Congress for Cultural Freedom

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/media/cias-60-year-history-fake-news-how-deep-state-corrupted-many-american-writers">https://www.alternet.org/media/cias-60-year-history-fake-news-how-deep-state-corrupted-many-american-writers</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<strong style="">RS:</strong>&nbsp;The reason your book is compelling, and I think people should read it–and let me just be clear right up front, I read it straight through, [laughs], I think I had one breakfast break. But I enjoyed it enormously, because it really makes these characters come alive. And they’re not cardboard characters, whether you’re talking about Irving Kristol, or you’re talking about, you know, Irving Howe or George Plimpton or anybody–there’s whole bunches of them run through the book, and you really are introduced to the cultural life of Paris and London and New York and so forth. But again, I keep getting back to this one question, you know; there’s a thing in the newspaper business, I remember one editor telling me “too good to check.” And maybe when somebody’s writing you an actual check, and you’re getting money and you’re getting first-class airfare, and they’re funding your wonderful magazine, your little magazine, so you don’t have to go to your parents–because most of these people were super rich, and they could just go to their uncle or father or something and get some more money. But still it was now, you know, classy to get it from some secret Fleischmann’s Yeast or something [Laughs], that was a front for the CIA. You know, and so yeah, you’re involved in intrigue and all that, which I guess a lot of writers like to be involved in; but the idea that they drank the Kool-Aid and thought they were saving freedom is the part that I still don’t get.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>JW:</strong>&nbsp;It does seem like there was a big pivot after World War II, and I think one of the organizations that normalized the idea of secrecy ruling over the media–which is eventually what you end up with in a program like this–was the OSS. A lot of the people, the founding lights of the CIA, came to see that the OSS had done some great work in, as they saw it, thwarting the Nazis during World War II. So a lot of the people who founded the CIA, they understood that if the Soviet communists were using secrecy to penetrate our organizations, instead of thinking of how do we stop the penetration, it seems like it turned into a system of let’s preemptively penetrate our own organizations, just to make sure we can watch them and keep them on the up-and-up. And of course one of the ways that they keep people in line, as you say, was through the money. So in terms of the official magazines that the CIA created and presided over, the British spy who overthrew Mosaddegh, he would have been, in June of 1953–his name was Christopher Montague Woodhouse–he would have been working on the CIA magazine for London, Encounter.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He would have empowered the two editors, one American, one Brit, Stephen Spender on the British side,<b> Irving Kristol </b>on the American side, both working out of London; one paid through secrecy of the British state, one paid indirectly through the CIA</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The spy overseeing this, Woodhouse, he would have then turned in the late summer towards overthrowing the democratically elected leader of Iran, Mohammad Mosaddegh. And then later, he’s also feeling so good about this system of, what essentially you have are coups as covert ops and then long-term soft-power propaganda, also on the covert ops side of the CIA and British secret services. So he feels so good about this that he’s later on a contributor to Encounter. So magazines like Encounter, they were created in Paris, they were created in Italy, they were created all over Europe; and then they spread to the Nordic countries, they spread to the Third World. What they did was they involved people at different levels. So the people in the know would be people who were editors and regular contributors, and it would even for them be kind of an open secret. So one person I interviewed was a guy named Nelson Aldrich, and he collaborated first–well, he worked for, I should say, first with the Paris Review. The Paris Review was not one of those magazines created by the CIA, or if it was, it was sort of indirectly used. It was used as Peter Matthiessen, the writer who was one of its founders, as his cover in Paris in the early fifties. But then he says he resigned from the CIA and there was no connection. Well, later on, </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">George Plimpton, the famous writer and man about New York, was the public face of the Paris Review through its formative years and for many decades; he found a way to get CIA money through the Congress for Cultural Freedom, its cultural propaganda front</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. So that’s a second tie. Later on in my research, I found a third tie through a founding managing editor. So you have such a vast network of money for culture that in one organization, one magazine that’s sort of only a tangential CIA asset or friend, you can find three big separate ties.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><strong style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">W:</strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Yeah. Well, just on the first point you made about the meanness or the lack of meanness in the book, that was something I wanted to be very conscientious about when I went through edits with my editor. There’s a great scholar and writer at UC Berkeley who said something that I saw quoted recently: “Be tough on the institutions, and be soft on the people.” And that was reinforced again and again when I saw some of the collaborators with these cultural fronts of the CIA changing their minds, learning from things like Vietnam. And seeing them change their minds actually gave me a lot of hope, because you know, you can be on the payroll; you can be someone who’s an operator; you can be someone who thinks of the world as a good side and a bad side, and therefore whatever we do represents the good side. And then you can wake up from that. </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You mentioned Sartre; he was absolutely attacked by one of the CIA’s magazines, and his magazine was seen as a threat,</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and the French magazine Preuves, based out of Paris, was in some ways an answer to Sartre’s magazine and his attempts to deal, to treat the United States the way it should be treated. When it was going against its values, he would call them out on that. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Neruda, Pablo Neruda, the poet, was another one who suffered severe reputational damage by this cultural front of the CIA, the Congress for Cultural Freedom. When they found out, some of these operators found out that he was up for the Nobel in ‘63, they wrote a quiet, sort of secret white paper about him, and they made some links to Stalinism through his Stalin [Peace] Prize. And it was, of course, the year that Stalin had died that he took it. And they also made up some stuff that I think was, you know, viciously untrue, that he was in on the attempt to murder Trotsky. So this is reputational damage that then is doubled later by the CIA’s actual overthrow of his friend in Chile, Salvador Allende.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> So what I see is if someone’s being physically harmed by the CIA, that’s one thing that we’ve accounted for in a lot of historical books and political books; if someone’s being reputationally damaged by CIA propaganda, you see that in some of the academic books that look at the so-called cultural Cold War. But I wanted to remove the wall between those two areas and show that both of those things happened in a context where a lot of people were just made terrified by the fact that you had evil on one side and a fighting-fire-with-fire mentality on so-called, quote unquote, our side.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>RS:</strong>&nbsp;[omission] We’re back with Joel Whitney, and the book is called “Finks: How the C.I.A. Tricked the World’s Best Writers.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><strong style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JW:</strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Well, he was part of this post-OSS group that understood how important spying and covert ops had been in World War II. And from there, he makes all kinds of terrible mistakes. He and his group believed essentially that they needed to do better propaganda than the Soviets did, and one of the ways that they thought they could do it better was to do it subtly and, you could say, secretly. So when this program is threatened with exposure in ‘64, ‘65, ‘66 and ‘67 through various sources like Ramparts and The New York Times, this privilege of secrecy that they enjoyed was not something that they were willing to give up. So you have something that is described as relatively benign, this funding of culture through the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a funding of student movements through the National Student Association, the funding of labor unions that would be less communist-influenced than the communist-dominated ones that they presumed were out there. These were seen as benign answers. They were reactions to Soviet penetration. So secrecy is a key to making them work. So even if you want to make the argument that, for instance, the Congress for Cultural Freedom never censored its magazines–which I think has been severely disproved; they did censor. Even if you wanted to say that they published all sorts of great writers–which clearly they did; that was part of the subtlety of it and part of the brilliance of it, and part of the soft-power charm of it. Even if you wanted to say all that, when the secrecy is exposed by honest accounting in the media, the fourth estate, the adversarial media of American bragging around the world, they are so attached to their secrecy, and so upset, the CIA group led by people like Angleton, that they commit something that is about as anti-American as anything in our system. Which is: more secrecy, more media penetration to the point of penetrating, first, the anti-Vietnam War press; second, the student, the college student newspapers and press; the alternative, so-called, press. Which essentially is a license to do what they did later. So that first thing I described,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> where Ramparts was penetrated, leads to Operation CHAOS, presumably; that leads to Operation Mockingbird in the seventies. By the time we have Carl Bernstein reporting on Operation Mockingbird, and John Crewdson reporting on its international equivalent in the New York Times–Bernstein in Rolling Stone–you essentially see the CIA trying to have at least one agent at every major news and media organization it can do in the world. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And Crewdson reporting in the Times at the end of 1977 essentially says that they had one agent or contract agent at a newspaper in every world capital on Earth. That’s astonishing. They could get stories killed or get stories to run that portrayed the CIA’s views in a favorable way, or kill them if they did not.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The&nbsp;<b>Congress for Cultural Freedom</b>&nbsp;(<b>CCF</b>) was an&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-communist</a>&nbsp;advocacy group founded in 1950. At its height, the CCF was active in thirty-five countries. In 1966 it was revealed that the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a>&nbsp;was instrumental in the establishment and funding of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-modern-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Historian&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" title="Frances Stonor Saunders" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Frances Stonor Saunders</a>&nbsp;writes (1999): "Whether they liked it or not, whether they knew it or not, there were few writers, poets, artists, historians, scientists, or critics in postwar Europe whose names were not in some way linked to this covert enterprise."<sup id="cite_ref-sanders_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-sanders-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;A different slant on the origins and work of the Congress is offered by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Coleman" title="Peter Coleman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Peter Coleman</a>&nbsp;in his&nbsp;<i>Liberal Conspiracy</i>&nbsp;(1989) where he talks about a struggle for the mind "of Postwar Europe" and the world at large.