Pioneer Fund

<div id="siteSub">kobach trump</div>

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see Rushton!

==yikes<a href="https://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/trump-packing-courts-unqualified-conservatives">https://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/trump-packing-courts-unqualified-conservatives</a>Many of Trump’s appointees have drawn scrutiny, including Leonard Grasz, who was the Senate—who the Senate confirmed earlier this month to the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals despite a “not qualified” rating from the American Bar Association. Grasz is one of at least four Trump nominees the ABA deemed “not qualified.” Meanwhile, Trump’s nominee to a lifetime appointment on the U.S. District Court in Washington withdrew from consideration, after widely circulated video showed he was unable to answer basic questions about the law and had never tried a case in court. This is Louisiana Republican John Kennedy questioning Matthew Petersen at a Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearing earlier this month....AMY GOODMAN: In today’s New York Times, Reverend Bishop William Barber, co-chair of the Poor People’s Campaign, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/26/opinion/william-barber-trumps-judge-farr.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">wrote</a> about Trump’s nomination of Thomas Alvin Farr, a protégé of Senator Jesse Helms, to serve on the U.S. district court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. Barber writes about Farr’s connections to white supremacist causes and writes, quote, “Mr. Farr’s former law partner, Thomas Ellis, was Mr. Helms’s top deputy for decades. He also served as a director of the Nazi-inspired, pro-eugenics Pioneer Fund and used funding from that organization to create and bankroll a network of interlocking organizations to support Mr. Helms and other political candidates who espoused the notion of a superior white race and opposed civil rights.”...Now, those are the words of William Barber, the well-known civil rights activist. Judge Scheindlin, can you talk about Mr. Farr and the significance of his—Trump’s choice?SHIRA SCHEINDLIN: Well, I can a little bit. I wrote about Mr. Farr also in my New York Times <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/opinion/trump-judges-courts.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">op-ed</a>, but in a much-reduced fashion, because I wrote about four nominees rather than one. And I pointed out many of the same things. But one fact that I also pointed out is that President Bush had nominated Mr. Farr in 2006, but he didn’t go through. I mean, then, even then, that Congress said, “No way. This person should not be on the federal bench.” Now he comes back, redux—what is it?—12 years later, and suddenly he’s going to be acceptable.Now, what has changed? What has changed is we don’t have the filibuster rule. This is very important to explain. It used to take 60 votes, but now it takes only a bare majority. Now, that changed under the Democrats in 2013, but they had to do it. They had to use that nuclear option, because their picks were being blocked in the Senate. And while they knew they did that at their own peril, that it would come back to haunt them, there are many who believe, even if they hadn’t done it, it would be done now. The Republicans would do the same thing. So, six of the Trump judges have already been confirmed with far less than 60 votes. They would never have been confirmed before. And that’s going to happen with Farr, if he’s confirmed.Now, the other thing I would say about Farr is that it’s a district court nominee. That’s the lowest court. That’s the trial court. Thankfully, right now, he’s not being nominated for an appellate court. But it wouldn’t surprise me, if he is confirmed, in the next two, three years, they’ll put him up for the circuit court. I have no doubt about that. This is a person who does not belong on the federal bench. His views are unacceptable to the vast majority of Americans. That’s the problem with the Trump picks. They’re simply not mainstream people. They are extremists. And this man is an extremist who doesn’t belong on the federal bench, does not understand fairness and justice. And he’ll turn the clock back. He was a great supporter of North Carolina’s voter suppression law, which the circuit reversed and said it targeted, with almost surgical precision, against black voters. So this is a dangerous person to put on the bench.=-==

sjpl update

In October 2012, <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/jean-philippe-rushton">Jean-Philippe Rushton</a>, a Canadian psychology professor and probably the most important race scientist in North America, died of cancer. At the time of his death, Rushton was running the <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/pioneer-fund">Pioneer Fund</a>, a grant-making entity founded in the 1930s by Americans with Nazi sympathies. In recent decades, Pioneer has been the only major foundation devoted to subsidizing race science and eugenics research, areas of science that are now fully discredited.

Under Rushton, the Pioneer Fund gave out very few grants, concentrating its disbursements on prominent race scientists such as <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/jared-taylor">Jared Taylor</a> of the white nationalist group, <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/american-renaissance">American Renaissance</a>. Rushton also headed the Charles Darwin Research Institute, located in Port Huron, Mich., an online outfit that distributed his racist research. Rushton’s most infamous study concluded that brain and genital size were inversely related, suggesting that black people are less intelligent than whites and more highly sexualized. Sometime in the last year, the website for the Charles Darwin Research Institute went offline.

For most of the last year, the Pioneer Fund’s website provided no indication that Rushton had passed away nor did it register any information about who was in change of the group. Messages left by Hatewatch at the fund’s phone number over the last year have not been returned.

But some time in mid-2013, a notice was posted on the website about what was happening at Pioneer. It said that in August 2012, Rushton transferred half the assets of the Pioneer Fund to his Charles Darwin Research Institute. The website also said that Rushton had resigned before his death as president of the fund and nominated Richard Lynn as his successor.

Lynn is a professor emeritus in psychology at the University of Ulster whose personal webpage lists as interests sex and race differences and eugenics (the “science,” much admired by the German Nazis, of selectively breeding human beings to create “better” people). He runs his own outfit, the Ulster Institute for Social Research, which has received hundreds of thousands of dollars in Pioneer grants over the years. The institute appears to be primarily an online effort and is registered to an address near London.

The Pioneer website said that Rushton had left the Charles Darwin Research Institute in the control of his son, Stephen Rushton, an associate professor of education at the University of South Florida. The younger Rushton had served on Pioneer’s board for several years. The Pioneer Fund website further said that Rushton had done so “in the expectation that his son would support research of the kind,” meaning race science, “that had been supported by the Pioneer Fund.” The website said that Stephen Rushton had then “transferred the assets of the Charles Darwin Research Institute to the JSP Education Foundation (JSP stands for John Stephen Philippe).” Lynn and Rushton were listed as contacts for the fund.

Attempts to contact Lynn about his plans for the Pioneer Fund’s remaining monies were ignored. But Stephen Rushton did reply to an E-mail from Hatewatch, saying that he did not belong on Pioneer’s page as a contact as “my father, John (not Jean) passed away a year ago at which point I withdrew being on the Foundation.” He directed Hatewatch to Lynn.

Rushton would not answer questions about whether he received Pioneer Fund money as a result of being handed the Charles Darwin Research Institute nor would he discuss the JSP Education Foundation or his plans for it. Since Hatewatch contacted Rushton, the Pioneer Fund website has removed all reference to the JSP Education Foundation and deleted the statement that Jean-Philippe Rushton wanted his son to support race science research just as the fund had.

