> (1949–1980)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bordeaux_Parker" title="Richard Bordeaux Parker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Richard Bordeaux Parker</a> (1949–1981)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L.Eagleton" title="William L. Eagleton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">William L. Eagleton</a> (1949–1988)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_J.%22Pat%22_Quinlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford J. "Pat" Quinlan (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Clifford J. "Pat" Quinlan</a> (1950-1980)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Williams_Seelye" title="Talcott Williams Seelye" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Talcott Williams Seelye</a> (1950–1981)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Atherton" title="Alfred Atherton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Alfred Atherton</a> (1954–1984)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_A.Veliotes" title="Nicholas A. Veliotes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Nicholas A. Veliotes</a> (1955–1986)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_W.Murphy" title="Richard W. Murphy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Richard W. Murphy</a> (1955–1989)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pelletreau" title="Robert Pelletreau" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Robert Pelletreau</a> (1962–1996)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.Nathaniel_Howell" title="W. Nathaniel Howell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">W. Nathaniel Howell</a> (1965-1992)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Djerejian" title="Edward Djerejian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Edward Djerejian</a> (1966–1994)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_Horan" title="Hume Horan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hume Horan</a> (1966–1998)
<strong class="selflink" style="white-space: nowrap;">April Glaspie</strong> (1966-2002)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_T.Cluverius_IV" title="Wat T. Cluverius IV" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Wat T. Cluverius IV</a> (1967-?)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S.Walker,Jr." title="Edward S. Walker, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Edward S. Walker, Jr.</a> (1967–2001)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gnehm" title="Edward Gnehm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Edward Gnehm</a> (1969–2003)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_E.Neumann" title="Ronald E. Neumann" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ronald E. Neumann</a> (1970-2007)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Crocker" title="Ryan Crocker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ryan Crocker</a> (1972–present)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_H.Saunders" title="Harold H. Saunders" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Harold H. Saunders</a> (1974-1981)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bodine" title="Barbara Bodine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Barbara Bodine</a> (1975–present)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Welch" title="David Welch" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">David Welch</a> (1977–2008)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J.Ricciardone,Jr." title="Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr.</a> (1978–present)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C.Kurtzer" title="Daniel C. Kurtzer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Daniel C. Kurtzer</a> (1981–2006)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns" title="William Joseph Burns" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">William Joseph Burns</a> (1982–present)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Zalmay Khalilzad</a> (1984–present)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ross" title="Dennis Ross" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Dennis Ross</a> (1989–1992)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Indyk" title="Martin Indyk" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Martin Indyk</a> (1995–2001)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Steinberg" title="James Steinberg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">James Steinberg</a> (2009–present)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayton_S.Mak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton S. Mak (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Dayton S. Mak</a> (unknown)
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W.Twinam" title="Joseph W. Twinam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Joseph W. Twinam</a> (?-1985)
</p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Anne_Casey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Anne Casey (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Mary Anne Casey</a> (unknown)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: right; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170);"><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:U.S.Near_Eastern_Affairs_Diplomats" title="Template:U.S. Near Eastern Affairs Diplomats" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span title="View this template" style="font-variant: small-caps;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:U.S.Near_Eastern_Affairs_Diplomats" title="Template talk:U.S. Near Eastern Affairs Diplomats" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span title="Discuss this template" style="font-variant: small-caps;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:U.S.Near_Eastern_Affairs_Diplomats&action=edit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><span title="Edit this template" style="font-variant: small-caps;">e</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>April Catherine Glaspie</b> (born April 26, 1942) is a former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">American</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">diplomat</a> and senior member of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Foreign Service</a>, best known for her role in the events leading up to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Persian Gulf War</a> of 1991.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px;"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#Early_life_and_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and career</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#United_States_Ambassador_to_Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States Ambassador to Iraq</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#Meetings_with_Saddam_Hussein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Meetings with Saddam Hussein</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#Retrospective_views" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Retrospective views</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie?veaction=edit&vesection=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career" class="mw-editsection-link-primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: visible;">]</span><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); visibility: hidden;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Glaspie&action=edit§ion=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life and career" class="mw-editsection-link-secondary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; visibility: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /></span></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Glaspie was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,British_Columbia" title="Vancouver, British Columbia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, and graduated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College" title="Mills College" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Mills College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,California" title="Oakland, California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Oakland, California</a>, in 1963, and from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Johns Hopkins University</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H.Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a> in 1965.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In 1966 Glaspie entered the<b> United States <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_service" title="Diplomatic service" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">foreign service</a>,</b> where she became an expert on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Middle East</a>. After postings in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kuwait</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Syria</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Egypt</a><b>, Glaspie was appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ambassador</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Iraq</a> in 1989</b>. She was the first woman to be appointed an American ambassador to an Arab country. She had a reputation as a respected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabist" title="Arabist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Arabist</a>, and her instructions were to broaden cultural and commercial contacts with the Iraqi regime.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Subsequently, Glaspie was posted to the U.S. Mission to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">United Nations</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">New York</a>. She was later posted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">South Africa</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_general" title="Consul general" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Consul general</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Cape Town</a>. She held this post until her retirement in 2002.</p><h3 class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States_Ambassador_to_Iraq">United States Ambassador to Iraq</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie?veaction=edit&vesection=2" title="Edit section: United States Ambassador to Iraq" class="mw-editsection-link-primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: visible;">]</span><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); visibility: hidden;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Glaspie&action=edit§ion=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: United States Ambassador to Iraq" class="mw-editsection-link-secondary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; visibility: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /></span></h3><h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Meetings_with_Saddam_Hussein">Meetings with Saddam Hussein</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie?veaction=edit&vesection=3" title="Edit section: Meetings with Saddam Hussein" class="mw-editsection-link-primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">]</span><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); visibility: hidden;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Glaspie&action=edit§ion=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Meetings with Saddam Hussein" class="mw-editsection-link-secondary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; visibility: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /></span></h4><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein-United_States_relations" title="Saddam Hussein - United States relations" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saddam Hussein - United States relations</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; width: 222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glaspie_hussein.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glaspie_hussein.jpg/220px-Glaspie_hussein.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glaspie_hussein.jpg/330px-Glaspie_hussein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glaspie_hussein.jpg/440px-Glaspie_hussein.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="border: none !important; background-image: none !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glaspie_hussein.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; display: block; border: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf9/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border: none !important; vertical-align: middle; display: block; background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;" /></a></div>April Glaspie's first meeting with Saddam Hussein, accompanied by Hussein's translator, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadoun_al-Zubaydi" title="Sadoun al-Zubaydi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Sadoun al-Zubaydi</a></div></div></div><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Glaspie's appointment as U.S. ambassador to Iraq followed a period from 1980 to 1988 during which the United States had given covert support to Iraq during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">its war with Iran</a>. <b>A 1994 Congressional report found that the United States supplied Hussein with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">E. coli</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_Virus" title="West Nile Virus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">West Nile Virus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">anthrax</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">clostridium botulinum</a>, which he used to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" title="Al-Anfal Campaign" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">murder up to 200,000 Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup></b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Glaspie had her first meeting with Iraqi President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saddam Hussein</a> and his Deputy Prime Minister, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Tariq Aziz</a>, on July 25, 1990. In her telegram from July 25, 1990, to the Department of State, Glaspie summarized the meeting as follows:</p><dl style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Saddam told the ambassador July 25 that Mubarak has arranged for Kuwaiti and Iraqi delegations to meet in Riyadh, and then on July 28, 29 or 30, the Kuwaiti crown prince will come to Baghdad for serious negotiations. <i>"Nothing serious will happen"</i> before then, Saddam had promised Mubarak.<sup id="cite_ref-90BAGHDAD4237_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-90BAGHDAD4237-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></dd></dl><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">At least two transcripts of the meeting have been published. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">State Department</a> has not confirmed the accuracy of these transcripts, but Glaspie's cable has been released at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George Bush Presidential Library and Museum" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bush Library</a> and placed online by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Margaret Thatcher</a> Foundation.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">One version of the transcript has Glaspie saying:</p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">We can see that you have deployed massive numbers of troops in the south. Normally that would be none of our business, but when this happens in the context of your threats against Kuwait, then it would be reasonable for us to be concerned. For this reason, I have received an instruction to ask you, in the spirit of friendship — not confrontation — regarding your intentions: Why are your troops massed so very close to Kuwait's borders?</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Later the transcript has Glaspie saying:</p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">We have no opinion on your Arab-Arab conflicts, such as your dispute with Kuwait.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Secretary Baker</a> has directed me to emphasize the instruction, first given to Iraq in the 1960s, that the Kuwait issue is not associated with America.