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#Origins,1948%E2%80%931950" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Origins, 1948–1950</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#Executive_Committee_and_Secretariat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Executive Committee and Secretariat</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#Activities,1950%E2%80%931966" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Activities, 1950–1966</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#CIA_involvement_revealed,1966" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">CIA involvement revealed, 1966</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#The_Legacy_of_the_CCF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The Legacy of the CCF</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#CCF/IACF-funded_publications" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">CCF/IACF-funded publications</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#Literature" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Literature</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Origins.2C_1948.E2.80.931950"><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins,1948–1950">Origins, 1948–1950</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins, 1948–1950" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The CCF was founded on 26 June 1950 in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">West Berlin</a>, which had just endured months of Soviet blockade. Its stated purpose was to find ways to counter the view that&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">liberal democracy</a>&nbsp;was less compatible with culture than&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">communism</a>. In practical terms it aimed to challenge the post-war sympathies with the USSR of many Western intellectuals and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_travellers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow travellers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fellow travellers</a>, particularly among liberals and the non-Communist Left.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Formation of the CCF came in response to a series of events orchestrated by the Soviet Union: the World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace in Wroclaw (Poland) in August 1948; a similar event in April the following year in Paris, the World Congress of Peace Partisans;</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and their culmination in the creation of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">World Peace Council</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which in March 1950 issued the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Appeal" title="Stockholm Appeal" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Stockholm Appeal</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;As part of this campaign there had also been an event in&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">New York City</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in March 1949: </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf-Astoria Hotel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Waldorf-Astoria Hotel</a>&nbsp;was attended by many prominent U.S.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">liberals</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">leftists</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">pacifists</a>&nbsp;who called for peace with&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Joseph Stalin</a>'s&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Soviet Union</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-CCF_6-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-CCF-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The founding conference of the Congress for Cultural Freedom was attended by leading intellectuals from the USA and Western Europe. Among those who came to Berlin in June 1950 were writers, philosophers, critics and historians:&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Franz Borkenau</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Karl Jaspers</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John Dewey</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Silone" title="Ignazio Silone" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Ignazio Silone</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">James Burnham</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger, Jr." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Arthur Schlesinger,</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger, Jr." style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"> Jr.</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Bertrand Russell</b></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Reuter" title="Ernst Reuter" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Ernst Reuter</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Raymond Aron</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ayer" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Alfred Ayer</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Benedetto Croce</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Arthur </a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Koestler</a>,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Richard Löwenthal" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Löwenthal</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_J.Lasky" title="Melvin J. Lasky" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Melvin J. Lasky</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tennessee Williams</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b style="">&nbsp;</b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Sidney Hook</b></a><b style="">.</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> There were conservatives among the participants, but non-Communist (or former Communist) left-wingers were more numerous.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The man who would become the "godfather of Neoconservatism"&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Irving Kristol</a>&nbsp;was also there</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-sanders_2-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-sanders-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Manifesto of the Congress was drafted by Arthur Koestler, with amendments added on a motion proposed by historian Hugh Trevor-Roper and philosopher A.J. Ayer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Executive_Committee_and_Secretariat">Executive Committee and Secretariat</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive Committee and Secretariat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">An Executive Committee was elected in 1950 at the founding conference in Berlin, with seven members and six alternate members:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Brown" title="Irving Brown" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Irving Brown</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_Lie" title="Haakon Lie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Haakon Lie</a>), Arthur Koestler (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Raymond Aron</a>),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Kogon" title="Eugen Kogon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eugen Kogon</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schmid(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carlo