Russell family

<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">opium trade</font>

<h1 class="title" dir="ltr"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yankee Ships in China Seas</font></h1>

<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span class="addmd">By Daniel Henderson</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">forbes, delano</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ===</font></p><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAB6BAgBEAA" style=""><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/28/opinion/the-opium-war-s-secret-history.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/28/opinion/the-opium-war-s-secret-history.html&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAAegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Opium War's Secret History - The New York Times</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/28/opinion/the-opium-war-s-secret-history.html</font></cite></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">Jun 28, 1997 - </span>Along with the slave <span style="font-weight: bold;">trade</span>, the traffic in <span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span> was the dirty underside of an ... Such was the outlook at <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> & Company, a Boston concern whose ... rejects efforts by the Delano <span style="font-weight: bold;">family</span> to minimize Warren's involvement.</font></span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" /><div class="story-body-supplemental" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" /><div class="story-body story-body-1" style="position: relative; flex-grow: 0; width: 705px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" /><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="388" data-total-count="388" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">osers rarely name wars, an exception being the conflict between Britain and China from 1839 to 1842, known bluntly ever since as the Opium War. To most Chinese, a century of humiliation began with this war, in which Westerners sought to force a deadly drug on an Asian people, and then imposed an unequal treaty that pried open their country and annexed the island that became Hong Kong.</font></p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="444" data-total-count="832" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">In embarrassing truth, that is essentially what happened. As Hong Kong reverts to China at month's end, many of us for the first time may see a bit of history from a different end of the telescope. Yet a further point needs making. Even the authors of the Opium War were ashamed of it, and Western protests against it marked the beginning of a concern with international human rights that in a fresh turn embarrasses today's leaders in Beijing.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="358" data-total-count="1190" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Along with the slave trade, the traffic in opium was the dirty underside of an evolving global trading economy. In America as in Europe, pretty much everything was deemed fair in the pursuit of profits. Such was the outlook at <b>Russell </b>& Company, a Boston concern whose clipper ships made it the leader in the lucrative American trade in Chinese tea and silk.</span></p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="408" data-total-count="1598" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1823 a 24-year-old Yankee, Warren Delano, sailed to Canton, where he did so well that within seven years he was a senior partner in Russell & Company. Delano's problem, as with all traders, European and American, was that China had much to sell but declined to buy. The Manchu emperors believed that the Middle Kingdom already possessed everything worth having, and hence needed no barbarian manufactures.</span></p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="372" data-total-count="1970" id="story-continues-1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">The British struck upon an ingenious way to reduce a huge trade deficit. Their merchants bribed Chinese officials to allow entry of chests of opium from British-ruled India, though its importation had long been banned by imperial decree. Imports soared, and nearly every American company followed suit, acquiring ''black dirt'' in Turkey or as agents for Indian producers.</p><a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/28/opinion/the-opium-war-s-secret-history.html#story-continues-2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;">Continue reading the main story</a></div><div class="supplemental first short" id="supplemental-1" data-between-flex-ads="true" data-pre-height="865" data-max-items="1" data-remaining="865" data-minimum="400" data-last-item-height="1065" data-flex-ad-adjacency="true" data-post-height="865" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 360px; flex-flow: column nowrap; justify-content: flex-start;"><div class="supplemental-items" data-supplemental-order="0" data-no-med-rec="true" data-no-ads="true" style="margin-bottom: 45px; height: auto; max-height: 900px; display: flex; flex-flow: column nowrap; justify-content: space-between;" /></div></div><div class="story-interrupter" id="story-continues-2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div class="story-body-supplemental" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="story-body story-body-2" style="position: relative; flex-grow: 0; width: 705px;"><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="432" data-total-count="2402" id="story-continues-3" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">Writing home, Delano said he could not pretend to justify the opium trade on moral grounds, ''but as a merchant I insist it has been . . . fair, honorable and legitimate,'' and no more objectionable than the importation of wines and spirits to the U.S. Yet as addiction became epidemic, and as the Chinese began paying with precious silver for the drug, their Emperor finally in 1839 named an Imperial Commissioner to end the trade.