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Another version of the transcript (the one published in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The New York Times</a></i> on 23 September 1990) has Glaspie saying:</p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">But we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait. I was in the American Embassy in Kuwait during the late 1960s. The instruction we had during this period was that we should express no opinion on this issue and that the issue is not associated with America. James Baker has directed our official spokesmen to emphasize this instruction. We hope you can solve this problem using any suitable methods via Klibi (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedli_Klibi" title="Chedli Klibi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Chedli Klibi</a>, Secretary General of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Arab League</a>) or via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">President Mubarak</a>. All that we hope is that these issues are solved quickly.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">When these purported transcripts were made public, Glaspie was accused of having given tacit approval for the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which took place on August 2, 1990. It was argued that Glaspie's statements that "We have no opinion on your Arab-Arab conflicts" and that "the Kuwait issue is not associated with America" were interpreted by Saddam as giving free rein to handle his disputes with Kuwait as he saw fit. It was also argued that Saddam would not have invaded Kuwait had he been given an explicit warning that such an invasion would be met with force by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a></sup> Journalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mortimer" title="Edward Mortimer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Edward Mortimer</a> wrote in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" title="New York Review of Books" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">New York Review of Books</a></i> in November 1990:</p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">It seems far more likely that Saddam Hussein went ahead with the invasion because he believed the US would not react with anything more than verbal condemnation. That was an inference he could well have drawn from his meeting with US Ambassador April Glaspie on July 25, and from statements by State Department officials in Washington at the same time publicly disavowing any US security commitments to Kuwait, but also from the success of both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Reagan</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bush</a> administrations in heading off attempts by the US Senate to impose sanctions on Iraq for previous breaches of international law.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>In September 1990, a pair of British journalists confronted Glaspie with the transcript of her meeting with Saddam Hussein, to which she replied that "Obviously, I didn't think, and nobody else did, that the Iraqis were going to take all of Kuwait</b>."<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In April 1991 Glaspie testified before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>. She said that at the July 25 meeting she had "repeatedly warned Iraqi President Saddam Hussein against using force to settle his dispute with Kuwait." She also said that Saddam had lied to her by denying he would invade Kuwait. Asked to explain how Saddam could have interpreted her comments as implying U.S. approval for the invasion of Kuwait, she replied: "We foolishly did not realize he [Saddam] was stupid." In July 1991 State Department spokesperson <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boucher" title="Richard Boucher" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Richard Boucher</a> said at a press briefing:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a></sup></p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">We have faith in Ambassador Glaspie's reporting. She sent us cables on her meetings based on notes that were made after the meeting. She also provided five hours or more of testimony in front of the Committee about the series of meetings that she had, including this meeting with Saddam Hussein.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The cables that Glaspie sent from Iraq about her meeting with Saddam are no longer classified.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a></sup> Glaspie's cable on her meeting with Saddam reports that President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H.W. Bush" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">George H.W. Bush</a> "had instructed her to broaden and deepen our relations with Iraq." Saddam, in turn, offered "warm greetings" to Bush and was "surely sincere" about not wanting war, the cable said</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Glaspie herself for years remained silent on the subject of her actions in Iraq. But in March 2008 she gave an interview to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lebanese</a> newspaper <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hayat" title="Al-Hayat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i>Dar Al-Hayat</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[8]</a></sup> In the interview, she said she has no regrets. "It is over," Glaspie said. "Nobody wants to take the blame. I am quite happy to take the blame. Perhaps I was not able to make Saddam Hussein believe that we would do what we said we would do, but in all honesty, I don't think anybody in the world could have persuaded him."</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In the interview, Glaspie recalled that her meeting with Saddam was interrupted when the Iraqi president received a phone call from Egyptian President<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hosni Mubarak</a>. Saddam told her he had assured Mubarak that he would try to settle the dispute, she said. Her cable backs up this version of events; the Iraqi transcript, prepared by Saddam's official English language translator, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadoun_al-Zubaydi" title="Sadoun al-Zubaydi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Sadoun al-Zubaydi</a>, records Saddam saying that Mubarak called before he met with Glaspie.</p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Retrospective_views">Retrospective views</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie?veaction=edit&vesection=4" title="Edit section: Retrospective views" class="mw-editsection-link-primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">]</span><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); visibility: hidden;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Glaspie&action=edit§ion=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Retrospective views" class="mw-editsection-link-secondary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; visibility: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /></span></h3><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In 2002, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a></i> published a new account of the Glaspie-Saddam meeting by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Kilgore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Kilgore (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Andrew Kilgore</a>, a former U.S. ambassador to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Qatar</a>. Kilgore summarized the meeting as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[9]</a></sup></p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">At their meeting, the American ambassador explained to Saddam that the United States did not take a stand on Arab-Arab conflicts, such as Iraq’s border disagreement with Kuwait. She made clear, however, that differences should be settled by peaceful means.</span><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Glaspie’s concerns were greatly eased when Saddam told her that the forthcoming Iraq-Kuwait meeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Jeddah</a> was for protocol purposes, to be followed by substantive discussions to be held in Baghdad.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In response to the ambassador’s question, Saddam named a date when Kuwaiti Crown Prince <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikh_Sa%E2%80%99ad_Abdallah" title="Shaikh Sa’ad Abdallah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Shaikh Sa’ad Abdallah</a> would be arriving in Baghdad for those substantive discussions. (This appears in retrospect to have been Saddam’s real deception.)