Schmid</a>),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rousset" title="David Rousset" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Rousset</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Altman" title="Georges Altman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Georges Altman</a>),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Silone" title="Ignazio Silone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ignazio Silone</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Chiaromonte" title="Nicola Chiaromonte" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nicola Chiaromonte</a>),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stephen Spender</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosco_Fyvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosco Fyvel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tosco Fyvel</a>) and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont" title="Denis de Rougemont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Denis de Rougemont</a>&nbsp;who became President of the Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The management of the CCF was entrusted to its Secretariat, headed by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Josselson" title="Michael Josselson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Michael Josselson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanders_2-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-sanders-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;By the time Josselson joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom in 1950 he was "undoubtedly a CIA officer".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;A polygot able to converse fluently in four languages (English, Russian, German and French), Josselson was heavily involved in the CCF's growing range of activities - its periodicals, worldwide conferences and international seminars - until his resignation in 1967, following the exposure of funding by the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Activities.2C_1950.E2.80.931966"><span class="mw-headline" id="Activities,1950–1966">Activities, 1950–1966</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activities, 1950–1966" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">At its height, the CCF had offices in thirty-five countries, employed dozens of personnel, and published over twenty prestigious magazines. It held art exhibitions, owned a news and features service, organized high-profile international conferences, and rewarded musicians and artists with prizes and public performances.</span><sup id="cite_ref-modern_1-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-modern-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanders_2-3" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-sanders-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Between 1950 and 1966 the Congress sponsored numerous conferences. A selective list describes 16 conferences in the 1950s held principally in Western Europe but also in Rangoon, Mexico City, Tokyo, Ibadan (Nigeria) and South Vietnam: the Founding Conference in Berlin was followed in 1951 by the First Asian Conference on Cultural Freedom, held in Bombay. A further 21 conferences over an even wider geographical area are listed for the first half of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In the early 1960s, the CCF mounted a campaign against the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Chilean</a>&nbsp;poet&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Pablo Neruda</a>, an ardent communist.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The campaign intensified when it appeared that Neruda was a candidate for the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Nobel Prize in Literature</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in 1964 but he was also published in&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Nuevo" title="Mundo Nuevo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mundo Nuevo</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a CCF-sponsored periodical.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Coleman,p.194_14-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-Coleman,p.194-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span id="CIA_involvement_revealed.2C_1966" style=""><span class="mw-headline" id="CIA_involvement_revealed,1966" style="">CIA involvement revealed, 1966</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4">In April 1966&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The New York Times</a></i>&nbsp;ran a series of five articles on the purposes and methods of the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The third of these 1966 articles began to detail&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">false-front organizations</a>&nbsp;and the secret transfer of CIA funds to, for example, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">US State Department</a>&nbsp;or to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Information Agency</a>&nbsp;(USIA) which "may help finance a scholarly inquiry and publication, or the agency may channel research money through foundations--legitimate ones or dummy fronts."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a></sup>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<i style="">New York Times</i>&nbsp;cited, amongst others, the CIA's funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,&nbsp;<i style="">Encounter</i>&nbsp;magazine,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 'several American book publishers', the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'s&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Center_for_International_Studies" title="MIT Center for International Studies" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Center for International Studies</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and a foreign-aid project in South Vietnam run by&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Michigan State University</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1967, the US magazines&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Ramparts</a></i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i>&nbsp;reported on the CIA's funding of a number of anti-communist cultural organizations aimed at winning the support of supposedly Soviet-sympathizing liberals worldwide</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;These reports were lent credence by a statement made by a former CIA&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert operations" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">covert operations</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;director admitting to CIA financing and operation of the CCF.