</p><div id="#continues-post-newsletter" /><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="471" data-total-count="2873" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">Commissioner Lin Tse-hsu proceeded to Canton, seized vast stocks of opium and dumped the chests in the sea. This, plus a melee in which drunken sailors killed a Chinese villager, furnished the spark for the Opium War, initiated by Lord Palmerston, the British Prime Minister, and waged with determination to obtain full compensation for the opium. The Celestial Empire was humbled, forced to open five ports to foreign traders and to permit a British colony at Hong Kong.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="411" data-total-count="3284" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">But as noteworthy, the war was denounced in Parliament as ''unjust and iniquitous'' by 30-year-old William Ewart Gladstone, who accused Palmerston of hoisting the British flag ''to protect an infamous contraband traffic.'' The same outrage was expressed in the pulpit and the press, in America and England, thereby encouraging Russell & Company and most other American businesses to pull out of the opium trade.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="510" data-total-count="3794" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">Warren Delano returned to America rich, and in 1851 settled in Newburgh, N.Y. There he eventually gave his daughter Sara in marriage to a well-born neighbor, James Roosevelt, the father of Franklin Roosevelt. The old China trader was close-mouthed about opium, as were his partners in Russell & Company. It is not clear how much F.D.R. knew about this source of his grandfather's wealth. But the President's recent biographer Geoffrey Ward rejects efforts by the Delano family to minimize Warren's involvement.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="396" data-total-count="4190" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 75px; line-height: 1.625rem; max-width: none; width: 570px;">The family's discomfort is understandable. We no longer believe that anything goes in the global marketplace, regardless of social consequences. It is precisely this conviction that underlies efforts to attach human rights conditions to trading relations -- to temper the amorality of the market -- a point that, alas, seems to elude the Socialist soon-to-be masters of Hong Kong. KARL E. MEYER</p></div></div></span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAF6BAgJEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjABegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Samuel Russell - Wikipedia</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b1" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wAXoECAkQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; 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box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BlgU-lCuXzAJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:BlgU-lCuXzAJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell%2B%26cd%3D2%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQIDABegQICRAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell+russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQHzABegQICRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Samuel Wadsworth <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span>, born in Middletown, Connecticut (August 25, 1789 – May 5, 1862), was an American entrepreneur and trader, and founder of <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> & Company, the largest and most important American <span style="font-weight: bold;">trading</span> house in <span style="font-weight: bold;">China</span> from 1842 to its closing in 1891. ... Dealing mostly in silks, teas and<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> & Company prospered, and ...</font></span><div class="osl" style="margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell#Early_life" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell%23Early_life&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ0gIoADABegQICRAH" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Early life</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell#China" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Russell%23China&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ0gIoATABegQICRAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">China</a></font></div></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAcQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAJ6BAgHEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112527" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112527&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjACegQIBxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800-1840 - Jstor</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112527</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b2" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wAnoECAcQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wAnoECAcQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112527+russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQHzACegQIBxAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="slp f" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by JM Downs - ‎1968 - ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=15409715001138798235" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26cites%3D15409715001138798235&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQzgIwAnoECAcQBg" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Cited by 57</a> - ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:m97iPCZO2tWEeM:scholar.google.com/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26q%3Drelated:m97iPCZO2tWEeM:scholar.google.com/&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQzwIwAnoECAcQBw" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Related articles</a></font></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">protect its <span style="font-weight: bold;">opium trade</span> to <span style="font-weight: bold;">China</span> and led to the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Opium War</span> in 1839, when the ..... Briggs, <span style="font-weight: bold;">History</span> and Genealogy of the Cabot <span style="font-weight: bold;">Family</span>, 1475-1927 (Boston, 1927), II, 561. .... chants who handled others' shipments (especially <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> & Com- pany ...