Lumumba

<div>see talbot  jfk wept</div><div>=</div><div>kinzer poisioner in chief bk seed was lamumba</div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div><div>nolnx</div><div>
</div><div>‘Dirty trickster’ revealed: Here are 5 of the sleaziest things Roger Stone did before joining the Trump Campaign</div><div>Image via Fox News.</div><div>Written by Alex Henderson February 20, 2020</div><div>long before he became known for some of the shadiest machinations in the ongoing Trump-Russia scandal, the 66-year-old Stone, who returned to the GOP in 2015 after being registered as a Libertarian for three years, had a dark history in right-wing politics dating back to the Nixon era.</div><div>
</div><div>Stone is a self-described “dirty trickster,” and he takes great pride in it. Here are five of Stone’s sleaziest pre-Trump campaign activities.</div><div>
</div><div>Stone was fired by Sen. Bob Dole in the ‘70s for being a Nixonian ‘dirty trickster’</div><div>Stone, born in 1952, was in his late teens when he became an aide for President Richard Nixon’s 1972 reelection campaign. Although Stone has insisted that he never did anything illegal during the Watergate scandal, he has described his work during that period as “trafficking in the black arts.” After Nixon stepped down as president in August 1974 because of Watergate, Stone went to work for Sen. Bob Dole. However, he wasn’t in Dole’s employ very long; the Kansas senator fired him after he was identified by syndicated columnist Jack Anderson as being a “dirty trickster” for Nixon. One of Stone’s tricks was hiring a Republican operative to infiltrate the 1972 presidential campaign of Democrat George McGovern, who suffered a landslide defeat when Nixon was reelected.</div><div>
</div><div>Stone is a self-described ‘Nixonite’</div><div>During Watergate, many prominent Republicans — including Sen. Barry Goldwater — distanced themselves from President Nixon. But Stone is one GOP operative who is openly proud of his work with Nixon and has bragged about being a “Nixonite.” In 2008, the New Yorker quoted Stone as saying, “The reason I’m a Nixonite is because of his indestructibility and resilience. He never quit. His whole career was all built around his personal resentment of elitism. It was the poor-me syndrome.”</div><div>
</div><div>Stone and Paul Manafort represented Ferdinand Marcos and other corrupt dictators</div><div>Stone and Paul Manafort — Trump’s former 2016 campaign chairman and another major target of Mueller’s Russia investigation — go way back: when a 24-year-old Stone became president of the Young Republicans in 1977, Manafort was the one managing his campaign. And they went on to work together on Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign. In 1980, Stone and Manafort, along with their associate Charlie Black, formed the right-wing Washington, DC lobbying group Black, Manafort & Stone, which not only represented Republicans in the U.S. but also corrupt dictators ranging from Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines to Mobuto Sese Seko in the Congo. As bad as the Russian and Ukrainian oligarchs Manafort worked with in the 2000s and 2010s were, some of the dictators, tyrants and thugs that Stone and Manafort represented in the 1980s were even worse.</div><div>
</div><div>Stone was a lobbyist for Angola’s brutal Jonah Savimbi</div><div>In addition to working with dictators like Marcos and Seko, the firm Black, Manafort & Stone represented Jonah Savimbi — whose National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA in Portuguese) tried to overthrow Angola’s Marxist government in the 1980s. According to Human Rights Watch, UNITA was ruthless and “used terror as a policy to obtain supplies and coerce and intimidate civilians. Indiscriminate killings, mutilation of limbs or ears and beatings were used by rebels to punish suspected government sympathizers or as a warning against betraying UNITA.”</div><div>
</div><div>Stone advised Al Sharpton in 2004 — hoping to divide Democrats</div><div>In his 2004 Democratic presidential primary campaign, the Rev. Al Sharpton had an unlikely advisor: Roger Stone, who helped the civil rights activist craft a message against Howard Dean (another Democrat who ran in that primary). When Sharpton stressed that Dean, as governor of Vermont, hadn’t had any blacks or Latinos in his cabinet, that messaging came from Stone — who, in a 2004 interview with the New York Times, said of Sharpton, “There has not been a candidate with this much charisma since Ronald Reagan.”</div><div>
</div><div>But Stone had an ulterior motive: he wanted to divide Democrats. Sharpton eventually dropped out of the race and endorsed Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry, who won the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination but lost to incumbent Republican President George W. Bush in the general election.</div><div>
</div></div><div>=http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/rise-americas-secret-government-deadly-legacy-ex-cia-director-allen-dulles<blockquote style="font-size: small; line-height: 25px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ALLEN DULLES: The idea that it is necessarily nefarious, it’s always engaged in overthrowing governments, that’s false. That’s for the birds. Now, there are times—there are times when the United States government feels that the developments in another government, such as in the Vietnam situation, is of a nature to imperil the—the safety and the security and the peace of the world, and asks the Central Intelligence Agency to be its agent in that particular situation. ... At no time has the CIA engaged in any political activity or any intelligence activity that was not approved at the highest level.</blockquote>AMY GOODMAN: That’s Allen Dulles in 1965. "At no time," he says. So, talk about the history, that is so intimately connected to us today. Often countries that have been—their leaders have been overthrown, know this history in a way that Americans don’t know.DAVID TALBOT: That’s right.AMY GOODMAN: ’53, ’54, go through it.DAVID TALBOT: And, of course, Allen Dulles was a consummate liar and was, you know, very adept at manipulating the media, the American media. That particular interview was one of the ones that actually he got posed some of the tougher questions, by John Chancellor of NBC News. And he actually went on to say, "You know, I try to let the Congress know what I’m doing," when Chancellor asked him, "Is there any political oversight of the CIA?" "But whenever I go to Congress," he says, and he starts to tell the secrets of the CIA, members of Congress would say, "No, no, no, we don’t want to know. We don’t want to talk in our sleep." So that, of course, was his cover.Yes, overthrowing governments at will—I think one of the more tragic stories I tell in the book is the story of Patrice Lumumba, who was this young, charismatic leader, the hope of African nationalism in the Congo. And he was overthrown