black Hebrew Israelites

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">cdv: "bl power ranger cosplay"</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div class="header-list-style" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><h2 class="entry-title grid-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/12/anti-semitic-attack-in-jersey-city-fueled-by-black-nationalist-sects-hatemongering/" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Anti-Semitic attack in Jersey City fueled by black-nationalist sect’s hatemongering</font></a></h2><div class="grid-post-box-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 12px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="author-italic author vcard" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/david-neiwert/" title="Posts by David Neiwert" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">David Neiwert</a>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/daily-kos/" title="Posts by Daily Kos" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">Daily Kos</a></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">December 12, 2019</span></font></div></div><div class="item-content entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Black Hebrew Israelites occupy a complicated space in the realm of right-wing extremism.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Anti-Semitic attack in Jersey City fueled by black-nationalist sect’s hatemongering</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Written by <b>David Neiwert</b> / Daily Kos December 12, 2019</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When the news first crossed the wires Tuesday about a lethal attack on a Jewish market in Jersey City, New Jersey, in which six people, including a police officer and the two gunmen, died, speculation ran rampant on social media that it might be another act of far-right terrorism inspired by anti-Semitism. After the smoke had cleared, that concern had largely been confirmed, but with a complicated twist: at least one of the perpetrators turned out to be an apparent follower of the<b> black-nationalist Black Hebrew Israelite movement, which is indeed deeply anti-Semitic, and which has inspired an ongoing litany of violent acts over the past decade and longer.</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">According to The New York Times, 47-year-old David N. Anderson—who had posted anti-Semitic material on social media before the attack, and left a rambling manifesto behind in a van left at the scene full of hateful references to Jews—was connected to the Black Hebrew Israelite movement. He and 50-year-old Francine Graham, the second suspect, opened fire on customers inside the Jewish market after having first shot a Jersey City police detective near a cemetery.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The scene turned into a six-hour shootout and standoff with police, at the end of which both suspects were killed. A pipe bomb was found in the van alongside the manifesto. Police spokesmen have denied that the incident was terrorism, but local Jewish leaders are insisting that the case is a clear-cut hate crim</b>e.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Black Hebrew Israelites occupy a complicated space in the realm of right-wing extremism. Black nationalists such as these groups are largely isolated from other sectors of the far right, which are dominated by white nationalists, but still draw many of their ideas from bigoted and anti-Semitic elements of the old white-supremacist right.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This is acutely true of Black Hebrew Israelites, because they adhere to a kind of religious belief system that portrays black people as the true Children of Israel. It is remarkably similar in form and content—in many ways a kind of <b>mirror image—to the old Christian Identity movement</b>, which held that white people are the true Israelites, and that Jews are the literal descendants of Satan</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. <b>This was the religion practiced by the Aryan Nations church in northern Idaho in the ’80s and ‘90s, which spawned a wave of horrific crimes around the West, as part of Identity’s program to create an all-white homeland in the Pacific Northwest; Black Hebrew Israelites similarly advocate for creating an all-black homeland for African Americans.</b></span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The outcome of all these movements is a vicious<b> anti-Semitism. And while many black nationalists, such as Nation of Islam</b>, remain mostly nonviolent in nature, their innate anti-Semitism is echoed in more violent terms among related movements such as the Black Hebrew Israelites, who have been connected to a number of violent incidents around the U.S. for some time.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The most notorious illustration of this was a speech given by <b>NOI’s Louis Farrakhan in 2015 </b>in which he responded to recent police shootings of black people by apparently urging violent retaliation: “Retaliation is a prescription from God to calm the breasts of those whose children have been slain … So if the federal government will not intercede in our affairs, then we must rise up and kill those who kill us; stalk them and kill them and let them feel the pain of death that we are feeling!”</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And yet while black nationalists, including the Nation of Islam, share many structural similarities to their white-supremacist counterparts, they are not, as the Southern Poverty Law Center explains, analogous to them: “They should not be seen as equivalent to white supremacist groups—such as the Ku Klux Klan or neo-Nazis—in terms of their history of violence and terrorism.”&nbsp; Nor are their numbers even comparable; black nationalists comprise a tiny fringe with membership in the low thousands, compared to the multiple hundreds of thousands like engaged in right-wing extremist movements, particularly online.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Moreover, their hatred and paranoia about white people—unlike, say, white-nationalist fears of a looming “white genocide” that have fueled the recent wave of far-right violence—and their ability to inflict grievous harm on the African-American community is at least grounded in historical factual reality. Black extremism, in fact, is a reaction to real and brutal oppression.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Black Hebrew Israelites have been ratcheting up both their rhetoric and their real-world violence over the past decade.</b> One of the most recent incidents, in October 2018, involved a Black Israelite in Miami who attacked worshippers at a synagogue with a knife, though no one was injured.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The movement was in the news earlier this year when a group of red-MAGA-hatted white teenagers became embroiled in a confrontation in Washington, D.C., with a cluster of Black Hebrew Israelites who shouted bigoted slogans at each other, while a Native American man beating a drum attempted to break up the confrontation. The brouhaha was captured in a video that went viral, especially after the white teens mocked the drummer as well.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A spokesman for the Philadelphia chapter of the Black Hebrew Israelites denounced Tuesday’s violence. “Everybody expects us to be violent because the things we are talking about are so horrible, what has happened to us in America. They just assume we’re going to be street thugs and criminals,” Commanding General Yahanna of the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge told the Philadelphia Inquirer. “We pull brothers out of prison and off the street and turn their lives around, have them open a Bible.”</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Black Hebrew Israelites</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;(also called&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Black Hebrews</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">African Hebrew Israelites</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b style="">Hebrew Israelites</b>) are groups of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Americans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Black Americans</a>&nbsp;who&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">believe that they are descendants</a>&nbsp;of the ancient&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Israelites</a>. Black Hebrews adhere in varying degrees to the religious beliefs and practices of both&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Christianity</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Judaism</a>. With the exception of a small number of individuals who have formally&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">converted to Judaism</a>, they are not&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">recognized as Jews</a>&nbsp;by the greater Jewish community. Many choose to identify themselves as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jews</a>&nbsp;in order to indicate their claimed historic connections</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_2-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-JVL-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-NYT-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the end of the 19th century,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Cherry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Cherry (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Frank Cherry</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_Crowdy" title="William Saunders