</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAN6BAgIEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/american-merchants-and-the-china-opium-trade-18001840/CAF870083D191F963CA77113B11320A3" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/american-merchants-and-the-china-opium-trade-18001840/CAF870083D191F963CA77113B11320A3&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjADegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800–1840 ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://www.cambridge.org/...history...china-opium-trade.../CAF870083D191F963CA...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b3" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wA3oECAgQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wA3oECAgQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/american-merchants-and-the-china-opium-trade-18001840/CAF870083D191F963CA77113B11320A3+russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQHzADegQICBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="slp f" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by JM Downs - ‎1968 - ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=15409715001138798235" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26cites%3D15409715001138798235&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQzgIwA3oECAgQBg" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Cited by 57</a> - ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:m97iPCZO2tWEeM:scholar.google.com/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26q%3Drelated:m97iPCZO2tWEeM:scholar.google.com/&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQzwIwA3oECAgQBw" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Related articles</a></font></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">Jun 1, 2012 - </span>American Merchants and the <span style="font-weight: bold;">China Opium Trade</span>, 1800–1840 - Volume 42 Issue ... 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Latimer even accused<span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> & Co. of giving out short figures ...</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAR6BAgEEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://medium.com/@littlebrown/old-china-new-china-58303eafdbdd" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://medium.com/%40littlebrown/old-china-new-china-58303eafdbdd&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAEegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">OLD CHINA, NEW CHINA – Little, Brown and Company – Medium</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://medium.com/@littlebrown/old-china-new-china-58303eafdbdd</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b4" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wBHoECAQQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wBHoECAQQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Vp_O5FfMhA4J:https://medium.com/%40littlebrown/old-china-new-china-58303eafdbdd+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:Vp_O5FfMhA4J:https://medium.com/%2540littlebrown/old-china-new-china-58303eafdbdd%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQIDAEegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://medium.com/%40littlebrown/old-china-new-china-58303eafdbdd+russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQHzAEegQIBBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">Apr 21, 2015 - </span>Arab merchants dominated the India-to-<span style="font-weight: bold;">China opium trade</span> for hundreds of years ..... A<span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell family</span> trust still covers the budget of Yale's Skull and Bones ... Scratch the <span style="font-weight: bold;">history</span> of an institution or a person with the name Forbes ...</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAV6BAgFEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9C-fair-honorable-and-legitimate-trade%E2%80%9D" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.americanheritage.com/content/%25E2%2580%259C-fair-honorable-and-legitimate-trade%25E2%2580%259D&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAFegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">“A Fair, Honorable, And Legitimate Trade” | AMERICAN HERITAGE</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://www.americanheritage.com/content/“-fair-honorable-and-legitimate-trade”</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b5" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wBXoECAUQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wBXoECAUQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:KolADCnNizEJ:https://www.americanheritage.com/content/%25E2%2580%259C-fair-honorable-and-legitimate-trade%25E2%2580%259D+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:KolADCnNizEJ:https://www.americanheritage.com/content/%2525E2%252580%25259C-fair-honorable-and-legitimate-trade%2525E2%252580%25259D%2B%26cd%3D6%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQIDAFegQIBRAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li></ol></div></div></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <span style="font-weight: bold;">opium trade</span> is remembered as a British outrage: English merchants, ... He had never before been more than one hundred miles from the <span style="font-weight: bold;">family</span> ... Now Warren was the head of <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> & Company, the biggest American firm in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">China trade</span> ..... reported paper read before the Massachusetts <span style="font-weight: bold;">Historical</span>Society in Boston.