by a CIA-backed military coup in the Congo and later captured and brutally assassinated. The CIA’s story before the Church Committee in the 1970s: "Oh, we tried to kill him, we tried to poison him, but we’re the gang that can’t shoot straight. We’re not very good at assassinations." Well, they were far too modest. In fact, we now know that the people who beat Patrice Lumumba to death, once he was captured, were on the payroll of the CIA.Now, Allen Dulles kept that fact from John F. Kennedy for over a month. John Kennedy, when he was running for president, was known as the advocate, a supporter of African nationalism. They knew that once John Kennedy was inaugurated—the CIA—and was in office, that he would help Lumumba, who was in captivity at that point. And I believe that his execution, his murder, was rushed before Kennedy could get in the White House. They then withheld that information from the president for over a month. So the CIA was defying presidents all the time, and particularly in the case of Kennedy, who they felt was young, they could manipulate, and they didn’t need to really bring into their confidence.AMY GOODMAN: So you have the CIA running international intelligence, and they’re keeping—well, you say keeping from. What makes you believe that Kennedy didn’t know?DAVID TALBOT: That he didn’t know about the murder? Well, there’s a famous picture that was taken of him in the White House as he’s getting the phone call from—not from the CIA, but from U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, who finally tells him, a month after Lumumba has been buried and dead, about this terrible murder. And his face, as you see from this famous photograph by Jacques Lowe, the White House photographer, is crumpled in agony. I think this shows all the terrible sorrow that’s to come in the Kennedy presidency. And, you know, a lot of people think that the war between Kennedy and theCIA began after the Bay of Pigs invasion, the CIA’s disastrous operation in Cuba. That is true, it became particularly, I think, aggravated after that. But you can see from this, from day one, even before he was inaugurated, the CIA was defying him.AMY GOODMAN: 1953, go back a few years. What is the relevance of what the Dulles brothers did in Iran with what we are seeing today in U.S.-Iranian relations?DAVID TALBOT: Well, again, these terrible historical ripples continue from the Dulles era. Iran was trying to throw off the yoke of British colonialism. Britain, through British Petroleum, the company now known as British Petroleum, controlled all of Iran’s oil resources. And under the leadership of Mosaddegh, this popular leader who was elected by his people, he began to push back against British control and, as a result, antagonized Western oil interests, including the Dulles brothers. The Dulles brothers’ power originally came from their law firm, Sullivan & Cromwell, the most powerful law firm on Wall Street, and they represented a number of oil companies. So, once the Western oil interests were antagonized by Mosaddegh’s attempt to reclaim sovereignty over these oil resources, his days were numbered.And so, the task of overthrowing him was given to the CIA, given to Allen Dulles. There was a very volatile situation, people supporting Mosaddegh in the streets versus the CIA-supported forces. The Shah, who was the puppet, of course, ruler of Iran on the Peacock Throne, flees, because he’s not a particularly brave man. He flees to Rome. Dulles flies to Rome. He’s busy shopping, the Shah, enjoying his exile with his glamorous wife. And Dulles is given the job of putting a little lead in his spine and getting the Shah to return to Iran after they finally succeed, the CIA, in overthrowing the popular leader, Mosaddegh.Well, after that, that begins a reign of horror then in Iran. Democratic elements, the left, Communist Party are rounded up, tortured. And the Shah is installed in this terrible autocratic regime, that, of course, we know, had a terrible downfall during the Carter administration. And we’re still paying the price for the bitterness that the Iranian people feel towards the United States for intervening in their sovereign interests.</div><div></div><div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a title="Congo Crisis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Congo Crisis</a></div>Following the granting of independence on 30 June 1960, a coalition government was formed, led by Prime Minister <a title="Patrice Lumumba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Lumumba</a> and President <a title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>. The new nation quickly lurched into the <a title="Congo Crisis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Congo Crisis</a> as the army mutinied against the remaining Belgian officers. Lumumba appointed Mobutu as Chief of Staff of the <a title="Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC)" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armee_Nationale_Congolaise%28ANC%29" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC)</a>, the Congolese Army, and in that capacity, Mobutu toured the country convincing soldiers to return to their barracks. Encouraged by a Belgian government intent on maintaining its access to rich Congolese mines, secessionist violence erupted in the south. Concerned that the <a title="United Nations Operation in the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">United Nations force</a> sent to help restore order was not helping to crush the secessionists, Lumumba turned to the <a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Soviet Union</a> for assistance, receiving massive military aid and about a thousand Soviet technical advisers in six weeks. The U.S. government saw the Soviet activity as a maneuver to spread communist influence in Central Africa. Kasavubu, riled by the Soviet arrival, dismissed Lumumba. An outraged Lumumba declared Kasavubu deposed. Both Lumumba and Kasavubu then ordered Mobutu to arrest the other. As Army Chief of Staff, Mobutu came under great pressure from multiple sources. The embassies of Western nations, which helped pay the soldiers' salaries, as well as Kasavubu and Mobutu's subordinates favored getting rid of the Soviet presence. On 14 September 1960 Mobutu <a title="Coup d'état" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">took control</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">[8]</a> in a CIA-sponsored coup. The new regime placed Lumumba under house arrest for the second time and kept Kasavubu as president.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">[9]</a>All Soviet advisers were ordered to leave. Next, Mobutu accused Lumumba of pro-communist sympathies, thereby hoping to gain the support of the United States. Lumumba tried to flee to <a title="Stanleyville" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanleyville" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Stanleyville</a>, but he was captured and sent to <a title="Katanga Province" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Katanga</a> where he was assassinated.In 1964, <a title="Pierre Mulele" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Pierre Mulele</a> led partisans in another rebellion. They quickly occupied two thirds of The Congo, but the Congolese army, led by Mobutu, was able to reconquer the entire territory in 1965.<h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[<a title="Edit section: Second coup and consolidation of power" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobutu_Sese_Seko&action=edit&section=3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">edit</a>] Second coup and con</h2></div><div></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba</a></div><div>