</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The points referenced in the second and third paragraphs do not appear in the purported transcripts of the Glaspie-Saddam meeting that were released by Iraq, and on which most of the subsequent criticism of Glaspie is based. If there is a full transcript of the meeting in existence, or if the State Department declassifies Glaspie's cables about the meeting, a different assessment might be reached on her performance.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Akins" title="James Akins" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">James Akins</a>, the U.S. Ambassador to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saudi Arabia</a> at the time, offered a somewhat different perspective in a 2000 interview on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Public Broadcasting Service" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">PBS</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[10]</a></sup></p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">[Glaspie] took the straight American line, which is we do not take positions on border disputes between friendly countries. That's standard. That's what you always say. You would not have said, 'Mr. President, if you really are considering invading Kuwait, by God, we'll bring down the wrath of God on your palaces, and on your country, and you'll all be destroyed.' She wouldn't say that, nor would I. Neither would any diplomat.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C.Wilson" title="Joseph C. Wilson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Joseph C. Wilson</a>, Glaspie's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Mission" title="Deputy Chief of Mission" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Deputy Chief of Mission</a> in Baghdad, referred to her meeting with Saddam Hussein in a May 14, 2004 interview on<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Democracy Now!</a>:</i> an "Iraqi participant in the meeting [...] said to me very clearly that <b>Saddam did not misunderstand, did not think he was getting a green or yellow light."</b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Wilson's and Akins' views on this question are in line with those of former Deputy Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Tariq Aziz</a>, who stated in a 1996 interview with <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline(US_TV_series)" title="Frontline (US TV series)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Frontline</a></i>that, prior to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Invasion of Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">invasion of Kuwait</a>, Iraq "had no illusions" about the likelihood of U.S. military intervention. Similarly, in a 2000 <i>Frontline</i> interview, Aziz declared, "There were no mixed signals", and further elaborated:</p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">...it was a routine meeting. ... She didn't say anything extraordinary beyond what any professional diplomat would say without previous instructions from his government. She did not ask for an audience with the president [Saddam]. She was summoned by the president. ... She was not prepared.... People in Washington were asleep, so she needed a half-hour to contact anybody in Washington and seek instructions. So, what she said were routine, classical comments on what the president was asking her to convey to President Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[11]</a></sup></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack" title="Kenneth Pollack" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kenneth Pollack</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Brookings Institution</a>, writing in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">New York Times</a></i> on February 21, 2003, disagreed with the views (previously cited) of observers like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mortimer" title="Edward Mortimer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Edward Mortimer</a>:</p><table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">In fact, all the evidence indicates the opposite: Saddam Hussein believed it was highly likely that the United States would try to liberate Kuwait but convinced himself that we would send only lightly armed, rapidly deployable forces that would be quickly destroyed by his 120,000-man <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Republican_Guard" title="Iraqi Republican Guard" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Republican Guard</a>. After this, he assumed, Washington would acquiesce to his conquest.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Professors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">John Mearsheimer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Stephen Walt</a> write in the January/February 2003 edition of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Foreign Policy</a></i> that Saddam approached the U.S. to find out how it would react to an invasion into Kuwait. Along with Glaspie's comment that "'[W]e have no opinion on the Arab–Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait.' The U.S. State Department had earlier told Saddam that Washington had 'no special defense or security commitments to Kuwait.' The United States may not have intended to give Iraq a green light, but that is effectively what it did."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[12]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie?veaction=edit&vesection=5" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-link-primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out;">]</span><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); visibility: hidden;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Glaspie&action=edit§ion=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-link-secondary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; visibility: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; -webkit-transition: color 100ms ease-out, margin 100ms ease-out; visibility: hidden;" /></span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; -webkit-column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfweb.org/bigdoc/report/r_1_2.html#exports" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Riegle Report</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-90BAGHDAD4237-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-90BAGHDAD4237_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/1990/07/90BAGHDAD4237.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Saddam's message of friendship to president Bush (Wikileaks telegram 90BAGHDAD4237)"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 25 July 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110107203728/http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/1990/07/90BAGHDAD4237.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Archived</a>from the original on 7 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2. January 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Glaspie&rft.btitle=Saddam%27s+message+of++friendship+to+president+Bush+%28Wikileaks+telegram+90BAGHDAD4237%29&rft.date=25+July+1990&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikileaks.ch%2Fcable%2F1990%2F07%2F90BAGHDAD4237.html&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/displaydocument.asp?docid=110705" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Saddam's message of friendship to George Bush</a> Sept 23, 1990</span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/glaspie.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting with U.S. Envoy</a> Sept 23, 1990</span></li><li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_5-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/02/AR2008040203485.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Ex-Envoy Details Hussein Meeting</a> washingtonpost.com</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/daily_briefings/1991/9107/113.