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===

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a> activist and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Tim Wise</a> criticized Rushton's application of r/K selection theory to crime rates and IQ, charging that Rushton ignored things such as systematic/institutional discrimination, racial profiling, economic disparities and unequal access to judicial defense in his attempt to apply r/K Theory and IQ theories to explain racial disparities in American crime rates. He also criticized Rushton and others like him of ignoring things like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">white-collar crime</a> rates,

Corporate criminals, after all, are usually highly educated, and probably would score highly on just about any standardized test you chose to give them. And what of it? Virtually all the stock manipulators, unethical derivatives traders and shady money managers on Wall Street, whose actions have brought the economy to its knees of late — and who it might be worth noting are pretty much all white men — would likely do well on the Stanford-Binet or Wonderlich Industrial Aptitude Test. They probably were above-average students. But what are we to make of these facts? Clearly they say little about the value of such persons to the nation or the world. The Unabomber was a certified genius and Ted Bundy was of well-above-average intelligence... But I'm having a hard time discerning what we should conclude about these truths, in terms of how much emphasis we place on intelligence, as opposed to other human traits.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Anthropology">biological anthropologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.Loring_Brace" title="C. Loring Brace">C. Loring Brace</a> criticized Rushton in his 1996 review of the book, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race,Evolution,_and_Behavior" title="Race, Evolution, and Behavior">Race, Evolution, and Behavior</a> (1996):

Virtually every kind of anthropologist may be put in the position of being asked to comment on what is contained in this book, so, whatever our individual specialty, we should all be prepared to discuss what it represents. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race,Evolution,and_Behavior" title="Race, Evolution, and Behavior">Race, Evolution, and Behavior</a> is an amalgamation of bad biology and inexcusable anthropology. It is not science but advocacy, and advocacy for the promotion of "racialism." Tzvetan Todorov explains "racialism," in contrast to "racism," as belief in the existence of typological essences called "races" whose characteristics can be rated in hierarchical fashion (On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 31). "Racism," then, is the use of racialist assumptions to promote social or political ends, a course that Todorov regards as leading to "particularly catastrophic results." Perpetuating catastrophe is not the stated aim of Rushton's book, but current promoters of racist agendas will almost certainly regard it as a welcome weapon to apply for their noxious purposes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

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Although Rushton has frequently claimed that his critics are motivated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a>, Andrew Winston, a psychologist at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>, wrote in 1996 that "while Rushton has been publicly harassed, he has had continuous opportunities to present his findings in diverse, widely available, respectable journals, and no general suppression within academic psychology is evident."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

Robert Sussman, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary">evolutionary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> and the editor-in-chief of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a>, explained why the journal did not accept ads for Rushton's 1998 book:

This is an insidious attempt to legitimize Rushton's racist propaganda and is tantamount to publishing ads for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> party. If you have any question about the validity of the "science" of Rushton's trash you should read any one of his articles and the many rebuttals by ashamed scientists.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

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In 2000, after Rushton mailed a booklet on his work to psychology, sociology, and anthropology professors across North America, Hermann Helmuth, a professor of anthropology at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent University</a>, said: "It is in a way personal and political propaganda. There is no basis to his scientific research." Rushton responded, "It's not racist; it's a matter of science and recognizing variation in all groups of people."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-UWO-63">[63]</a>

Since 2002, Rushton was the president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a>. Tax records from 2000 show in that year that his Charles Darwin Research Institute was awarded $473,835, or 73% of the fund's total grants that year.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> organization, characterizes the Pioneer Fund as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Rushton had spoken on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> several times at conferences of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance%28magazine%29" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a> magazine, a monthly white supremacist magazine, in which he had also published a number of general articles.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

Rushton published articles on the website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a>, which advocates reduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> into the United States. Stefan Kühl wrote in his book, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (2002), that Rushton was part of the revival in the 1980s of public interest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tucker" title="William H. Tucker">William H. Tucker</a>, a professor of psychology who writes histories of scientific racism, noted in 2002:

Rushton has not only contributed to American Renaissance publications and graced their conferences with his presence but also offered praise and support for the "scholarly" work on racial differences of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Garrett" title="Henry Garrett">Henry Garrett</a>, who spent the last two decades of his life opposing the extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> to blacks on the basis that the "normal" black resembled a European after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontal lobotomy">frontal lobotomy</a>. Informed of Garrett's assertion that blacks were not entitled to equality because their "ancestors were ... savages in an African jungle," Rushton dismissed the observation as quoted "selectively from Garrett's writing", finding nothing opprobrious in such sentiments because the leader of the scientific opposition to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> had made other statements about black inferiority that were, according to Rushton, "quite objective in tone and backed by standard social science evidence." Quite apart from the questionable logic in defending a blatant call to deprive citizens of their rights by citing Garrett's less offensive writing—as if it were evidence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Bundy" title="Ted Bundy">Ted Bundy</a>'s innocence that there were some women he had met and not killed—there was no sense on Rushton's part that all of Garrett's assertions, whether or not "objective," were utterly irrelevant to constitutional guarantees, which are not predicated on scientific demonstrations of intellectual equality.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

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A 2003 study in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a> found no evidence to support Rushton's hypothesized relationship between race and behavior.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

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Ideology and strategic arguments from the radical right are produced by hundreds of groups and individuals around the country. However, only a small number actually function as real think tanks, and an even smaller number are influential, even on the extreme right. The four groups profiled below, including one that was just formed last fall, may be the most important. They are also each associated with individuals who became involved in the recent dispute over anti-Semitism on the radical right. Each has said it opposes anti-Semitism, or at least anti-Semitism in its crudest forms (each of them also pushes the work of <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/kevin-macdonald" style=" line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Kevin MacDonald</a>, an academic who criticizes Jews in somewhat softer terms than most anti-Semites). One of them, the Pioneer Fund, has financially backed the racist research of many individuals associated with the other groups. All four organizations are listed as hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Charles Martel Society/The Occidental Quarterly

Founded in 2001 by Chicago millionaire publishing scion William H. Regnery, the Charles Martel Society puts out The Occidental Quarterly, a journal devoted to the idea that "race informs culture" that is edited by a Who's Who of the radical right. Its chief editor is <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2006/summer/irreconcilable-differences/the-new-ra" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Kevin Lamb</a>; its managing editor is <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2006/summer/irreconcilable-differences/the-new-ra" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Louis R. Andrews</a> and its associate editor is <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/wayne-lutton" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Wayne Lutton</a>, who also works at <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/the-social-contract-press" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">The Social Contract Press</a>, another hate group. The board of the society includes Andrews, Lamb, <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/american-renaissance" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">American Renaissance</a> Editor <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/jared-taylor" style=" line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Jared Taylor</a> and Sam Dickson, a white supremacist lawyer and luminary of the <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/council-of-conservative-citizens" style=" line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Council of Conservative Citizen</a>s. The Occidental Quarterly publishes an array of extremists including Robert S. Griffin, a University of Vermont professor who has been a member of the neo-Nazi <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/national-alliance" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">National Alliance</a>, and Marian Kester Coombs, wife of the managing editor of The Washington Times and a well-known racist writer. In 2004, the society went beyond publishing for the first time, holding a black-tie dinner in a fancy Washington, D.C., hotel, where it awarded Kevin MacDonald $10,000 and its Jack London Literary Prize for books describing the alleged "group evolutionary strategies" of the Jews. The Charles Martel Society and its journal have been very well received among so-called "academic racists" in America -- so much so that when Florida race scientist Glayde Whitney died in 2002, his family asked that in lieu of flowers, mourners send donations to the society.