</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAZ6BAgCEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.ozy.com/flashback/listen-now-to-a-bonus-episode-of-the-thread-from-drug-deals-to-the-new-deal/40555" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ozy.com/flashback/listen-now-to-a-bonus-episode-of-the-thread-from-drug-deals-to-the-new-deal/40555&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAGegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Listen Now to a Bonus Episode of The Thread: From Drug Deals to ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://www.ozy.com/flashback/listen-now-to-a-bonus-episode-of.../40555</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b6" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wBnoECAIQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wBnoECAIQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fv0tE8rMcbcJ:https://www.ozy.com/flashback/listen-now-to-a-bonus-episode-of-the-thread-from-drug-deals-to-the-new-deal/40555+&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:fv0tE8rMcbcJ:https://www.ozy.com/flashback/listen-now-to-a-bonus-episode-of-the-thread-from-drug-deals-to-the-new-deal/40555%2B%26cd%3D7%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQIDAGegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li></ol></div></div></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">Dec 1, 2017 - </span>In the mid-19th century, not only did the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Chinese opium trade</span> bring one of the ... Victoria into “<span style="font-weight: bold;">history's</span> largest drug dealer,” but, a century before his ... by the biggest American <span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span> dealers of them all — the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell family</span>.</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAAQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAd6BAgAEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/drugs/5-elite-families-fortunes-opium-trade" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.alternet.org/drugs/5-elite-families-fortunes-opium-trade&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAHegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">5 Elite Families Who Made Their Fortunes in the Opium Trade | Alternet</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://www.alternet.org/drugs/5-elite-families-fortunes-opium-trade</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b7" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wB3oECAAQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wB3oECAAQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:1j1Yn2JsJoMJ:https://www.alternet.org/drugs/5-elite-families-fortunes-opium-trade+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:1j1Yn2JsJoMJ:https://www.alternet.org/drugs/5-elite-families-fortunes-opium-trade%2B%26cd%3D8%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQIDAHegQIABAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li></ol></div></div></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">Jun 4, 2015 - </span>The Forbes legacy in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">China opium trade</span> lived on in the Museum of ... Samuel Wadsworth <span style="font-weight: bold;">Russell</span> started as an orphaned apprentice to a ...</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAh6BAgGEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://omeka.hrvh.org/exhibits/show/fdr-family-history/warren-delano" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://omeka.hrvh.org/exhibits/show/fdr-family-history/warren-delano&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAIegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Warren Delano - Franklin D. 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Ultimately <span style="font-weight: bold;">China</span> lost control over the <span style="font-weight: bold;">opium trade</span> and allowed free and open ...</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFSgAMAl6BAgDEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard/manuscript-collections.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard/manuscript-collections.html&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQFjAJegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Manuscript Collections - Baker Library - Harvard Business School</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="margin-top: 1px; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; margin-top: 1px;">https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard/manuscript-collections.html</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&oq=russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&aqs=chrome..69i57.12624j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b9" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQ7B0wCXoECAMQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQqR8wCXoECAMQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:73CIvJTJtIoJ:https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard/manuscript-collections.html+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:73CIvJTJtIoJ:https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard/manuscript-collections.html%2B%26cd%3D10%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQIDAJegQIAxAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard/manuscript-collections.html+russell+family+opium+china+trade+history&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdpf_eopXdAhUSRqwKHVDBDqsQHzAJegQIAxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Heard <span style="font-weight: bold;">Family</span> Collections The business records and personal papers of ... John Heard, An Account of His Life and the <span style="font-weight: bold;">History</span> of Augustine Heard & Co., 1891. (v. ... Records of Leading American <span style="font-weight: bold;">Trading</span>Firms in <span style="font-weight: bold;">China Russell</span> & Company records ... shipping firm engaged in <span style="font-weight: bold;">China</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">trading</span> mostly in lumber, tea, and <span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span>.</font></span></div></div></div></div>