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/daily_briefings/1991/9107/113.html</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><i>The Washington Post</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/documents/glaspie1-13.pdf?sid=ST2008040203634" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/documents/glaspie1-13.pdf?sid=ST2008040203634</a> <span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;"><code style="font-family: monospace, Courier; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">|url=</code>missing title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bare_url_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Glaspie&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fdocuments%2Fglaspie1-13.pdf%3Fsid%3DST2008040203634&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/03-2008/Article-20080315-b21c6152-c0a8-10ed-017c-432456a7c2cc/story.html?sid=ST2008040203634" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Dar Al Hayat</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/archives/august2002/0208049.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Tales of the Foreign Service: In Defense of April Glaspie"</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a>, August 2002</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/akins.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/akins.html</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aziz.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Transcript of Tariq Aziz interview</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">John Mearsheimer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Stephen Walt</a> (Jan/Feb 2003). "An unnecessary war". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Foreign Policy</a></i> (134): 54.</span></span></li></ol></div></div></div><div>=
<div><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Talk:April_Glaspie">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Talk:April_Glaspie</a></div><div>
</div><div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I have relocated the articles/extracts that were cut and pasted into the article page -- while there is useful material here is needs to be condensed and written to normal article style. I also deleted the image that seemed not to conform to D copyright policy --<a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php/User:Bob_Burton" title="User:Bob Burton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bob Burton</a> 18:23, 1 Jul 2004 (EDT)</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-- Gulf War personalities page: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/updates/personalities/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/updates/personalities/</a></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Then: As the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, Glaspie was blamed by some for allegedly implying to Saddam Hussein that the U.S. would not react forcibly to an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Now: As of April 2000, Glaspie was the U.S. Consul General to South Africa.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/glaspie.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/glaspie.html</a></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: I think I understand this. I have lived here for years. I admire your extraordinary efforts to rebuild your country. I know you need funds. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
full text:</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1990 19</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting with U.S. Envoy</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Special to <b>The New York Times</b></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">WASHINGTON, Sept. 22 -- On July 25,President Saddam Hussein of Iraq summoned the United States Ambassador to Baghdad, April Glaspie, to his office in the last high-level contact between the two Governments before the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on Aug. 2. Here are excerpts from a document described by Iraqi Government officials as a transcript of the meeting, which also included the Iraqi Foreign Minister, Tariq Aziz. A copy was provided to The New York Times by ABC News, which translated from the Arabic. The State Department has declined to comment on its accuracy.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">SADDAM HUSSEIN: I have summoned you today to hold comprehensive political discussions with you. This is a message to President Bush. You know that we did not have relations with the U.S. until 1984 and you know the circumstances and reasons which caused them to be severed. The decision to establish relations with the U.S. were taken in 1980 during the two months prior to the war between us and Iran.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When the war started, and to avoid misinterpretation, we postponed the establishment of relations hoping that the war would end soon.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But because the war lasted for a long time, and to emphasize the fact that we are a non-aligned country, it was important to re-establish relations with the U.S. And we choose to do this in 1984.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It is natural to say that the U.S. is not like Britain, for example, with the latter's historic relations with Middle Eastern countries, including Iraq. In addition, there were no relations between Iraq and the U.S. between 1967 and 1984. One can conclude it would be difficult for the U.S. to have a full understanding of many matters in Iraq. When relations were re-established we hoped for a better understanding and for better cooperation because we too do not understand the background of many American decisions. We dealt with each other during the war and we had dealings on various levels. The most important of those levels were with the foreign ministers.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.S.-Iraq Rifts</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We had hoped for a better common understanding and a better chance of cooperation to benefit both our peoples and the rest of the Arab nations.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But these better relations have suffered from various rifts. The worst of these was in 1986, only two years after establishing relations, with what was known as Irangate, which happened during the year that Iran occupied the Fao peninsula.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was natural then to say that old relations and complexity of interests could absorb many mistakes. But when interests are limited and relations are not that old, then there isn't a deep understanding and mistakes could have a negative effect. Sometimes the effect of an error can be larger than the error itself.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Despite all of that, we accepted the apology, via his envoy, of the American President regarding Irangate, and we wiped the slate clean. And we shouldn't unearth the past except when new events remind us that old mistakes were not just a matter of coincidence.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Our suspicions increased after we liberated the Fao peninsula. The media began to involve itself in our politics. And our suspicions began to surface anew, because we began to question whether the U.S. felt uneasy with the outcome of the war when we liberated our land.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was clear to us that certain parties in the United States -- and I don't say the President himself -- but certain parties who had links with the intelligence community and with the State Department -- and I don't say the Secretary of State himself -- I say that these parties did not like the fact that we liberated our land. Some parties began to prepare studies entitles: "Who will succeed Saddam Hussein?" They began to contact gulf states to make them fear Iraq, to persuade them not to give Iraq economic aid. And we have evidence of these activities.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Iraqi Policy on Oil</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Iraq came out of the war burdened with $40 billion debts, excluding the aid given by Arab states, some of whom consider that too to be a debt although they knew -- and you knew too -- that without Iraq they would not have had these sums and the future of the region would have been entirely different.