National Policy Institute

After a year of soliciting funds for a "new think tank" in Washington, D.C., the National Policy Institute was established with a staff of four in September 2005 by far-right publisher William Regnery. The institute's mission statement says it aims "to elevate the consciousness of whites, ensure our biological and cultural continuity, and protect our civil rights. The institute ... will study the consequences of the ongoing influx that non-Western populations pose to our national identity." In an August 2005 speech to the Chicagoland Friends of American Renaissance (see group profile below), Regnery warned that "within the first or secondhand memories of people in this room, the white race may go from master of the universe to an anthropological curiosity." The institute has published two studies: a critique of affirmative action, which the institute opposes; and "Mass Deportation is a Viable Solution to America's Illegal Immigration Crisis," written by Edwin Rubenstein. (Rubenstein, a frequent contributor to the <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/vdare-foundation" style=" line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">V-Dare</a> hate site, is president of ESR Research Economic Consultants of Indianapolis and has served as research director for the conservative Hudson Institute, an adjunct fellow at the Manhattan Institute, an economics editor at the National Review, and a contributing editor at Forbes magazine.) The institute's senior fellow is Wayne Lutton, an extreme-right writer, and its spokesman is Kevin Lamb. Its board includes Louis R. Andrews, American Renaissance Editor Jared Taylor, and James B. Taylor, who is also on the board of directors of the Reagan Ranch Program. Its advisory committee includes Kevin MacDonald.

New Century Foundation/American Renaissance

Jared Taylor, the man who heads the New Century Foundation and edits its American Renaissance magazine, presents himself as a cosmopolitan, open-minded thinker not afraid to take on the taboos of his time without stooping to racial epithets and the like. But, in fact, he is a man who promotes the idea of America as "a self-consciously European, majority-white nation," regardless of the calm tone of his journal, which has an academic look and feel. In 2002, for instance, Taylor published an article by race scientist Richard Lynn (see Pioneer Fund, below) under the title "Race and the Psychopathic Personality" that argued that blacks "are more psychopathic than whites" and suffer from a "personality disorder" characterized by a poverty of feeling, lack of shame, pathological lying and so on.

After Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, the magazine ratcheted up its customary attacks on blacks, particularly in an error-ridden essay by Taylor that said the hurricane "was an excuse [for blacks] to loot, rob, rape and kill." American Renaissance, based in Taylor's home in Oakton, Va., also publishes frequent articles on the discredited field of eugenics -- selective breeding to improve human genetic stock. The foundation has hosted biannual conferences since 1994, and its website, featuring stories on black crime and the like, recently rose to one of the top 20,000 in the world after a makeover. In recent years, Taylor has added several budding racist intellectuals to his staff, including<a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2006/summer/irreconcilable-differences/the-new-ra" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Ian Jobling</a>, the website editor and E-list moderator, and <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2006/summer/irreconcilable-differences/the-new-ra" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Stephen Webster</a>, assistant editor ofAmerican Renaissance. Even before he started the New Century Foundation, Taylor wrote on race, penning a 1992 book, Paved With Good Intentions, that argued because sterilizing welfare mothers would not be publicly accepted, authorities should instead provide such women with "five-year implantable contraceptives."

Pioneer Fund

The <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/pioneer-fund" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.25em; text-decoration: none;">Pioneer Fund</a> was started in 1937 by textile magnate Wycliffe Draper with an original mandate to pursue "race betterment" by promoting the genetic stock of those "deemed to be descended predominantly from white persons who settled in the original thirteen states prior to the adoption of the Constitution." Many of those involved with the fund early on, including its first president Harry H. Laughlin, had "contacts with many of the Nazi scientists whose work provided the conceptual template for Hitler's aspiration toward 'racial hygiene' in Germany," according to an article in theAlbany Law Review. In the 1960s, according to William Tucker's recent scholarly book, The Funding of Scientific Racism, many board members and recipients of Pioneer grants sought to block the civil rights movement. In recent decades, the fund has concentrated on making grants to academics interested in the alleged connection between race and intelligence, along with related matters. It also paid to distribute the racist French novel, The Camp of the Saints, and to publish an autobiography of Thomas Dixon, whose novels helped to romanticize the Klan and also to bring it back to life in 1915. Since 2002, the Pioneer Fund has been headed by J. Philippe Rushton, a Canadian professor who has produced work suggesting that blacks have "smaller brains, lower intelligence, lower cultural achievements, higher aggressiveness, lower law-abidingness, lower marital stability and less sexual restraint than whites," according to an article by psychologist Andrew S. Winston. Several organizations have recently refused grants from the fund in the wake of bad publicity. One recipient, Hiroko Arikawa of the Forest Institute of Professional Psychology in Springfield, Mo., said she was returning her grant after being contacted for comment by the Intelligence Report.

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<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>

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<div class="dablink">Not to be confused with The Pioneer Fund, a Denver-based charity founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_M._McLoraine" title="Helen M. McLoraine">Helen M. McLoraine</a>.</div>

The Pioneer Fund is an American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" title="Non-profit organization" class="mw-redirect">non-profit foundation</a> established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences." Currently headed by psychology professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a>, the fund states that it focuses on projects it perceives will not be easily funded due to controversial subject matter. The organization is frequently described as racist and "white supremacist" in nature.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-0">[1]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-1">[2]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-2">[3]</a>

Two of the most notable studies funded by the Pioneer Fund are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twin_Family_Study#The_Minnesota_Study_of_Twins_Reared_Apart" title="Minnesota Twin Family Study">Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart</a> and the Texas Adoption Project, which studied the similarities and differences of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_twins" title="Identical twins" class="mw-redirect">identical twins</a> and other children adopted into non-biological families. The Pioneer Fund has also been an important source of funding for research on the partly genetic hypothesis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">IQ variation among races</a>.