</div><div>Patrice Émery Lumumba (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese independence leader and the first democratically elected leader of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Congo</a>. As founder and leader of the mainstream <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_national_congolais" title="Mouvement national congolais" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mouvement national congolais</a> (MNC) party, Lumumba played an important role in campaigning for independence from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Belgium</a>.Within twelve weeks of Congolese independence in 1960, Lumumba's government was deposed in a coup during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Congo Crisis</a> following his attempt to solicit support from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Soviet Union</a> against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Katangan secessionists</a>. This led to growing differences with President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> and chief-of-staff <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a> as well as foreign opposition from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">United States</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Belgium</a>. Lumumba was subsequently imprisoned by state authorities under Mobutu and executed by firing squad under the command of the Katangan authorities. The United Nations, which he had asked to come to the Congo, did not intervene to save him. Belgium, the United States, and the United Kingdom have all been accused of involvement in Lumumba's death.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-ac-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-dw-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Early_life_and_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Early life and career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Leader_of_MNC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Leader of MNC</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Independence.2C_and_election_as_Prime_Minister" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Independence, and election as Prime Minister</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Actions_as_Prime_Minister" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 Actions as Prime Minister</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Deposition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 Deposition</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#UN_response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.1 UN response</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_execution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.2 Final days and execution</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Announcement_of_death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.3 Announcement of death</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Foreign_involvement_in_his_death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 Foreign involvement in his death</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Belgian_Involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.1 Belgian Involvement</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#United_States_involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.2 United States involvement</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Church_Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.2.1 Church Committee</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#U.S.government_documents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.2.2 U.S. government documents</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#British_involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.3 British involvement</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 Legacy</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Political" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.1 Political</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#2006_Congolese_elections" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.2 2006 Congolese elections</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Family_and_politics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.3 Family and politics</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Tributes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8 Tributes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9 Bibliography</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Writings_by_Lumumba" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9.1 Writings by Lumumba</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Writings_about_Lumumba" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9.2 Writings about Lumumba</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Films" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9.3 Films</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Archive_video_and_audio" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9.4 Archive video and audio</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Other" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9.5 Other</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">10 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">11 References</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Sources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">11.1 Sources</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">12 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life and career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Lumumba was born to a farmer, François Tolenga Otetshima, and his wife, Julienne Wamato Lomendja, in Onalua in the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakokombe" title="Katakokombe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Katakokombe</a> region of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_region" title="Kasai region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kasai</a> province of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Belgian Congo</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Kanyarwunga4-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> He was a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tetela</a> ethnic group and was born with the name Élias Okit'Asombo. His original surname means "heir of the cursed" and is derived from the Tetela wordsokitá/okitɔ́ ('heir, successor')<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Hagendorens-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a> and asombó ('cursed or bewitched people who will die quickly').