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We began to face the policy of the drop in the price of oil. Then we saw the United States, which always talks of democracy but which has no time for the other point of view. Then the media campaign against Saddam Hussein was started by the official American media. The United States thought that the situation in Iraq was like Poland, Romania or Czechoslovakia. We were disturbed by this campaign but we were not disturbed too much because we had hoped that, in a few months, those who are decision makers in America would have a chance to find the facts and see whether this media campaign had had any effect on the lives of Iraqis. We had hoped that soon the American authorities would make the correct decision regarding their relations with Iraq. Those with good relations can sometimes afford to disagree.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But when planned and deliberate policy forces the price of oil down without good commercial reasons, then that means another war against Iraq. Because military war kills people by bleeding them, and economic war kills their humanity by depriving them of their chance to have a good standard of living. As you know, we gave rivers of blood in a war that lasted eight years, but we did not lose our humanity. Iraqis have a right to live proudly. We do not accept that anyone could injure Iraqi pride or the Iraqi right to have high standards of living.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kuwait and the U.A.E. were at the front of this policy aimed at lowering Iraq's position and depriving its people of higher economic standards. And you know that our relations with the Emirates and Kuwait had been good. On top of all that, while we were busy at war, the state of Kuwait began to expand at the expense of our territory.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You may say this is propaganda, but I would direct you to one document, the Military Patrol Line, which is the borderline endorsed by the Arab League in 1961 for military patrols not to cross the Iraq-Kuwait border.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But go and look for yourselves. You will see the Kuwaiti border patrols, the Kuwaiti farms, the Kuwaiti oil installations -- all built as closely as possible to this line to establish that land as Kuwaiti territory.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Conflicting Interests</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Since then, the Kuwaiti Government has been stable while the Iraqi Government has undergone many changes. Even after 1968 and for 10 years afterwards, we were too busy with our own problems. First in the north then the 1973 war, and other problems. Then came the war with Iran which started 10 years ago.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We believe that the United States must understand that people who live in luxury and economic security can each an understanding with the United States on what are legitimate joint interests. But the starved and the economically deprived cannot reach the same understanding.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We do not accept threats from anyone because we do not threaten anyone. But we say clearly that we hope that the U.S. will not entertain too many illusions and will seek new friends rather than increase the number of its enemies.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I have read the American statements speaking of friends in the area. Of course, it is the right of everyone to choose their friends. We can have no objections. But you know you are not the ones who protected your friends during the war with Iran. I assure you, had the Iranians overrun the region, the American troops would not have stopped them, except by the use of nuclear weapons.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I do not belittle you. But I hold this view by looking at the geography and nature of American society into account. Yours is a society which cannot accept 10,000 dead in one battle.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You know that Iran agreed to the cease-fire not because the United States had bombed one of the oil platforms after the liberation of the Fao. Is this Iraq's reward for its role in securing the stability of the region and for protecting it from an unknown flood?</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Protecting the Oil Flow</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq. This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the U.A.E. and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I say to you clearly that Iraq's rights, which are mentioned in the memorandum, we will take one by one. That might not happen now or after a month or after one year, but we will take it all. We are not the kind of people who will relinquish their rights. There is no historic right, or legitimacy, or need, for the U.A.E. and Kuwait to deprive us of our rights. If they are needy, we too are needy.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The United States must have a better understanding of the situation and declare who it wants to have relations with and who its enemies are. But it should not make enemies simply because others have different points of view regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We clearly understand America's statement that it wants an easy flow of oil. We understanding American staying that it seeks friendship with the states in the region, and to encourage their joint interests. But we cannot understand the attempt to encourage some parties to hard Iraq's interests.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The United States wants to secure the flow of oil. This understandable and known. But it must not deploy methods which the United States says it disapproves of -- flexing muscles and pressure.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">If you use pressure, we will deploy pressure and force. We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you. But we too can harm you. Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size. We cannot come all the way to you in the United States, but individual Arabs may reach you.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">War and Friendship</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You can come to Iraq with aircraft and missiles but do not push us to the point where we cease to care. And when we feel that you want to injure our pride and take away the Iraqis' chance of a high standard of living, then we will cease to care and death will be the choice for us. Then we would not care if you fired 100missiles for each missile we fired. Because without pride life would have no value.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It is not reasonable to ask our people to bleed rivers of blood for eight years then to tell them, "Now you have to accept aggression from Kuwait, the U.A.E., or from the U.S. or from Israel."</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We do not put all these countries in the same boat. First, we are hurt and upset that such disagreement is taking place between us and Kuwait and the U.A.E. The solution must be found within an Arab framework and through direct bilateral relations. We do not place America among the enemies. We pace it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends. But repeated American statements last year make it apparent that America did not regard us as friends. Well the Americans are free.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When we seek friendship we want pride, liberty and our right to choose.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We want to deal according to our status as we deal with the others according to their statuses.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We consider the others' interests while we look after our own. And we expect the others to consider our interests while they are dealing with their own. What does it mean when the Zionist war minister is summoned to the United States now? What do they mean, these fiery statements coming out of Israel during the past few days and the talk of war being expected now more than at any other time?</p><ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">* *</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I do not believe that anyone would lose by making friends with Iraq. In my opinion, the American President has not made mistakes regarding the Arabs, although his decision to freeze dialogue with the P.L.O. was wrong. But it appears that this decision was made to appease the Zionist lobby or as a piece of strategy to cool the Zionist anger, before trying again. I hope that our latter conclusion is the correct one. But we will carry on saying it was the wrong decision.