<h3 align="center"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Opium War's Secret History</font></h3>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>URL:</strong> http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v97/n196/a03.html

<strong>Newshawk:</strong> rlake@mapinc.org

<a href="javascript:popUp('http://www.mapinc.org/mapcgi/dndvote.pl?v97/n196/a03')" title="Rate the spin and quality of this clipping"><strong>Votes</strong></a><strong>:</strong> 17

<b>Source:</b> The New York Times

<b>Contact:</b> <a href="mailto:letters@nytimes.com">letters@nytimes.com</a>

<b>Pubdate:</b> June 28, 1997

</font><p class="clipping"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EDITORIAL NOTEBOOK / By KARL E.  MEYER

The <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Opium</span> War's Secret History

Losers rarely name wars, an exception being the conflict between Britain and China from 1839 to 1842, known bluntly ever since as the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Opium</span> War. 

To most Chinese, a century of humiliation began with this war, in which Westerners sought to force a deadly drug on an Asian people, and then imposed an unequal treaty that pried open their country and annexed the island that became Hong Kong. 

In embarrassing truth, that is essentially what happened.  As Hong Kong reverts to China at month's end, many of us for the first time may see a bit of history from a different end of the telescope.  Yet a further point needs making. 

Even the authors of the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Opium</span> War were ashamed of it, and Western protests against it marked the beginning of a concern with international human rights that in a fresh turn embarrasses today's leaders in Beijing. 

Along with the slave <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span>, the traffic in <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span> was the dirty underside of an evolving global trading economy.  In America as in Europe, pretty much everything was deemed fair in the pursuit of profits.  Such was the outlook at Russell & Company, a Boston concern whose clipper ships made it the leader in the lucrative <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">American</span> <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span> in Chinese tea and silk. 

In 1823 a 24yearold <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Yankee</span>, Warren Delano, sailed to Canton, where he did so well that within seven years he was a senior partner in Russell & Company.  Delano's problem, as with all <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span>rs, European and <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">American</span>, was that China had much to sell but declined to buy.  The Manchu emperors believed that the Middle Kingdom already possessed everything worth having, and hence needed no barbarian manufactures. 

The British struck upon an ingenious way to reduce a huge <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span> deficit.  Their merchants bribed Chinese officials to allow entry of chests of <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span> from Britishruled India, though its importation had long been banned by imperial decree.  Imports soared, and nearly every <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">American</span> company followed suit, acquiring "black dirt" in Turkey or as agents for Indian producers. 

Writing home, Delano said he could not pretend to justify the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span> <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span> on moral grounds, "but as a merchant I insist it has been .  .  .  fair, honorable and legitimate," and no more objectionable than the importation of wines and spirits to the U.S. 

Yet as addiction became epidemic, and as the Chinese began paying with precious silver for the drug, their Emperor finally in 1839 named an Imperial Commissioner to end the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span>. 

Commissioner Lin Tsehsu proceeded to Canton, seized vast stocks of <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span> and dumped the chests in the sea.  This, plus a melee in which drunken sailors killed a Chinese villager, furnished the spark for the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Opium</span> War, initiated by Lord Palmerston, the British Prime Minister, and waged with determination to obtain full compensation for the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span>.  The Celestial Empire was humbled, forced to open five ports to foreign <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span>rs and to permit a British colony at Hong Kong. 

But as noteworthy, the war was denounced in Parliament as "unjust and iniquitous" by 30yearold William Ewart Gladstone, who accused Palmerston of hoisting the British flag "to protect an infamous contraband traffic." The same outrage was expressed in the pulpit and the press, in America and England, thereby encouraging Russell & Company and most other <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">American</span> businesses to pull out of the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span> <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span>. 

Warren Delano returned to America rich, and in 1851 settled in Newburgh, N.Y.  There he eventually gave his daughter Sara in marriage to a wellborn neighbor, James Roosevelt, the father of Franklin Roosevelt.  The old China <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">trade</span>r was closemouthed about <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: initial; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">opium</span>, as were his partners in Russell & Company.  It is not clear how much F.D.R.  knew about this source of his grandfather's wealth.  But the President's recent biographer Geoffrey Ward rejects efforts by the Delano family to minimize Warren's involvement. 

The family's discomfort is understandable.  We no longer believe that anything goes in the global marketplace, regardless of social consequences.  It is precisely this conviction that underlies efforts to attach human rights conditions to trading relations to temper the amorality of the market a point that, alas, seems to elude the Socialist soontobe masters of Hong Kong. 

<a href="http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v97/n196/a03.html"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v97/n196/a03.html</font></a></p>

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