Union League Club

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Council_on_Science_and_Health#cite_ref-10"> </a>Author unknown (2005-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acsh.org/news/newsID.1224/news_detail.asp">Michael Crichton Accepts Award from ACSH</a>. ACSH. Retrieved on 2010-11-17. “New York, NY -- November 8, 2005. The American Council on Science and Health (ACSH) presented Dr. Michael Crichton with the 2005 Sound Science Award for his defense of sound scientific principles and critiques of junk science...at the Union League Club in Manhattan on Friday, November 4th...drew an impressive crowd and featured remarks from such prominent individuals as ABC News's John Stossel and former White House Chief Counsel, the Honorable C. Boyden Gray, in addition to the guest of honor.”

===

<h3>Founding</h3>

The institute was founded in 1984 by <a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php/David_H.Padden" title="David H. Padden">David H. Padden</a>, now the President of <a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php?title=Padco_Lease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padco Lease (page does not exist)">Padco Lease</a> Corporation, and <a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php/Joseph_L.Bast" title="Joseph L. Bast" class="mw-redirect">Joseph L. Bast</a>, Heartland's President and CEO.<a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php?title=Heartland_Institute#cite_note-13">[14]</a>

<dl>

<dd>"Heartland grew out of David H. Padden’s <a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php?title=Loop_Libertarian_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loop Libertarian League (page does not exist)">Loop Libertarian League</a>, a group that met monthly at the Union League Club in downtown Chicago to discuss politics and philosophy. The idea was to create a think tank in Chicago that would emulate larger D.C. think tanks--national organizations that produce excellent original research. Today, we ... fill a unique niche in the free-market movement as the only think tank that directly markets free-market ideas to the nation’s legislators and opinion leaders."<a href="http://66.39.128.35/index.php?title=Heartland_Institute#cite_note-14">[15]</a></dd>

</dl>

===

wiki:

The Union Leagues were a group of mens clubs established during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">American Civil War</a> to promote loyalty to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Republican Party</a>, and the policies of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Abraham Lincoln</a>. They were also known as Loyal Leagues. They were composed of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">upper middle class</a> members who provided financial support for organizations such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">United States Sanitary Commission</a>, which provided medical supplies to treat wounded soldiers after battle. The Clubs supported the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Republican Party</a>, with funding, organizational support, and political activism.

The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_of_Philadelphia" title="Union League of Philadelphia" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League of Philadelphia</a>, established in 1862, was the first to be formed, and still exists, as do the Union League Clubs of New York and Chicago. Membership in the league is selective, and is comparable in social status to membership in a country club. Union League buildings often serve as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">private social clubs</a>.

During <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" title="Reconstruction era of the United States" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Reconstruction</a>, Union Leagues were formed across the South after 1867 as working auxiliaries of the Republican Party. They mobilized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen" title="Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">freedmen</a> to register to vote and to vote Republican. They discussed political issues, promoted civic projects, and mobilized workers opposed to certain employers. Most branches were segregated but there were a few that were racially integrated. The leaders of the all-black units were mostly urban blacks from the North, who had never been slaves. Foner (p 283) says "virtually every Black voter in the South had enrolled."

The activities of the Union League in the defeated South during the early Reconstruction years did not meet with much favor among local whites. There, the Union League was dominated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Radical Republicans</a> intent on controlling the black vote and disenfranchising white Democrats, in particular former Confederate soldiers whom they characterized as traitors. Historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a> asserts that the Union/Loyal League was successful in driving a wedge between blacks and Southern whites where little animus had existed, and used methods of political and violent intimidation—similar to those later used by the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ku Klux Klan</a>—to destroy the influence of Southern whites in politics and with blacks.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a>

After the Civil War, members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_New_York" title="Union League Club of New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League Club of New York</a> helped to found the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a> and to build the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Statue of Liberty</a>'s pedestal<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_Tomb" title="Grant's Tomb" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Grant's Tomb</a>. The building of the former Union League Club of Brooklyn now serves as a senior citizens' home,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a> while the home of the former Union League Club of New Haven is used as a restaurant.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a>