<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Hagendorens2-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a> He had three brothers (Charles Lokolonga, Émile Kalema, and Louis Onema Pene Lumumba) and one half-brother (Tolenga Jean).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Kanyarwunga4-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> Raised in a Catholic family, he was educated at a Protestant primary school, a Catholic missionary school, and finally the government post office training school, passing the one-year course with distinction. Lumumba spoke Tetela, French, Lingala, Swahili, and Tshiluba.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Kanyarwunga4-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>He worked in Léopoldville (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kinshasa</a>) and Stanleyville (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kisangani</a>) as a postal clerk and as a travelling beer salesman. In 1951, he married Pauline Opangu. In 1955, Lumumba became regional head of the Cercles of Stanleyville and joined the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Liberal Party of Belgium</a>, where he worked on editing and distributing party literature. After traveling on a three-week study tour in Belgium, he was arrested in 1955 on charges of embezzlement. His two-year sentence was commuted to twelve months after it was confirmed by Belgian lawyer Jules Chrome that Lumumba had returned the funds, and he was released in July 1956.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Leader of MNC[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leader of MNC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>After his release, he helped found the broad-based Mouvement national congolais (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_national_congolais" title="Mouvement national congolais" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MNC</a>) in 1958, later becoming the organization's president. Lumumba and his team represented the MNC at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">All-African Peoples' Conference</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Accra</a>, Ghana, in December 1958. At this international conference, hosted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pan-African</a> President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kwame Nkrumah</a> of Ghana, Lumumba further solidified his Pan-Africanist beliefs.<div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg/220px-Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg/330px-Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg/440px-Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="829" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);">Lumumba raises his arms, injured by shackles, after his release from prison in January 1960</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anefo_910-9738_De_Congolese.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);">In late October 1959, Lumumba, as leader of the organization, was arrested for inciting an anti-colonial riot in Stanleyville where thirty people were killed; he was sentenced to 69 months in prison. The trial's start date of 18 January 1960 was also the first day of a</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_Round_Table_Conference" title="Congolese Round Table Conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">round-table conference in Brussels</a> to finalize the future of the Congo. Despite Lumumba's imprisonment at the time, the MNC won a convincing majority in the December local elections in the Congo. As a result of strong pressure from delegates upset with Lumumba's trial, he was released and allowed to attend the Brussels conference.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Independence, and election as Prime Minister[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence, and election as Prime Minister" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The conference culminated on 27 January with a declaration of Congolese independence, setting 30 June 1960, as the independence date with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_general_election,1960" title="Belgian Congo general election, 1960" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">national elections from 11–25 May 1960</a>. Lumumba and the MNC won this election and the right to form a government, with the announcement on 23 June 1960 of 34-year-old Lumumba as Congo's first prime minister and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> as its president. In accordance with the constitution, on 24 June the new government passed a vote of confidence and was ratified by the Congolese Chamber and Senate.Independence Day was celebrated on 30 June in a ceremony attended by many dignitaries including Belgian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">King Baudouin</a> and the foreign press.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-speech-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[10]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin" title="Baudouin" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Baudouin</a>'s speech praised developments under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">colonialism</a>, his reference to the "genius" of his great-granduncle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II_of_Belgium" title="Léopold II of Belgium" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Léopold II of Belgium</a> glossing over atrocities committed during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Congo Free State</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-ac-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> The King continued, "Don't compromise the future with hasty reforms, and don't replace the structures that Belgium hands over to you until you are sure you can do better... Don't be afraid to come to us. We will remain by your side, give you advice."