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You are appeasing the usurper in so many ways -- economically, politically and militarily as well as in the media. When will the time come when, for every three appeasements to the usurper, you praise the Arabs just once?</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">APRIL GLASPIE: I thank you, Mr. President, and it is a great pleasure for a diplomat to meet and talk directly with the President. I clearly understand your message. We studied history at school That taught us to say freedom or death. I think you know well that we as a people have our experience with the colonialists.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. President, you mentioned many things during this meeting which I cannot comment on on behalf of my Government. But with your permission, I will comment on two points. You spoke of friendship and I believe it was clear from the letters sent by our President to you on the occasion of your National Day that he emphasizes --</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: He was kind and his expressions met with our regard and respect.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Directive on Relations</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: As you know, he directed the United States Administration to reject the suggestion of implementing trade sanctions.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: There is nothing left for us to buy from America. Only wheat. Because every time we want to buy something, they say it is forbidden. I am afraid that one day you will say, "You are going to make gunpowder out of wheat."</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: I have a direct instruction from the President to seek better relations with Iraq.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: But how? We too have this desire. But matters are running contrary to this desire.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: This is less likely to happen the more we talk. For example, you mentioned the issue of the article published by the American Information Agency and that was sad. And a formal apology was presented.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: Your stance is generous. We are Arabs. It is enough for us that someone says, "I am sorry. I made a mistake." Then we carry on. But the media campaign continued. And it is full of stories. If the stories were true, no one would get upset. But we understand from its continuation that there is a determination.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: I saw the Diane Sawyer program on ABC. And what happened in that program was cheap and unjust. And this is a real picture of what happens in the American media -- even to American politicians themselves. These are the methods the Western media employs. I am pleased that you add your voice to the diplomats who stand up to the media. Because your appearance in the media, even for five minutes, would help us to make the American people understand Iraq. This would increase mutual understanding. If they American President had control of the media, his job would be much easier.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. President, not only do I want to say that President Bush wanted better and deeper relations with Iraq, but he also wants an Iraqi contribution to peace and prosperity in the Middle East. President Bush is an intelligent man. He is not going to declare an economic war against Iraq.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You are right. It is true what you say that we do not want higher prices for oil. But I would ask you to examine the possibility of not charging too high a price for oil.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: We do not want too high prices for oil. And I remind you that in 1974 I gave Tariq Aziz the idea for an article he wrote which criticized the policy of keeping oil prices high. It was the first Arab article which expressed this view.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shifting Price of Oil</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TARIQ AZIZ: Our policy in OPEC opposes sudden jumps in oil prices.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: Twenty-five dollars a barrel is not a high price.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: We have many Americans who would like to see the price go above $25 because they come from oil-producing states.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: The price at one stage had dropped to $12 a barrel and a reduction in the modest Iraqi budget of $6 billion to $7 billion is a disaster.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: I think I understand this. I have lived here for years. I admire your extraordinary efforts to rebuild your country. I know you need funds. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I was in the American Embassy in Kuwait during the late 60's. The instruction we had during this period was that we should express no opinion on this issue and that the issue is not associated with America. James Baker has directed our official spokesmen to emphasize this instruction. We hope you can solve this problem using any suitable methods via Klibi or via President Mubarak. All that we hope is that these issues are solved quickly. With regard to all of this, can I ask you to see how the issue appears to us?</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">My assessment after 25 years' service in this area is that your objective must have strong backing from your Arab brothers. I now speak of oil But you, Mr. President, have fought through a horrific and painful war. Frankly, we can see only that you have deployed massive troops in the south. Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the U.A.E. and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned. And for this reason, I received an instruction to ask you, in the spirit of friendship -- not in the spirit of confrontation -- regarding your intentions.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I simply describe the position of my Government. And I do not mean that the situation is a simple situation. But our concern is a simple one.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: We do not ask people not to be concerned when peace is at issue. This is a noble human feeling which we all feel. It is natural for you as a superpower to be concerned. But what we ask is not to express your concern in a way that would make an aggressor believe that he is getting support for his aggression.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We want to find a just solution which will give us our rights but not deprive others of their rights. But at the same time, we want the others to know that our patience is running out regarding their action, which is harming even the milk our children drink, and the pensions of the widow who lost her husband during the war, and the pensions of the orphans who lost their parents.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As a country, we have the right to prosper. We lost so many opportunities, and the others should value the Iraqi role in their protection. Even this Iraqi [the President points to their interpreter] feels bitter like all other Iraqis. We are not aggressors but we do not accept aggression either. We sent them envoys and handwritten letters. We tried everything. We asked the Servant of the Two Shrines -- King Fahd -- to hold a four-member summit, but he suggested a meeting between the Oil Ministers. We agreed. And as you know, the meeting took place in Jidda. They reached an agreement which did not express what we wanted, but we agreed.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Only two days after the meeting, the Kuwaiti Oil Minister made a statement that contradicted the agreement. We also discussed the issue during the Baghdad summit. I told the Arab Kings and Presidents that some brothers are fighting an economic war against us. And that not all wars use weapons and we regard this kind of war as a military action against us. Because if the capability of our army is lowered then, if Iran renewed the war, it could achieve goals which it could not achieve before. And if we lowered the standard of our defenses, then this could encourage Israel to attack us. I said that before the Arab Kings and Presidents. Only I did not mention Kuwait and U.A.E. by name, because they were my guests.