The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civicandarts.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Union League Civic and Arts Foundation</a> was established in 1949 as a public, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit" title="Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">not-for-profit</a> charitable and educational organization. The Foundation's mission is one of community enrichment; it is funded largely by contributions from members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_Chicago" title="Union League Club of Chicago" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League Club of Chicago</a>. Famous members include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick" title="Cyrus McCormick" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Cyrus McCormick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Daniel Burnham</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D.Boyce" title="William D. Boyce" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">William D. Boyce</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-pett-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D.Barney" title="Charles D. Barney" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Charles D. Barney</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_note-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_of_Philadelphia" title="Union League of Philadelphia" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League of Philadelphia</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_Chicago" title="Union League Club of Chicago" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League Club of Chicago</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_New_York" title="Union League Club of New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League Club of New York</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Golf_and_Country_Club" title="Union League Golf and Country Club" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League Golf and Country Club</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_gentlemen%27s_clubs" title="List of American gentlemen's clubs" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">List of American gentlemen's clubs</a></li>

</ul>

<h2 style=" color: black; background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">References<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_League&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</h2>

Notes

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} Walter L. Fleming, "The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of The States," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2897/2897-h/2897-h.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[1]</a> Chapter 8, pp. 174-195.</li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} John K. Howat, "Founding friends - of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1026/is_1_157/ai_59014980" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Magazine Antiques</a> January 2000 issue.</li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} National Park Service <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11c.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Statue of Liberty website</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} "Landmark Architecture of Crown Heights North," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gothamist.com/archives/arts_and_events/architecture/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Gothamist</a>, July 20, 2006.</li>

<li id="cite_note-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionleaguecafe.com/home.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Union League Cafe website</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-pett-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-pett_6-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#CITEREFPetterchak2003" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Petterchak 2003</a>, p. 11</li>

<li id="cite_note-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League#cite_ref-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Y9ctAAAAYAAJ" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Union League of Philadelphia</a>. The League, 1909</li>

</ol>

</div>

Bibliography

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (1989).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fleming, Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama" (1905), pp 553–59.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (1988) pp 283–86</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lawson, Melinda. "The Civil War Union Leagues and the Construction of a New National Patriotism" Civil War History Volume: 48. Issue: 4. 2002. pp 338+.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lawson, Melinda. Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (2002).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Silvestro, Clement M. Rally Round the Flag: The Union Leagues in the Civil War (1966).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tremel, Andrew T., “The Union League, Black Leaders, and the Recruitment of Philadelphia’s African American Civil War Regiments,” Pennsylvania History, 80 (Winter 2013), 13–36.</li>

</ul>

Primary sources

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fleming, Walter L. ed. Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial (1906). vol 2 pp 1–29.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fleming, Walter L. author, "The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of The States" (1920).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Loyal National League of the State of New York, Opinions of Prominent Men Concerning the Great Questions of the Times Expressed in Their... (1863). The complete book is online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=LCCN10014318&id=VyLgTUXc_3IC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Union+League&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Flr%3D%26q%3DUnion%2BLeague%26start%3D30&sig=b5keuuzIvu50Y5L-O5MR9i4fZtU" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[2]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2 style=" color: black; background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">External links<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_League&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionleague.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Union League of Philadelphia</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionleagueclub.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Union League Club of New York</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulcc.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Union League Club of Chicago</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Categories</a>:

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1879_establishments" title="Category:1879 establishments" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1879 establishments</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clubs_and_societies_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Clubs and societies in the United States" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Clubs and societies in the United States</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:New York in the American Civil War" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">New York in the American Civil War</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Private_clubs" title="Category:Private clubs" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Private clubs</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Traditional_gentlemen%27s_clubs_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Traditional gentlemen's clubs in the United States" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Traditional gentlemen's clubs in the United States</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="Category:United States Sanitary Commission" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">United States Sanitary Commission</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

===

now just nice bldgs?

jrnl scholarship?