The fund's grantees and publications have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="Race and intelligence controversy" class="mw-redirect">generated controversy</a> including the 1994 publication of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a>, which drew heavily from Pioneer-funded research. The fund has also been criticized for its ties to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-3">[4]</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC), a civil rights advocacy organization, has characterized the Pioneer Fund as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a> due to its history and association and funding of organizations and persons it perceived to be racist.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-splcmap-4">[5]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Early_history">1 Early history</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Current_funding">2 Current funding</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Scientific_research">2.1 Scientific research</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Political_and_legal_funding">2.2 Political and legal funding</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Controversy">3 Controversy</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Criticism">3.1 Criticism</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Responses_to_criticisms">3.2 Responses to criticisms</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Notes">5 Notes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#References">6 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#External_links">8 External links</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Critical">8.1 Critical</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Opinion_pieces">8.1.1 Opinion pieces</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#Scholarly_studies">8.1.2 Scholarly studies</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Early history</h2>

<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="History of the race and intelligence controversy">History of the race and intelligence controversy</a></div>

The Pioneer Fund was incorporated on March 11, 1937. The first five directors were:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickliffe_Preston_Draper" title="Wickliffe Preston Draper" class="mw-redirect">Wickliffe Preston Draper</a>, heir to a large fortune and the fund's de facto final authority, served on the Board of Directors from 1937 until 1972. He founded the Pioneer Fund after having acquired an interest in the Eugenics movement, which was strengthened by his 1935 visit to Nazi Germany, where he met with the leading eugenicists of the Third Reich who used the inspiration from the American movement as a basis for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>. He served in the British army at the beginning of WWI, transferring to the US Army as the Americans entered the war. During WWII he was stationed as an intelligence officer in India.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-5">[6]</a> Psychology professor and Pioneer Fund critic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H.Tucker" title="William H. Tucker">William H. Tucker</a>, however, describes Draper as someone who "aside from his brief periods of military service ... never pursued a profession or held a job of any kind."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-6">[7]</a> According to a 1960 article in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, an unnamed geneticist said Draper told him he "wished to prove simply that Negroes were inferior."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-May-7">[8]</a> Draper funded advocacy of repatriation of blacks to Africa.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-8">[9]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-9">[10]</a> Draper also made large financial contributions to efforts to oppose the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement%281955%E2%80%931968%29" title="American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)" class="mw-redirect">American civil rights movement</a> and the racial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a> mandated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, such as $215,000 to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission">Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission</a> in 1963.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-6">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Laughlin" title="Harry Laughlin" class="mw-redirect">Harry Laughlin</a> was the director of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">Eugenics Record Office</a> at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York, funded by the Carnegie Institute of Washington. He served as the president of the Pioneer Fund from its inception until 1941. He was one of the eugenics movement's most energetic legislative activists. He worried about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> and had proposed a research agenda to assist in the enforcement of Southern "race integrity laws" by developing techniques for identifying the "pass-for-white" person who might "successfully hide all of his black blood". He singled out Jews as a group "slow to assimilate," a problem related to his doubts that their loyalty was directed primarily to "American institutions and people" rather than to "Jews scattered through other nations." Eleven months after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, Laughlin wrote to an official at the University of Heidelberg, which had awarded him an honorary doctorate, arguing that the United States and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich" title="Third Reich" class="mw-redirect">Third Reich</a> shared "a common understanding of ... the practical application" of eugenic principles to "racial endowments and ... racial health."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-6">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Frederick Osborn</a> wrote in 1937 that the Nazi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a> was "the most exciting experiment that had ever been tried".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Osborn-sterilize-10">[11]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-fascism-11">[12]</a> Osborn was the secretary of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">American Eugenics Society</a>, which was part of an accepted and active field at the time, the Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Selective Service during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and later the Deputy U.S. Representative to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United Nations Atomic Energy Commission">U.N. Atomic Energy Commission</a>.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Donald" title="Malcolm Donald">Malcolm Donald</a> was the Draper family lawyer, trustee of the Draper estate. He was a former editor of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> during World War II.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a>. Harlan's firm had done legal work for the Pioneer Fund. He was the only director whose name did not appear on the incorporation papers. He was director of operational analysis for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> in World War II, and was appointed to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> by President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. During his confirmation process, he voiced support for the decision in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v.Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, but on the bench limited civil rights in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain_v.Alabama" title="Swain v. Alabama">Swain v. Alabama</a> and dissented on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v.Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a>.</li>

</ul>

The 1937 incorporation documents of the Pioneer Fund list two purposes. The first, modeled on the Nazi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a> breeding program,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-crawford-12">[13]</a> was aimed at encouraging the propagation of those "descended predominantly from white persons who settled in the original thirteen states prior to the adoption of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a> and/or from related stocks, or to classes of children, the majority of whom are deemed to be so descended". Its second purpose was to support academic research and the "dissemination of information, into the 'problem of heredity and eugenics'" and "the problems of race betterment".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-fascism-11">[12]</a> The Pioneer Fund argues the "race betterment" has always referred to the "human race" referred to earlier in the sentence, and critics argue it referred to racial groups. The document was amended in 1985 and the phrase changed to "human race betterment."

The Pioneer Fund supported the distribution of a eugenics film titled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a> ("Hereditary Defective" or "Hereditary Illness") which was published by the pre-war 1930s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. William Draper obtained the film from the predecessor to the Nazi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Office of Racial Policy" class="mw-redirect">Office of Racial Policy</a> (Rassenpolitisches Amt) prior to the founding of the Pioneer Fund.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-6">[7]</a> According to the Pioneer Fund site, all founders capable of doing so participated in the war against the Nazis.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-pioneer-founders-13">[14]</a>

Draper secretly met Dr. C. Nash Herndon of Bowman Gray School of Medicine at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest University</a> in 1949. Little is known about their meetings, but Herndon was playing a major role in the expansion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> program in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-begos-14">[15]</a>

In the 1950s and 1960s Draper supported two government committees that gave grants for both anti-immigration and genetics research. The committee members included Representative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_E.Walter" title="Francis E. Walter">Francis E. Walter</a> (chair of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> and head of the Draper Immigration Committee), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E.Garrett" title="Henry E. Garrett" class="mw-redirect">Henry E. Garrett</a> (an educator known for his belief in the genetic inferiority of blacks), and Senator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O._Eastland" title="James O. Eastland" class="mw-redirect">James O. Eastland</a> of Mississippi, head of the Draper Genetics Committee.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-lichtenstein-15">[16]</a>