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Before this, I had sent them envoys reminding them that our war had included their defense. Therefore the aid they gave us should not be regarded as a debt. We did not more than the United States would have done against someone who attacked its interests.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I talked about the same thing with a number of other Arab states. I explained the situation t brother King Fahd a few times, by sending envoys and on the telephone. I talked with brother King Hussein and with Sheik Zaid after the conclusion of the summit. I walked with the Sheik to the plane when he was leaving Mosul. He told me, "Just wait until I get home." But after he had reached his destination, the statements that came from there were very bad -- not from him, but from his Minister of Oil.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And after the Jidda agreement, we received some intelligence that they were talking of sticking to the agreement for two months only. Then they would change their policy. Now tell us, if the American President found himself in this situation, what would he do? I said it was very difficult for me to talk about these issues in public. But we must tell the Iraqi people who face economic difficulties who was responsible for that.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Talks with Mubarak</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: I spent four beautiful years in Egypt.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: The Egyptian people are kind and good and ancient. The oil people are supposed to help the Egyptian people, but they are mean beyond belief. It is painful to admit it, but some of them are disliked by Arabs because of their greed.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: Mr. President, it would be helpful if you could give us an assessment of the effort made by your Arab brothers and whether they have achieved anything.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: On this subject, we agreed with President Mubarak that the Prime Minister of Kuwait would meet with the deputy chairman of the Revolution Command Council in Saudi Arabia, because the Saudis initiated contact with us, aided by President Mubarak's efforts. He just telephoned me a short while ago to say the Kuwaitis have agreed to that suggestion.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: Congratulations.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: A protocol meeting will be held in Saudi Arabia. Then the meeting will be transferred to Baghdad for deeper discussion directly between Kuwait and Iraq. We hope we will reach some result. We hope that the long-term view and the real interests will overcome Kuwaiti greed.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: May I ask you when you expect Sheik Saad to come to Baghdad?</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: I suppose it would be on Saturday or Monday at the latest. I told brother Mubarak that the agreement should be in Baghdad Saturday or Sunday. You know that brother Mubarak's visits have always been a good omen.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: This is good news. Congratulations.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HUSSEIN: Brother President Mubarak told me they were scared. They said troops were only 20 kilometers north of the Arab League line. I said to him that regardless of what is there, whether they are police, border guards or army, and regardless of how many are there, and what they are doing, assure the Kuwaitis and give them our word that we are not going to do anything until we meet with them. When we meet and when we see that there is hope, then nothing will happen. But if we are unable to find a solution, then it will be natural that Iraq will not accept death, even though wisdom is above everything else. There you have good news.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AZIZ: This is a journalistic exclusive.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GLASPIE: I am planning to go to the United States next Monday. I hope I will meet with President Bush in Washington next week. I thought to postpone my trip because of the difficulties we are facing. But now I will fly on Monday.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q: What was April Glaspie telling Saddam?</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Atkinson: Well, April Glaspie our Ambassador to Iraq was telling Saddam fundamentally that we were concerned about his bellicose attitude and the various statements that he had issued regarding his intentions toward Kuwait, regarding his disgruntlement with the way he was being treated by the Arab world in general. But it was hardly tantamount to a warning shot across the bow. She had a meeting with Saddam on July 25, 1990 in which she basically said, the United States has no direct vested interest in Arab disputes including the border dispute that Saddam had with the Kuwaitis. In retrospect this was a clear mistake. I think if taken within the context of the time you have to first of all appreciate that she was more or less executing orders that came to her from the State Department. Secondly, again, this was a continuation of a long policy of tough love with Saddam. Warning him that we were watching him and yet telling him that we would continue to be his friend as long as he remained within certain parameters. It was a continuation of basically a tough love policy that the United States had adopted towards Saddam in which we periodically wagged our finger under his nose, but at the same time said, we will continue to be your friend. We'll make it worth your while if you will simply conform to certain standards of behavior. Saddam took this I think in retrospect as if not a green light -- a yellow light and one that he could safely run without consequence.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
see PBS doc: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/atkinson/1.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/atkinson/1.html</a></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ambassador_Kilgore_should_be_cited">Ambassador Kilgore should be cited</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">it is wrong to have a Glaspie stub without citing the article written by career foreign services employee, and one time Ambassador to Qatar, Andrew I. Killgore</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It offers an insightful counterpoint to the commonly stated Glaspie spin.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<b>Andrew I. Killgore, WRMEA Editor, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/archives/august2002/0208049.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Tales of the Foreign Service: In Defense of April Glaspie</a>", Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, August 2002</b></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">i could have sworn that i'd posted this on S/W before though...</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Of note is that there were two differing 'official' transcripts from iraq officials given to the public. If i find the actual citation, i'll post it.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Also, the Montclair edu site listed as the citation for the Glaspie NY Times piece above is the namespace of English Professor Gordon Furr, who has a strongly marxist bias in his worldview. i am not claiming this transcript is not factual, though, and in fact have often cited another of his hosted periodical documents:</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Col. Robert D. Heinl, Jr. (USMC-Ret),</b> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/heinl.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Collapse of the Armed Forces</a>", Armed Forces Journal, 7 June 1971, pages 30-38</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">which should be required reading for anyone who is doing serious Vietnam War research. All i am saying is that Furr generally doesn't offer a balanced grouping of articles, and they seem to be picked because of his politics.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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--<a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php/User:Hugh_Manatee" title="User:Hugh Manatee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hugh_manateee</a> 23:59, 7 Sep 2006 (EDT)</p></div></div>