</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;The CIA website states that "the Congress for Cultural Freedom is widely considered one of the CIA's more daring and effective Cold War covert operations."</span><sup id="cite_ref-CCF_6-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-CCF-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In May the same year&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Braden" title="Thomas Braden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas Braden</a>, head of the CCF's parent body the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organizations_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organizations Division" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">International Organizations Division</a>, responded to the&nbsp;<i>Ramparts</i>&nbsp;report in an article entitled&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/braden_20may1967.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"I'm Glad the CIA is 'Immoral'"</a>, in the&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Evening Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Saturday Evening Post</a></i>, defending the activities of his unit within the CIA. For more than ten years, Braden admitted, the CIA had subsidized&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter(magazine)" title="Encounter (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Encounter</a></i>&nbsp;through the CCF, which it also funded; one of the magazine's staff, he added, was a CIA agent.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Legacy_of_the_CCF">The Legacy of the CCF</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Legacy of the CCF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1967 the organization was renamed the International Association for Cultural Freedom (IACF) and continued to exist with funding from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ford Foundation</a>. It inherited "the remaining magazines and national committees, the practice of international seminars, the regional programs, and the ideal of a worldwide community of intellectuals." There was also, until 1970, "some continuity of personnel".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Under&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Stone" title="Shepard Stone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shepard Stone</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Emmanuel" title="Pierre Emmanuel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pierre Emmanuel</a>&nbsp;the dominant policy of the new Association shifted from positions held by its predessor. No "public anti-Soviet protests" were issued, "not even in support of the harassed Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov". The culmination of this approach was a vast seminar at Princeton on "The United States: Its Problems, Impact, and Image in the World" (December 1968) where unsuccessful attempts were made to engage with the New Left. From 1968 onwards national committees and magazines (see CCF/IACF Publications below) shut down one after another. In 1977 the Paris office closed and two years later the Association voted to dissolve itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman,p.240_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-Coleman,p.240-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Certain of the publications that began as CCF-supported vehicles secured a readership and ongoing relevance that, with other sources of funding, enabled them to long outlast the parent organisation.&nbsp;<i>Encounter</i>continued publishing until 1991, as did&nbsp;<i>Survey</i>, while the Australian&nbsp;<i>Quadrant</i>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<i>China Quarterly</i>&nbsp;survive to this day. While the revelation of CIA funding led to some resignations, notably that of Stephen Spender from&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter(magazine)" title="Encounter (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Encounter</a></i>, outside Europe the impact was more dramatic: in Uganda President&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Milton Obote</a>&nbsp;had Rajat Neogy, the editor of the flourishing&nbsp;<i>Transition</i>&nbsp;magazine, arrested and imprisoned. After Neogy left Uganda in 1968 the magazine ceased to exist.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The European Intellectual Mutual Aid Fund (Fondation pour une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne) set up to support intellectuals in Central Europe, began life as an affiliate of the Congress for Cultural Freedom</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. In 1991 it merged with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Open Society Foundations</a>, set up and supported by financier and philanthropist&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">George Soros</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The records of the International Association for Cultural Freedom and its predecessor the Congress for Cultural Freedom are</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> today stored at the Library of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Chicago</a>&nbsp;in its Special Collections Research Center.</span></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="CCF.2FIACF-funded_publications"><span class="mw-headline" id="CCF/IACF-funded_publications">CCF/IACF-funded publications</span></span></font></h2><div><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="38" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQgmKAAwAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Congress for Cultural Freedom - Wikipedia</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b0" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IKDAA" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IKTAA" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:FS7BWaNQ38sJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwgrMAA" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwgrMAA" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Jump to&nbsp;</span></font></span></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom#CIA_involvement_revealed,1966" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><b>CIA</b>&nbsp;involvement revealed, 1966</a>&nbsp;-&nbsp;The New York Times cited, amongst others, the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA's</span>&nbsp;funding of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>, Encounter magazine, 'several American book publishers', the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for International Studies, and a foreign-aid project in South&nbsp;...