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-chukw-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a> While President Kasa-Vubu thanked the King, Lumumba, who was not scheduled to speak, delivered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_Independence_Speech" title="Congolese Independence Speech" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">an impromptu speech</a> which reminded the audience that the independence of the Congo was not granted magnanimously by Belgium:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-speech-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-chukw-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For this independence of the Congo, even as it is celebrated today with Belgium, a friendly country with whom we deal as equal to equal, no Congolese worthy of the name will ever be able to forget that it was by fighting that it has been won, a day-to-day fight, an ardent and idealistic fight, a fight in which we were spared neither privation nor suffering, and for which we gave our strength and our blood. We are proud of this struggle, of tears, of fire, and of blood, to the depths of our being, for it was a noble and just struggle, and indispensable to put an end to the humiliating slavery which was imposed upon us by force.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-chukw-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a></blockquote>The King spoke of his father's great work in the country and asked its new leaders to measure up to their example. The speech of President Kasa-Vubu assured the King that they would try hard. Lumumba spoke of the suffering of the Congolese under Belgian colonialism, of “injustice, oppression and exploitation”.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[12]</a> Neither the audience nor the King and his entourage were accustomed to hearing of the negatives that lay behind the pageantry and paternalism; it stirred the crowd while simultaneously humiliating and alienating the King. Lumumba was later harshly criticised for what many in the Western world—but virtually none in Africa—described as the inappropriate nature of his speech.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[13]</a> Some media claimed at the time that he ended his speech by ad-libbing, Nous ne sommes plus vos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaca(term)" title="Macaca (term)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">macaques</a>! (We are no longer your monkeys!)—referring to a common slur used against Africans by Belgians, however, these words are neither in his written text nor in radio tapes of his speech.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-dw-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-marred-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[14]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Actions as Prime Minister[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Actions as Prime Minister" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>A few days after Congo gained its independence, Lumumba made the fateful decision to raise the pay of all government employees except for the army. Many units of the army also had strong objections toward the uniformly Belgian officers; General<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janssens" title="Émile Janssens" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Émile Janssens</a>, the army head, told them their lot would not change after independence, and they rebelled in protest. The rebellions quickly spread throughout the country, leading to a general breakdown in law and order. Although the trouble was highly localized, the country seemed to be overrun by gangs of soldiers and looters, causing a media sensation, particularly over Europeans fleeing the country.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-devlin-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a>The province of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Katanga</a> declared independence under regional premier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Tshombe" title="Moise Tshombe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Moïse Tshombe</a> on 11 July 1960 with support from the Belgian government and mining companies such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut_Katanga" title="Union Minière du Haut Katanga" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Union Minière</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[16]</a> Despite the arrival of UN troops, unrest continued. Since the United Nations refused to help suppress the rebellion in Katanga, Lumumba sought <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Soviet</a> aid in the form of arms, food, medical supplies, trucks, and planes to help move troops to Katanga. Lumumba's decisive actions alarmed his colleagues and President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>, who preferred a more moderate political approach.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Deposition[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deposition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In September, the President dismissed Lumumba from government. Lumumba immediately protested the legality of the President's actions. In retaliation, Lumumba declared Kasa-Vubu deposed and won a vote of confidence in the Senate, while the newly appointed prime minister failed to gain parliament's confidence. The country was torn by two political groups claiming legal power over the country.On 14 September, a coup d’état organised by Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Joseph Mobutu</a> incapacitated both Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-devlin-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a>Lumumba was placed under house arrest at the Prime Minister's residence, with UN troops positioned around the house. Nevertheless, Lumumba decided to rouse his supporters in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Congo" title="Haut-Congo" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Haut-Congo</a>. Smuggled out of his residence at night, he escaped to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Stanleyville</a>, where his intention apparently was to set up his own government and army.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[18]</a>Pursued by troops loyal to Mobutu he was finally captured in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilebo" title="Ilebo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Port Francqui</a> on 1 December 1960 and flown to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Léopoldville</a> (now Kinshasa) in ropes, not handcuffs. Mobutu claimed Lumumba would be tried for inciting the army to rebellion and other crimes.<h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">UN response<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: UN response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council" title="UN Security Council" class="mw-redirect" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">UN Security Council</a> was called into session on 7 December 1960 to consider Soviet demands that the UN seek Lumumba's immediate release, the immediate restoration of Lumumba as head of the Congo government, the disarming of the forces of Mobutu, and the immediate evacuation of Belgians from the Congo. Hammarskjöld, answering Soviet attacks against his Congo operations, said that if the UN forces were withdrawn from the Congo "I fear everything will crumble."