Subsequent directors included:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-pioneer-founders-13">[14]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M.Woolsey,Jr." title="John M. Woolsey, Jr." class="mw-redirect">John M. Woolsey, Jr.</a>, a staff attorney at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Garrett" title="Henry E. Garrett" class="mw-redirect">Henry E. Garrett</a> (1972–1973), the former president of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P.Kranz,Jr." title="James P. Kranz, Jr." class="mw-redirect">James P. Kranz, Jr.</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rice_Guild" title="Henry Rice Guild">Henry Rice Guild</a> (1948–1974)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Codman_Cabot" title="Charles Codman Cabot">Charles Codman Cabot</a> (1950–1973)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F.Weyher,Jr." title="Harry F. Weyher, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Harry F. Weyher, Jr.</a> (1958–2002)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Trevor,Jr." title="John B. Trevor, Jr." class="mw-redirect">John B. Trevor, Jr.</a> (1959–2000)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F.Walsh,Jr." title="John F. Walsh, Jr." class="mw-redirect">John F. Walsh, Jr.</a> (1971–1973)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_A._Parrott" title="Marion A. Parrott">Marion A. Parrott</a> (1973–2000)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Ellis" title="Thomas F. Ellis">Thomas F. Ellis</a> (1973–1977)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Mary_Ladenburg_Davie" title="Eugenie Mary Ladenburg Davie">Eugenie Mary Ladenburg Davie</a> (Mrs. Preston) (1974–1975)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_L._Speight" title="Randolph L. Speight">Randolph L. Speight</a> (1975–1999)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dawes_Miller" title="William Dawes Miller">William Dawes Miller</a> (1983–1993)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schakel" title="Karl Schakel">Karl Schakel</a> (1993–2002)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_D.Morgan%28businessman%29" title="Edwin D. Morgan (businessman)">Edwin D. Morgan</a> (2000–2001)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Travis_Osborne" title="R. Travis Osborne">R. Travis Osborne</a> (2000–present)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philippe_Rushton" title="John Philippe Rushton" class="mw-redirect">John Philippe Rushton</a> (2002–present)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Weyher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelle Weyher (page does not exist)">Michelle Weyher</a> (2002–present)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Richard Lynn</a> (2002–present)</li>

</ul>

<h2>Current funding</h2>

Pioneer Fund's figures are from 1971 to 1996 and are adjusted to 1997 USD.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-grantlist-16">[17]</a>

<h3>Scientific research</h3>

</td><td class="mbox-text">This article needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Fund&action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2011) </td></tr></tbody></table>

Many of the researchers whose findings support the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditarianism" title="Hereditarianism">hereditarian</a> hypothesis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">racial IQ</a> disparity have received grants of varying sizes from the Pioneer Fund.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-funding-17">[18]</a> Large grantees, in order of amount received, are:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J.Bouchard" title="Thomas J. Bouchard" class="mw-redirect">Thomas J. Bouchard</a> at the University of Minnesota. As compiled in 1997, the recipient of the largest amount of funding ($2.3 million USD) was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J.Bouchard" title="Thomas J. Bouchard" class="mw-redirect">Thomas J. Bouchard</a>'s landmark <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_study" title="Twin study">twin study</a>, the Minnesota Study of Identical Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA), better known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins_Project" title="Minnesota Twins Project" class="mw-redirect">Minnesota Twins Project</a>. The Minnesota Twins Project compared identical and fraternal twins who had been brought up in different families.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jensen" title="Arthur Jensen">Arthur Jensen</a> at the Institute for the Study of Educational Differences.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a> at the University of Western Ontario is the current head of the fund since 2002. In 1999, Rushton used some of his grant money from the Pioneer fund to send out tens of thousands of copies of an abridged version of his book <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race,Evolution_and_Behavior" title="Race, Evolution and Behavior" class="mw-redirect">Race, Evolution and Behavior</a> to social scientists in anthropology, psychology, and sociology, causing a controversy.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-Conclusion-18">[19]</a> Tax records from 2000 show that his Charles Darwin Institute received $473,835—73% of that year's grants.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=83">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Pearson%28anthropologist%29" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a> at the Institute for the Study of Man. Eugenicist and anthropologist, founder of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-jies-19">[20]</a> received over a million dollars in grants in the eighties and the nineties.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-6">[7]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-funding-17">[18]</a> Using the pseudonym of Stephan Langton, Pearson was the editor of The New Patriot, a short-lived magazine published in 1966–67 to conduct "a responsible but penetrating inquiry into every aspect of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Question" title="Jewish Question" class="mw-redirect">Jewish Question</a>," which included articles such as "Zionists and the Plot Against South Africa," "Early Jews and the Rise of Jewish Money Power," and "Swindlers of the Crematoria.".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-funding-17">[18]</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League%28neo-Nazi%29" title="Northern League (neo-Nazi)" class="mw-redirect">Northern League</a>, an organization founded in England in 1958 by Pearson, supported Nazi ideologies and included former members of the Nazi Party.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker-6">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Richard Lynn</a> at Ulster Institute for Social Research (also on Mankind Quarterly editorial board)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottfredson" title="Linda Gottfredson">Linda Gottfredson</a> at the University of Delaware.</li>

</ul>

Other notable recipients of funding include:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a>, the most-cited living psychologist at the time of his death (1997)</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Humphreys" title="Lloyd Humphreys">Lloyd Humphreys</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Horn" title="Joseph M. Horn">Joseph M. Horn</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Gordon" title="Robert A. Gordon">Robert A. Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a>, author of the phrase the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>"</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Travis_Osborne" title="R. Travis Osborne">R. Travis Osborne</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_M._Shuey" title="Audrey M. Shuey">Audrey M. Shuey</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_A._Vernon" title="Philip A. Vernon">Philip A. Vernon</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, winner of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize" title="Nobel prize" class="mw-redirect">Nobel prize</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> in 1956, received a series of grants in the 1970s. Shockley became famous in his later career for supporting the controversial genetic hypothesis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a> research and for being a proponent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.</li>

</ul>

<h3>Political and legal funding</h3>

The Fund gave the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a> (FAIR) a total of $1.3 million between 1985 and 1994.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-20">[21]</a> Among the grants was $150,000 for 'studies in connection with immigration policies'.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Lombardo-21">[22]</a> Funding was dropped after negative publicity during the campaign for California's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_187_%281994%29" title="California Proposition 187 (1994)">Proposition 187</a> linked the Pioneer Fund to ads purchased by FAIR.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-22">[23]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-23">[24]</a> Other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reduction" title="Immigration reduction" class="mw-redirect">immigration reduction</a> groups that have received donations from the Pioneer Fund include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProjectUSA" title="ProjectUSA">ProjectUSA</a>, Californians for Population Stabilization,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-24">[25]</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Immigration_Control_Foundation" title="American Immigration Control Foundation">American Immigration Control Foundation</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-25">[26]</a>

A grantee is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservative</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalist" title="White nationalist" class="mw-redirect">white nationalist</a> journalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Jared Taylor</a>, the editor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance%28magazine%29" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a> and a member the advisory board of the white nationalist publication the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Quarterly" title="Occidental Quarterly" class="mw-redirect">Occidental Quarterly</a>. Another is Roger Pearson's Institute for the Study of Man.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Berlet-26">[27]</a> Many of the key academic white nationalists in both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Now%21%28magazine%29" title="Right Now! (magazine)">Right Now!</a> and American Renaissance have been funded by the Pioneer Fund, which was also directly involved in funding the parent organization of American Renaissance, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Century_Foundation" title="New Century Foundation">New Century Foundation</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-funding-17">[18]</a>

<h2>Controversy</h2>

<h3>Criticism</h3>

The Pioneer Fund was described by the Sunday Telegraph (March 12, 1989) as a "neo-Nazi organization closely integrated with the far right in American politics."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-27">[28]</a> It has also been criticized by some scientists and journalists, and in various peer-reviewed academic articles. Critics of the fund include the SPLC, professor of psychology <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tucker" title="William H. Tucker">William H. Tucker</a>, and historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Mehler" title="Barry Mehler">Barry Mehler</a> and his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Academic_Racism" title="Institute for the Study of Academic Racism">Institute for the Study of Academic Racism</a>.