<li style=" margin-left: 15px;">Christopher Bahena: <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/07%2003%2022%20Bahena%20Jefferson%20Park%20Times.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Jefferson Park Times</a></li>

<li style=" margin-left: 15px;">Christopher Bahena and Anahi Tapia: <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/07%2003%2022%20Bahena%20Tapia%20Lawndale.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Lawndale News</a></li>

<li style=" margin-left: 15px;">Patrick Lee: <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/07%2006%2017%20Lee%20Tribune.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Chicago Tribune</a></li>

<li style=" margin-left: 15px;">Chelsea Steck: <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/08%2002%2026%20Steck%20Examiner.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Examiner</a> and <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/08%2003%2025%20Steck%20Herald.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Daily Herald</a></li>

<li style=" margin-left: 15px;">Marguerite Mueller: <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/08%2003%2028%20MMueller%20Herald.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Daily Herald</a></li>

<li style=" margin-left: 15px;">Christopher Cirrincione: <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/1103HERALDDIAACHRISTOPHER.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Daily Herald</a> and <a href="http://www.ulcc.org/files/11%2003%2011%20Cirrincione%20J_Topics.pdf" target="" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(162, 108, 5); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Journal & Topics</a></li>

</ul>

he Union League Club of Chicago is a prominent social club located in downtown <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Chicago</a>.

<h2 style=" color: black; background-image: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_Chicago#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_Chicago#History" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1 History</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_Chicago#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_Chicago#External_links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">History<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_League_Club_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Club can trace its roots to 1862, when radical southern sympathizers in the north were plotting an insurrection in Lincoln’s home state. To thwart this effort, a group of 11 men gathered on June 25, 1862, in Pekin, the seat of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazewell_County,Illinois" title="Tazewell County, Illinois" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Tazewell County</a>, along the Illinois River near Peoria, to establish the first council of the Union League of America. Individual clubs had already formed in Tennessee, Maryland and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">border states</a>. Soon, the Union League movement was focusing on providing medical supplies, training nurses, and advocating equality for slaves. By the end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Civil War</a>, the Union League of America movement grew to two million members.

As the War gradually turned in favor of the North, the Union Leagues shifted to political endorsements, favoring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republican" title="Radical Republican" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">radical Republicans</a> who advocated full equality and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">voting rights</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" title="African American" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">African Americans</a>. The Union League played a prominent role in Lincoln’s closely contested re-election in 1864.

Following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Great_Chicago_Fire" title="1871 Great Chicago Fire" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Chicago Fire</a> of 1871, a six-year national depression ignited discontent among workers sparking the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_riots_of_1877" title="Labor riots of 1877" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">labor riots of 1877</a> and a major railroad strike. Government corruption was rampant. A new city charter provided opportunities for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">vote fraud</a>.

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wentworth(Illinois)" title="John Wentworth (Illinois)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Long John Wentworth</a>, the colorful former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing" title="Editing" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">newspaper editor</a>, police commissioner, two-time mayor, and congressman, saw an opportunity to form a “marching club,” a group of partisans who worked and paraded for their favorite candidates. The Republican National Convention of 1880 was in Chicago and Wentworth formed the Union League Club to support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S.Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, who sought a third-term nomination for president. Though the Convention denied Grant the nomination and selected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">James A. Garfield</a> of Ohio, the Union League of Chicago was established. The Club’s first president was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Bradwell" title="James B. Bradwell" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">James B. Bradwell</a>.

A native of England, Bradwell worked his way through Knox College, was admitted to the bar and elected to the Illinois state legislature where he advocated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">women’s suffrage</a>. His wife, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Myra Bradwell</a>, founded the Chicago Legal News and after numerous defeats became the first woman in the United States admitted to the bar. She represented <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> at her insanity hearings and secured her release from an asylum in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Illinois" title="Batavia, Illinois" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Batavia, Illinois</a>.

Since its founding in 1879, members of the Club have been credited with playing a role in establishing many of the city’s major cultural organizations, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Art Institute of Chicago</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Center" title="Symphony Center" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Orchestra Hall</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium_Theater" title="Auditorium Theater" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Auditorium Theater</a> and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Field Museum</a>. The Club also was instrumental in having Chicago named the site of the World’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Columbian Exposition of 1893</a>. More recently, Club leadership spearheaded the siting and opening of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Washington_Library_Center" title="Harold Washington Library Center" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Harold Washington Library Center</a>in downtown Chicago.

The Club has also stimulated nonpartisan political initiatives, such as election reform; the formation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Crime_Commission" title="Chicago Crime Commission" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Chicago Crime Commission</a>; the adoption of a new state constitution; the establishment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Council_of_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Council of Chicago (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Armed Forces Council of Chicago</a>; and protection of the City of Chicago’s municipal personnel code.

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Union League</a></li>

</ul>