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" title="United Nations Secretary General" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United Nations Secretary General</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> made an appeal to Kasa-Vubu asking that Lumumba be treated according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">due process of law</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" title="USSR" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">USSR</a> denounced Hammarskjöld and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_countries" title="Western countries" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Western powers</a> as responsible for Lumumba's arrest and demanded his release.The threat to the UN cause was intensified by the announcement of the withdrawal of their contingents by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">United Arab Republic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ceylon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Morocco</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Guinea</a>. The pro-Lumumba resolution was defeated on 14 December 1960 by a vote of 8–2. On the same day, a Western resolution that would have given Hammarskjöld increased powers to deal with the Congo situation was vetoed by the Soviet Union.<h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Final days and execution<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final days and execution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Lumumba was sent first on 3 December, to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu" title="Mbanza-Ngungu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Thysville</a> military barracks Camp Hardy, 150 km (about 100 miles) from Léopoldville. However, when security and disciplinary breaches threatened his safety, it was decided that he should be transferred to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">State of Katanga</a>, which had recently declared independence from Congo.Lumumba was forcibly restrained on the flight to Elizabethville (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Lubumbashi</a>) on 17 January 1961.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-bbc-wkl-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[19]</a> On arrival, he was conducted under arrest to Brouwez House where he was brutally beaten and tortured by Katangan and Belgian officers,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[20]</a> while President Tshombe and his cabinet decided what to do with him.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[21]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[22]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[23]</a>Later that night, Lumumba was driven to an isolated spot where three firing squads had been assembled. The Belgian Commission (see below) has found that the execution was carried out by Katanga's authorities.It reported that President Tshombe and two other ministers were present with four Belgian officers under the command of Katangan authorities. Lumumba and two ministers from his newly formed independent government (and who had also been tortured), Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito, were lined up against a tree and shot one at a time. The execution probably took place on 17 January 1961 between 21:40 and 21:43 according to the Belgian report. The Belgians and their counterparts wished to get rid of the bodies, which were dug up, dismembered, dissolved in sulphuric acid, with the bones ground and scattered.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[24]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Announcement of death<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Announcement of death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>No statement was released until three weeks later despite rumours that Lumumba was dead. His death was formally announced on Katangan radio, when it was alleged that he escaped and was killed by enraged villagers.After the announcement of Lumumba's death, street protests were organized in several European countries; in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Belgrade</a>, capital of Yugoslavia, protesters sacked the Belgian embassy and confronted the police, and in London a crowd marched from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Trafalgar Square</a> to the Belgian embassy, where a letter of protest was delivered and where protesters clashed with police.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[25]</a> A demonstration at the United Nations Security Council turned violent and spilled over into the streets of New York City.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[26]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[27]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Foreign involvement in his death[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement in his death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Democracy Now!</a>, "Lumumba's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">pan-Africanism</a> and his vision of a united Congo gained him many enemies. Both Belgium and the United States actively sought to have him killed. The CIA ordered his assassination but could not complete the job. Instead, the United States and Belgium covertly funneled cash and aid to rival politicians who seized power and arrested Lumumba."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[28]</a>Both Belgium and the US were clearly influenced in their unfavourable stance towards Lumumba by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Cold War</a>. He seemed to gravitate around the Soviet Union, although according to the opinion of Sean Kelly this was not because he was a Communist, but the USSR was the only place he could find support for his country's effort to rid itself of colonial rule, although this opinion is disputed by US government officials.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[29]</a> The US was the first country from which Lumumba requested help.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[30]</a> Lumumba, for his part, not only denied being a Communist, but said he found colonialism and Communism to be equally deplorable, and professed his personal preference for neutrality between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc" title="Eastern bloc" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">East</a> and West.