</font><div class="cwc" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Qrz0ILTAA" style="display: table; margin: 5px 0px;"><div class="sgd" style="display: table-row; vertical-align: top;"><div class="qgd" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Qsz0ILigAMAA" style="display: table-cell;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Founded</b>‎: ‎26 June 1950</font></div><div class="pgd" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Qsz0ILygBMAA" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Mission</b>‎: ‎To counter the Communist "cultural of...</font></div></div><div class="WQd"><div class="qgd" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Qsz0IMCgCMAA" style="display: table-cell;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Origins</b>‎: ‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="50" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQgyKAEwAQ"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50 - CIA</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/.../Warner.html</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b1" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0INDAB" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8INTAB" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:FUbDRzoyNPsJ:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwg3MAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwg3MAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Apr 14, 2007 -&nbsp;</span>Give me a hundred million dollars and a thousand dedicated people, and I will guarantee to generate such a wave of democratic unrest among the masses--yes<wbr />, even among the soldiers--of Stalin's own empire, that all his problems for a long period of time to come will be internal. I can find the people.</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="57" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQg5KAIwAg"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/.../article08.html</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b2" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IOzAC" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IPDAC" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mhrrk0iOCwJ:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwg-MAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwg-MAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Apr 14, 2007 -&nbsp;</span>The centerpiece of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA's</span>&nbsp;propaganda campaign—and the focus of Saunders's book—was the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;and its principal publication, the journal Encounter . Saunders's diligence and hard work shows as she describes the creation, activities, and downfalls of the Congress and the&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="64" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhAKAMwAw"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Congress for Cultural Freedom - Spartacus Educational</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm bc" style="font-style: normal;">spartacus-educational.com › American History › The Assassination of JFK</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b3" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IQzAD" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IRDAD" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xagnoaNfBNYJ:spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhGMAM" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhGMAM" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA</span>&nbsp;funding of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;remained a highly secret operation but in 1966 stories began to appear in the New York Times suggesting that the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA</span>&nbsp;had been secretly funding left-wing groups. This in fact, was not a new claim. Joseph McCarthy had made similar accusations in 1953. He had been&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="71" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhHKAQwBA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:spartacus-educational.com/JFKcongressCF.htm+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhGMAM" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="ogd b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[PDF]</font></span></a><a href="http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1943&context=honors_theses" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Competing Visions: The CIA, the Congress for Cultural Freedom and ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1943&context=honors...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b4" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0ISTAE" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8ISjAE" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1943%26context%3Dhonors_theses+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhLMAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="slp f" style=""><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1943%26context%3Dhonors_theses+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhLMAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">by S Kamen - ‎2008 - ‎</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:ImOJUfSxLE1yzM:scholar.google.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Related articles</a></font></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of. ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact maira.bundza@wmich.edu. Recommended Citation. Kamen, Scott, "Competing Visions: The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA</span>, the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;and the Non-Communist European Left,.</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="78" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhOKAUwBQ"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Cultural-Freedom-Early-Cold/dp/1138947792" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The CIA and the Congress for Cultural Freedom in the ... - Amazon.com</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Cultural-Freedom-Early-Cold/dp/1138947792</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b5" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IUDAF" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IUTAF" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Q8c6cwl5hTsJ:https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Cultural-Freedom-Early-Cold/dp/1138947792+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Cultural-Freedom-Early-Cold/dp/1138947792+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhTMAU" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Cultural-Freedom-Early-Cold/dp/1138947792+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhTMAU" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA</span>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;in the Early Cold War: The Limits of Making Common Cause (Studies in Intelligence) [Sarah Miller Harris] on Amazon.com. FREE shipping on qualifying offers. This book questions the conventional wisdom about one of the most controversial episodes in the Cold War.