The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC), a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit" title="Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect">nonprofit</a> organization, lists the Pioneer Fund as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a>, citing the fund's history, its funding of race and intelligence research, and its connections with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist" title="Racist" class="mw-redirect">racist</a> individuals.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Berlet-26">[27]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Mehler-28">[29]</a> They also state: "Race science has potentially frightening consequences, as is evident not only from the horrors of Nazi Germany, but also from the troubled racial history of the United States. If white supremacist groups had their way, the United States would return to its dark days. In publication after publication, hate groups are using this "science" to legitimize racial hatred. In Calling Our Nation, the neo-Nazi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a> publishes a piece by a New York psychologist surveying the work of Jensen, Garrett and numerous others. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vanguard" title="National Vanguard">National Vanguard</a>, the publication of former physics professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pierce" title="William Pierce">William Pierce</a> (see The Alliance and its Allies) and his neo-Nazi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_%28United_States%29" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a>, runs a similar piece that concludes that "it is the Negro's deficiency ... which kept him in a state of savagery in his African environment and is now undermining the civilization of a racially mixed America."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-29">[30]</a>

The Center for New Community, a human rights advocacy organization, mentioned the Pioneer Fund in an article on their website. They characterize the Pioneer Fund as "a white supremacist foundation that specializes in funding 'science' dedicated to demonstrating white intellectual and moral superiority." They draw particular attention to Rushton's theories about differences between races as evidence of the racial slant which they claim accompanies much of the research which is backed by the Fund.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-30">[31]</a>

In accord with the tax regulations governing nonprofit corporations, Pioneer does not fund individuals; under the law only other nonprofit organizations are appropriate grantees. As a consequence, many of the fund's awards go not to the researchers themselves but to the universities that employ them, a standard procedure for supporting work by academically based scientists. In addition to these awards to the universities where its grantees are based, Pioneer has made a number of grants to other nonprofit organizations, corporations Tucker feel have been created to channel resources to a particular academic recipient while circumventing the institution where the researcher is employed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker2007-31">[32]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-32">[33]</a>

In 2002, William H. Tucker criticized the Pioneer's grant-funding techniques:

Pioneer's administrative procedures are as unusual as its charter. Although the fund typically gives away more than half a million dollars per year, there is no application form or set of guidelines. Instead, according to Weyher, an applicant merely submits "a letter containing a brief description of the nature of the research and the amount of the grant requested." There is no requirement for peer review of any kind; Pioneer's board of directors—two attorneys, two engineers, and an investment broker—decides, sometimes within a day, whether a particular research proposal merits funding. Once the grant has been made, there is no requirement for an interim or final report or even for an acknowledgment by a grantee that Pioneer has been the source of support, all atypical practices in comparison to other organizations that support scientific research.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Tucker2007-31">[32]</a>

</blockquote>

Rushton, the current head, has spoken at conferences of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance_%28magazine%29" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a> (AR) magazine, in which he has also published articles.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-33">[34]</a> Anti-racist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight_Magazine" title="Searchlight Magazine" class="mw-redirect">Searchlight Magazine</a> described one such AR conference as a "veritable 'who's who' of American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-34">[35]</a>

Steven J. Rosenthal has described the fund as a: "A Nazi endowment specializing in production of justifications for eugenics since 1937, the Pioneer Fund is embedded in a network of right-wing foundations, think tanks, religious fundamentalists, and global anti-Communist coalitions".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-35">[36]</a>

<h3>Responses to criticisms</h3>

Behavioral geneticist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Lykken" title="David T. Lykken">David T. Lykken</a> has defended his acceptance of money from the fund, writing "If you can find me some rich villains that want to contribute to my research—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect">Qaddafi</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia" class="mw-redirect">Mafia</a>, whoever—the worse they are, the better I'll like it. I'm doing a social good by taking their money... Any money of theirs that I spend in a legitimate and honorable way, they can't spend in a dishonorable way".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-ohman-36">[37]</a>

Science writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Hunt" title="Morton Hunt">Morton Hunt</a> received Pioneer funding for his book and wrote: "One could spend hundreds of pages on the pros and cons of the case of the Pioneer Fund, but what matters to me—and should matter to my readers—is that I have been totally free to research and write as I chose. I alerted Pioneer to my political views when making the grant proposal for this book but its directors never blinked."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-Hunt-intro-37">[38]</a>

In a review of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Richard Lynn</a>'s book on the Pioneer Fund, psychologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Neisser" title="Ulrich Neisser" class="mw-redirect">Ulrich Neisser</a>, a prominent critic of race-based research, writes: "All things considered, I doubt that the Pioneer Fund's political activities have made much difference one way or the other. The world would have been much the same without them. On the other hand, Lynn reminds us that Pioneer has sometimes sponsored useful research – research that otherwise might not have been done at all. By that reckoning, I would give it a weak plus."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-38">[39]</a>

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Murray_%28author%29" title="Charles Murray (author)">Charles Murray</a> defended the use of studies supported by the fund in his book <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a> by saying: "Never mind that the relationship between the founder of the Pioneer Fund and today's Pioneer Fund is roughly analogous to the relationship between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>'s antisemitism and today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>. The charges have been made, they have wide currency, and some people will always believe that The Bell Curve rests on data concocted by neo-Nazi eugenicists."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-39">[40]</a>

Researchers who have been criticized for accepting grants from the fund have argued that the public debates have been disconnected from the expert debates. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Gordon" title="Robert A. Gordon">Robert A. Gordon</a>, for example, replied to media criticisms of grant-recipients: "Politically correct disinformation about science appears to spread like wildfire among literary intellectuals and other nonspecialists, who have few disciplinary constraints on what they say about science and about particular scientists and on what they allow themselves to believe."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_note-40">[41]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="History of the race and intelligence controversy">History of the race and intelligence controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Notes</h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-0">^{</a></span}> Avner Falk. Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred. Abc-Clio, 2008, pg. 18</li>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-1">^{</a></span}> William H. Tucker, The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press, 2002</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-2">^{</a></span}> Andrew Wroe. The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. University of Illinois Press, 2008, pg. 81</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-3">^{</a></span}> Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). ""The American Breed": Nazi eugenics and the origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Rev 65 (3): 743–830. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11998853">11998853</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22The+American+Breed%22%3A+Nazi+eugenics+and+the+origins+of+the+Pioneer+Fund&rft.jtitle=Albany+Law+Rev&rft.aulast=Lombardo%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Lombardo%2C+Paul+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=743%E2%80%93830&rft_id=info:pmid/11998853&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pioneer_Fund">