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[31]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Belgian Involvement<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belgian Involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>According to David Akerman, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo_De_Witte" title="Ludo De Witte" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ludo De Witte</a> and Kris Hollington,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[32]</a> the firing squads were commanded by a Belgian, Captain Julien Gat; another Belgian, Police Commissioner Verscheure, had overall command of the execution site.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-bbc-wkl-1-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[33]</a> De Witte found written orders from the Belgian government requesting Lumumba's execution and documents on various arrangements, such as death squads.On 18 January, panicked by reports that the burial of the three bodies had been observed, members of the execution team went to dig up the bodies and move them to a place near the border with Northern Rhodesia for reburial. Belgian Police Commissioner Gerard Soete later admitted in several accounts that he and his brother led the exhumation (and also a second exhumation, below). Police Commissioner Frans Verscheure also took part. According to Adam Hochschild, author of a book on the Congo rubber terror, Lumumba's body was later cut up and dissolved in acid by two Belgian agents.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[34]</a> On the afternoon and evening of 21 January, Commissioner Soete and his brother dug up Lumumba's corpse for the second time, cut it up with a hacksaw, and dissolved it in concentrated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-usnews-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[36]</a> In an interview on Belgian television in a program on the assassination of Lumumba in 1999, Soete displayed a bullet and two teeth that he boasted he had saved from Lumumba's body.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-usnews-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[36]</a>The Belgian Commission investigating Lumumba's assassination concluded that: (1) Belgium wanted Lumumba arrested, (2) Belgium was not particularly concerned with Lumumba's physical well being, and (3) although informed of the danger to Lumumba's life, Belgium did not take any action to avert his death, but the report also specifically denied that Belgium ordered Lumumba's assassination.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[37]</a>It has been argued that Belgium was legally culpable for failing to prevent the assassination from taking place due to its own<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan_law" title="Good Samaritan law" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">'Good Samaritan' laws</a>. Belgium has also been accused of breaching its obligation (under U.N. Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[38]</a> In February 2002, the Belgian government apologized to the Congolese people, and admitted to a "moral responsibility" and "an irrefutable portion of responsibility in the events that led to the death of Lumumba".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Apology-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[39]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">United States involvement<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The report of 2001 by the Belgian Commission mentions that there had been previous U.S. and Belgian plots to kill Lumumba. Among them was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Central Intelligence Agency</a>-sponsored attempt to poison him, which may have come on orders from U.S. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Guardian-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[40]</a> CIA chemist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Sidney Gottlieb</a> was a key person in this by devising a poison resembling toothpaste. In September 1960, Gottlieb brought a vial of the poison to the Congo with plans to place it on Lumumba's toothbrush.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[41]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[42]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-AWKILL-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[43]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-gottliebcp-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[44]</a> However, the plot was later abandoned; the plan is said to have been scrapped because the local CIA Station Chief, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Devlin" title="Larry Devlin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Larry Devlin</a>, refused permission.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[42]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-AWKILL-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[43]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-garsincp-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[45]</a>However, as Kalb points out in her book, Congo Cables, the record shows that many communications by Devlin at the time urged elimination of Lumumba.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[46]</a> Also, the CIA station chief helped to direct the search to capture Lumumba for his transfer to his enemies in Katanga; was involved in arranging his transfer to Katanga;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[47]</a> and the CIA base chief in Elizabethville was in direct touch with the killers the night Lumumba was killed. Furthermore, John Stockwell indicates that a CIA agent had the body in the trunk of his car in order to try to get rid of it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[48]</a> Stockwell, who knew Devlin well, felt Devlin knew more than anyone else about the murder.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[49]</a>The inauguration of U.S. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F.Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">John F. Kennedy</a> in January 1961 caused fear among Mobutu's faction and within the CIA that the incoming administration would shift its favor to the imprisoned Lumumba.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[50]</a> Lumumba was killed three days before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F.Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Kennedy's inauguration</a> on 20 January, though Kennedy would not learn of the killing until 13 February.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[51]</a><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Church Committee<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Church Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>In 1975, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Church Committee</a> went on record with the finding that CIA chief <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Allen Dulles</a> had ordered Lumumba's assassination as "an urgent and prime objective".