</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="84" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhUKAYwBg"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/136622/congress-cultural-freedoms-ultimate-failure" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Congress For Cultural Freedom's Ultimate Failure | New Republic</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://newrepublic.com/article/136622/congress-cultural-freedoms-ultimate-failure</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b6" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IVjAG" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IVzAG" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:KDYRJIwQGKgJ:https://newrepublic.com/article/136622/congress-cultural-freedoms-ultimate-failure+&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://newrepublic.com/article/136622/congress-cultural-freedoms-ultimate-failure+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhZMAY" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://newrepublic.com/article/136622/congress-cultural-freedoms-ultimate-failure+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhZMAY" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Sep 8, 2016 -&nbsp;</span>Patrick Iber's Neither Peace nor Freedom explains why a besieged revolutionary government would bother meeting with a delegation of foreign poets. The Cold War was, among other things, an intense intellectual and cultural dispute. Around the world, the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA's Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;(CCF)&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="91" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhbKAcwBw"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/books/how-the-cia-played-dirty-tricks-with-culture.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">How the C.I.A. Played Dirty Tricks With Culture - The New York Times</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/.../how-the-cia-played-dirty-tricks-with-culture.html</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b7" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IXTAH" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IXjAH" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/books/how-the-cia-played-dirty-tricks-with-culture.html+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhfMAc" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/books/how-the-cia-played-dirty-tricks-with-culture.html+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QHwhfMAc" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Mar 18, 2000 -&nbsp;</span>Much of what Ms. Stonor Saunders writes about, including the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">C.I.A.</span>'s covert sponsorship of the Paris-based&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;and the British opinion magazine Encounter, was exposed in the late 1960's, generating a wave of indignation. But by combing through archives and unpublished&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="97" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhhKAgwCA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.crcpress.com/The-CIA-and-the-Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom-in-the-Early-Cold-War-The/Harris/p/book/9781138947795" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The CIA and the Congress for Cultural Freedom in the ... - CRC Press</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.crcpress.com/...CIA...Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom.../9781138947795</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b8" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IYzAI" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IZDAI" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:2vsDCpQUU54J:https://www.crcpress.com/The-CIA-and-the-Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom-in-the-Early-Cold-War-The/Harris/p/book/9781138947795+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:2vsDCpQUU54J:https://www.crcpress.com/The-CIA-and-the-Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom-in-the-Early-Cold-War-The/Harris/p/book/9781138947795+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Aug 2, 2016 -&nbsp;</span>Features. calls into question the conventional wisdom about one of the most controversial episodes in the Cold War. offers an in-depth treatment of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA's</span>&nbsp;role in the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>. will be of much interest to students of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA</span>, Cold War Studies, US foreign policy, intelligence studies and&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="103" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QFQhnKAkwCQ"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-spy-who-funded-me-revisiting-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Congress for Cultural Freedom - The Los Angeles Review of Books</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://lareviewofbooks.org/.../the-spy-who-funded-me-revisiting-the-congress-for-cu...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="_Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&oq=Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.5991j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b9" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4Q7B0IaTAJ" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwi3h5mEx6vYAhXMzFQKHZxQCf4QqR8IajAJ" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PTXmysN9nrMJ:https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-spy-who-funded-me-revisiting-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom/+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PTXmysN9nrMJ:https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-spy-who-funded-me-revisiting-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom/+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Jun 11, 2017 -&nbsp;</span>One class of scholarship about the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</span>&nbsp;and the role of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">CIA</span>has been investigative and denunciatory; the other, analytic and skeptical<wbr />. Frances Stonor Saunders's Who Paid the Piper? (1999) and Joel Whitney's more recent Finks (2015) belong to the former category: they&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PTXmysN9nrMJ:https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-spy-who-funded-me-revisiting-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom/+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">===</font></a></div></div>