Rushton, J. Philippe (2002). "The Pioneer Fund and the Scientific Study of Human Differences". Albany Law Rev 66: 209.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Pioneer+Fund+and+the+Scientific+Study+of+Human+Differences&rft.jtitle=Albany+Law+Rev&rft.aulast=Rushton%2C+J.+Philippe&rft.au=Rushton%2C+J.+Philippe&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=209&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pioneer_Fund">

Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "Pioneer's Big Lie". Albany Law Rev 66: 1125.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pioneer%27s+Big+Lie&rft.jtitle=Albany+Law+Rev&rft.aulast=Lombardo%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Lombardo%2C+Paul+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=1125&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pioneer_Fund">

Tucker, William H. (2002). "A Closer Look at the Pioneer Fund: Response to Rushton". Albany Law Rev 66: 1145.</li>

<li id="cite_note-splcmap-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-splcmap_4-0">^{</a></span}> Southern Poverty Law Center <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolerance.org/maps/hate/index.html">Map of Hate Organizations.</a> Retrieved July 16, 2006.</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-5">^{</a></span}> Lombardo, Paul A. ""The American Breed": Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund." Albany Law Review, Vol. 65, No. 3, Pp. 743-830.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tucker-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker_6-0">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker_6-1">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker_6-2">c</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker_6-3">d</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker_6-4">e</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker_6-5">f</a> Tucker, William H (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/tucker/toc.html">The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02762-0">0-252-02762-0</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-May-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-May_7-0">^{</a></span}> May, R.W. (May 14, 1960). "Genetics and Subversion". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> 190: 421.</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-8">^{</a></span}> J.P., Jackson, (2005). Science for segregation: race, law, and the case against Brown v. Board of Education. City: New York University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> [[Special:BookSources/0-8147-4271-8 }page=34|0-8147-4271-8 }page=34]].</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-9">^{</a></span}> T., Hashaw, (2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. City: Mercer University Press. p. 158. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88146-074-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88146-074-5">0-88146-074-5</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Osborn-sterilize-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Osborn-sterilize_10-0">^{</a></span}> Osborn, Frederick (24 February 1937). 'Summary of the proceedings' of the Conference on Eugenics in Relation to Nursing. American Eugenics Society Archives.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mehler-fascism-11">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-fascism_11-0">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-fascism_11-1">b</a> Mehler, Barry (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/archives/mehler/foundation.htm">"Foundation for Fascism: the New Eugenics Movement in the United States"</a>. Patterns of Prejudice 23 (4).</li>

<li id="cite_note-crawford-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-crawford_12-0">^{</a></span}> Crawford, James (1993). Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of "English Only". Addison Wesley. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62479-3">978-0-201-62479-3</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-pioneer-founders-13">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-pioneer-founders_13-0">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-pioneer-founders_13-1">b</a> Pioneer Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pioneerfund.org/Founders.html">Founders and Former Directors.</a> Retrieved July 16, 2006.</li>

<li id="cite_note-begos-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-begos_14-0">^{</a></span}> Begos, Kevin (December 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extras.journalnow.com/againsttheirwill/parts/two/storybody3.html">Benefactor With a Racist Bent: Wealthy recluse apparently liked the looks and potential of Bowman Gray's new medical-genetics department.</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal" title="Winston-Salem Journal">Winston-Salem Journal</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-lichtenstein-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-lichtenstein_15-0">^{</a></span}> Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1977). Fund Backs Controversial Study of "Racial Betterment." <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-Mehler-grantlist-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-grantlist_16-0">^{</a></span}> Mehler, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/Institut/pioneer/pfspread/pfp6.htm">Pioneer Fund Grant Totals, 1971-1996.</a> Retrieved July 16, 2006.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mehler-funding-17">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-funding_17-0">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-funding_17-1">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-funding_17-2">c</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler-funding_17-3">d</a> Mehler, Barry (July 7, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/Institut/pioneer/search.htm">Race Science and the Pioneer Fund</a> Originally published as "The Funding of the Science" in Searchlight, No. 277.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tucker-Conclusion-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker-Conclusion_18-0">^{</a></span}> Tucker, William H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/tucker/concl.html">Conclusion: Pioneer or Pamphleteer</a> The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund.</li>

<li id="cite_note-jies-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-jies_19-0">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/jies.html">The Journal of Indo-European Studies</a> via A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture.</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-20">^{</a></span}> "The Anti-Immigration Movement: From Shovels to Suits" Solana Larsen. NACLA Report on the Americas. New York: May/Jun 2007. Vol. 40, Iss. 3; p. 14, 5 pgs</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lombardo-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Lombardo_21-0">^{</a></span}> Lombardo, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanylawreview.org/archives/65/3/TheAmericanBreed-NaziEugenicsandtheOriginsofthePioneerFund.pdf">"THE AMERICAN BREED: NAZI EUGENICS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE PIONEER FUND"</a> Retrieved May 21, 2008. Albany Law Review</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-22">^{</a></span}> "Pro-Prop. 187 group admits it bought ads POLITICS: FAIR says it only attempted to clear its name." MARILYN KALFUS: The Orange County Register. Orange County Register. Santa Ana, Calif.: Oct 26, 1994. p. A.12</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-23">^{</a></span}> "White Supremacist Link Trips Prop. 187" Pamela Burdman, Chronicle Staff Writer. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, Calif.: Oct 13, 1994. p. A.4</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-24">^{</a></span}> "Cannon critics sidestep FEC lists" Deborah Bulkeley Deseret Morning News. Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Jul 17, 2004. pg. B.01</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-25">^{</a></span}> "'Workers, go home!'" David L Ostendorf. The Christian Century. Chicago: Dec 19-Dec 26, 2001. Vol. 118, Iss. 35; pg. 8, 2 pgs</li>

<li id="cite_note-Berlet-26">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Berlet_26-0">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Berlet_26-1">b</a> Southern Poverty Law Center <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=50">Into the Mainstream; An array of right-wing foundations and think tanks support efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable.</a> Retrieved April 15, 2008.</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-27">^{</a></span}> MacIntyre, B (13 March 1989). "The new eugenics". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">London Sunday Telegraph</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+new+eugenics&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Sunday+Telegraph%7CLondon+Sunday+Telegraph%5D%5D&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=MacIntyre%2C%26%2332%3BB&rft.date=13+March+1989&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pioneer_Fund">, cited in E.M., Kramer, (2003). The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the "model minority". City: Praeger. pp. 118, 302. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97312-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97312-3">0-275-97312-3</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mehler-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Mehler_28-0">^{</a></span}> Southern Poverty Law Center <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=623">Race and 'Reason'; Academic ideas a pillar of racist thought.</a> Retrieved April 15, 2008.</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-29">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=625">http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=625</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-30">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingdemocracy.org/reports/defendcoloradonow.pdf">Defend Colorado Now: Lamm & FAIR</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-Tucker2007-31">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker2007_31-0">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Tucker2007_31-1">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tucker" title="William H. Tucker">Tucker, William H.</a> (2007). The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07463-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07463-9">978-0-252-07463-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/65rwe7dm9780252074639.html">Lay summary</a> (4 September 2010).</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-32">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/isar/Institut/pioneer/pfspread/pfp6.htm">Pioneer Fund Grants, 1971-1996</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-33">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=214#27">http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=214#27</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-34">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=162">http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=162</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-35">^{</a></span}> The Pioneer Fund Financier of Fascist Research. STEVEN J. ROSENTHAL. American Behavioral Scientist September 1995 vol. 39 no. 1 44-61</li>