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[52]</a> Furthermore, declassified CIA cables quoted or mentioned in the Church report and in Kalb (1972) mention two specific CIA plots to murder Lumumba: the poison plot and a shooting plot. Although some sources claim that CIA plots ended when Lumumba was captured, that is not stated or shown in the CIA records.Rather, those records show two still-partly-censored CIA cables from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Elizabethville</a> on days significant in the murder: 17 January, the day Lumumba died, and 18 January, the day of the first exhumation. The former, after a long censored section, talks about where they need to go from there. The latter expresses thanks for Lumumba being sent to them and then says that, had Elizabethville base known he was coming, they would have "baked a snake".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[53]</a> This cable goes on to state that the writer's sources (not yet declassified) said that after being taken from the airport Lumumba was imprisoned by "all white guards".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[54]</a>The Committee later found that while the CIA had conspired to kill Lumumba, it was not directly involved in the actual murder.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Kettle-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[55]</a><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.S. government documents<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: U.S. government documents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>Declassified documents revealed that the CIA had plotted to assassinate Lumumba. These documents indicate that the Congolese leaders who killed Lumumba, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu" title="Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Mobutu</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasavubu" title="Joseph Kasavubu" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Joseph Kasavubu</a> received money and weapons directly from the CIA.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[42]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Weissman-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[56]</a> This same disclosure showed that at that time the U.S. government believed that Lumumba was a communist.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[57]</a>A recently declassified interview with then-US National Security Council minutekeeper Robert Johnson revealed that U.S. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Dwight D.</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"> Eisenhower</a> had said "something [to CIA chief <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Allen Dulles</a>] to the effect that Lumumba should be eliminated".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Kettle-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[55]</a> The interview from the Senate Intelligence Committee's inquiry on covert action was released in August 2000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[58]</a>In December 2013, the U.S. State Department admitted that President Eisenhower authorized the murder of Lumumba. The CIA Chief, Allan Dulles, allocated $100,000 to accomplish the act, but this plan was not carried out. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[59]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[60]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">British involvement<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In April 2013, in a letter to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">London Review of Books</a>, a British parliamentarian, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lea,Baron_Lea_of_Crondall" title="David Lea, Baron Lea of Crondall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lord Lea of Crondall</a> reported having discussed Lumumba's death with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Park,Baroness_Park_of_Monmouth" title="Daphne Park, Baroness Park of Monmouth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Baroness Park of Monmouth</a> shortly before she died in March 2010. Park had been an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MI6</a>officer posted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Leopoldville</a> at the time of Lumumba's death, and was later a semi-official spokesperson for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MI6</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">House of Lords</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Quinn-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[61]</a>According to Lea, when he mentioned "the uproar" surrounding Lumumba's abduction and murder, and recalled the theory that MI6 might have had "something to do with it", she replied, "We did. I organised it."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-wedidit-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[62]</a> BBC reported that, subsequently, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Whitehall</a>sources" described the claims of MI6 involvement as "speculative".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[63]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Legacy[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>
Political[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">edit</a>]<table align="center" class="cquote2" role="presentation" style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" style="vertical-align: top; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;">“</td><td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 4px 10px;">We must move forward, striking out tirelessly against imperialism. From all over the world we have to learn lessons which events afford. Lumumba's murder should be a lesson for all of us.</td><td width="20" style="vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1em; text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: normal;">— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Che Guevara</a>, 1964<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[64]</a></cite></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Patrice Lumumba was Prime Minister of The Congo for 81 days, from June 23 to September 14, 1960. To his supporters, Lumumba was an altruistic man of strong character. He favoured a unitary Congo and opposed division of the country along ethnic or regional lines.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[65]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[66]</a> Like many other African leaders, he supported pan-Africanism and liberation for colonial territories.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[67]</a> He proclaimed his regime one of "positive neutralism,"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[68]</a> defined as a return to African values and rejection of any imported ideology, including that of the Soviet Union: "We are not Communists or Catholics. We are African nationalists."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[69]</a></div><div>==</div>