<li id="cite_note-ohman-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-ohman_36-0">^{</a></span}> Patricia Ohman (7 March 1984). "Do they get what they Pay for?", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Pages" title="Minneapolis City Pages" class="mw-redirect">Minneapolis City Pages</a>, p. 8.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hunt-intro-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-Hunt-intro_37-0">^{</a></span}> Hunt, Morton (1998). The New Know-Nothings: The Political Foes of the Scientific Study of Human Nature. Transaction Publishers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0497-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0497-2">0-7658-0497-2</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-38">^{</a></span}> Neisser 2004</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-39">^{</a></span}> Spring, Joel (1997). Political Agendas for Education. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum Associates. p. 41. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-2766-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-2766-8">0-8058-2766-8</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#cite_ref-40">^{</a></span}> Gordon, Robert A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pioneerfund.org/Gordon.pdf">Open Letter to ABC news</a>, Johns Hopkins University, 1997.</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h2>References</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn, Richard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pioneerfund.org/Weyher_pdf.pdf">"Preface: My Years with the Pioneer Fund"</a>. The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund. Harry F. Weyher (Preface). Lanham (MD): University Press of America. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2040-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2040-X">0-7618-2040-X</a>.</li>

<li>Bouchard TJ, Lykken DT, McGue M, Segal NL, Tellegen A (October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2218526">"Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart"</a>. Science 250 (4978): 223–8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2218526">10.1126/science.2218526</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218526">2218526</a>.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund#ref_web_1">^{</a></span}> Graves, Joseph L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ant.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/2/131">"What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory"</a>. Anthropological Theory 2 (2): 131–54. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1469962002002002627">10.1177/1469962002002002627</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+a+tangled+web+he+weaves%3A+Race%2C+reproductive+strategies+and+Rushton%27s+life+history+theory&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Theory&rft.aulast=Graves%2C+Joseph+L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+Joseph+L.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131%E2%80%9354&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F1469962002002002627&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fant.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F2%2F2%2F131&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pioneer_Fund">

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Lieberman" title="Leonard Lieberman">Lieberman, Leonard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?id=doi:">"How 'Caucasoids' Got Such Big Crania and Why They Shrank"</a>. Current Anthropology 42 (1): 69–95. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F318434">10.1086/318434</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14992214">14992214</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+%27Caucasoids%27+Got+Such+Big+Crania+and+Why+They+Shrank&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.aulast=Lieberman%2C+Leonard&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+Leonard&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69%E2%80%9395&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F318434&rft_id=info:pmid/14992214&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresolve%3Fid%3Ddoi%3A&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pioneer_Fund">

Cernovsky, Zack (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/People/Rushton/rushton-black-reply.html">"On the similarities of American blacks and whites: A reply to J.P. Rushton"</a>. Journal of Black Studies 25 (6): 672. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002193479502500602">10.1177/002193479502500602</a>.</li>

<li>Neisser, Ulric (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/critiques/49/1/5">"Serious Scientists or Disgusting Racists?"</a>. Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books 49 (1): 5–7. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F004224">10.1037/004224</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eri-nonprofit-salaries.com/index.cfm?FuseAction=NPO.Form990&EIN=510181036">"Pioneer Fund, Inc. - Form 990"</a>. ERI Economic Research Institute, Inc.. 2011. Retrieved 09 January 2010.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Further reading</h2>

<ul>

<li>Kuhl, Stefan (1994). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford Oxfordshire: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514978-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514978-5">0-19-514978-5</a>.</li>

</ul>

<h2>External links</h2>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pioneerfund.org">The Pioneer Fund</a> Official website</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/Issues/psychology/IQ/delaware.html">"Big Brother in Delaware"</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, Thomas Short (1991)</li>

</ul>

<h3>Critical</h3>

<h4>Opinion pieces</h4>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45/022.html">The New York Times: Fund Backs Controversial Study of "Racial Betterment</a> [12/11/77]</li>

<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bethuneinstitute.org/documents/racialscientestrushton.html">Racial Scientist Rushton Takes Over Pioneer Fund</a>" by David Lethbridge. The Bethune Institute for Anti-Fascist Studies, January 2003.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008">NY Review of Books: 'The Bell Curve' and its Sources</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.indymedia.org/newswire/display/76605">Eugenics, racism, and conservative ideology (pt. 1)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45/049.html">The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund</a> A special report by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight" title="ABC World News Tonight" class="mw-redirect">ABC World News Tonight</a>. November 22, 1994 (Criticized by Gordon 1997 above)</li>

<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05030/450021.stm">Weird Science</a>" Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Post-Gazette, January 30, 2005.</li>

</ul>

<h4>Scholarly studies</h4>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/isar/Institut/pioneer/homepage.htm">Pioneer Fund readings</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Academic_Racism" title="Institute for the Study of Academic Racism">Institute for the Study of Academic Racism</a>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/archives/mehler/foundation.htm">Foundation for Fascism: the New Eugenics Movement in the United States, Patterns of Prejudice</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/Institut/pioneer/search.htm">Race Science and the Pioneer Fund</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/tucker/toc.html">The Funding of Scientific Racism</a> Online book</li>

<li>Lombardo PA (2002). ""The American Breed": Nazi eugenics and the origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Rev 65 (3): 743–830. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11998853">11998853</a>.</li>

<li>Kenny MG (2002). "Toward a racial abyss: eugenics, Wickliffe Draper, and the origins of The Pioneer Fund". J Hist Behav Sci 38 (3): 259–83. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbs.10063">10.1002/jhbs.10063</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115787">12115787</a>.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn, Richard</a> (2001). The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2040-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2040-X">0-7618-2040-X</a>.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F.Weyher" title="Harry F. Weyher" class="mw-redirect">Weyher, Harry F.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/%7Eneoeugenics/pioneer.htm">"The Pioneer Fund, the Behavioral Sciences, and the Media's False Stories"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence%28journal%29" title="Intelligence (journal)">Intelligence</a>.</li>

</ul>

Pioneer Fund

Attachments