Crowdy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Saunders Crowdy</a>&nbsp;both claimed that African Americans are descendants of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hebrews</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bible</a>; Cherry established the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations in 1886 and Crowdy founded the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ" title="Church of God and Saints of Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Church of God and Saints of Christ</a>&nbsp;in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson2010_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Hutchinson2010-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernheimer2014_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fernheimer2014-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IVSigler2009_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-IVSigler2009-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSP1975_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-HSP1975-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Consequently, Black Hebrew groups were founded in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a>&nbsp;during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kansas</a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City</a>, by both African Americans and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">West Indian</a>&nbsp;immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Chireau21_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau21-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the mid-1980s, the number of Black Hebrews in the United States was between 25,000 and 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundquist118_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Sundquist118-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the 1990s, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Black_Jews" title="Alliance of Black Jews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alliance of Black Jews</a>&nbsp;(which is no longer operating) estimated that there were 200,000&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African-American Jews</a>; this estimate was based on a 1990 survey conducted by the Council of Jewish Federations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelbwasser_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Gelbwasser-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;The exact number of Black Hebrews within that surveyed group remains unspecified.</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Overview" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Overview</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Groups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Groups</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Church_of_the_Living_God,the_Pillar_Ground_of_Truth_for_All_Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Church of God and Saints of Christ</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Commandment_Keepers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Commandment Keepers</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Allegations_of_black_supremacy_and_racism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Allegations of black supremacy and racism</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Traditionally,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Christians" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Black Christians</a>&nbsp;in the United States have identified themselves spiritually with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israelites</a>. In the late 19th century, some of them also began to claim that they were the biological descendants of the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup>&nbsp;This identification with the Israelites was a response to the sociopolitical realities of their situation in the United States, including&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">slavery</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">racial discrimination</a>. For African-Americans, appropriating&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish history</a>&nbsp;was part of a rebellion against the American racial hierarchy that deemed Africans inferior. It was also a means of fulfilling their desire to know their origins and regain their lost history.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The origins of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement are found in Frank Cherry and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_Crowdy" title="William Saunders Crowdy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Saunders Crowdy</a>, who both claimed that they had revelations in which they believed that God told them that African Americans are descendants of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hebrews</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christian Bible</a>; Cherry established the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations in 1886 and Crowdy founded the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ" title="Church of God and Saints of Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Church of God and Saints of Christ</a>&nbsp;in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson2010_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Hutchinson2010-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernheimer2014_6-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fernheimer2014-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IVSigler2009_7-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-IVSigler2009-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSP1975_8-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-HSP1975-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup>&nbsp;The Church of God and Saints of Christ, originating in Kansas, retained elements of a messianic connection to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chireau21_9-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau21-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;During the following decades, many more Black Hebrew congregations were established, and some of them had no connection to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christianity</a>. After&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War I</a>, for example,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Arthur_Matthew" title="Wentworth Arthur Matthew" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wentworth Arthur Matthew</a>, an immigrant from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Saint Kitts</a>, founded another Black Hebrew congregation in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harlem</a>, claiming descent from the ancient Israelites. He called it the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandment_Keepers" title="Commandment Keepers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Commandment Keepers</a>&nbsp;of the Living God.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT090402_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-NYT090402-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup>&nbsp;Similar groups selected elements of Judaism and adapted them within a structure similar to that of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Black church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chireau21_9-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau21-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;He incorporated it in 1930 and moved the congregation to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brooklyn</a>, where he later founded the Israelite Rabbinical Seminary, where Black Hebrew rabbis have been educated and ordained.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The beliefs and practices of Black Hebrew groups vary considerably. The differences are so great that historian&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tinney" title="James Tinney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James Tinney</a>&nbsp;has suggested the classification of the organizations into three groups:<sup id="cite_ref-Tinney_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Tinney-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font></p><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Black Jews, who maintain a Christological perspective and adopt Jewish rituals.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Black Hebrews, who are more traditional in their practice of Judaism.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Black Israelites, who are most&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">nationalistic</a>&nbsp;and furthest from traditional Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tinney_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Tinney-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Black Hebrew organizations have certain common characteristics.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anthropologist</a>&nbsp;James E. Landing, author of&nbsp;<i>Black Judaism</i>, distinguishes the Black Hebrew movement, which he refers to as Black Judaism, from normative Judaism practiced by people who are Black ("black Judaism"). Significantly, it does not depend on a documented lineage to Jewish ancestors nor does it require recognized&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Orthodox</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Conservative</a>conversions:</font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Black Judaism is ... a form of institutionalized (congregational) religious expression in which black persons identify themselves as Jews, Israelites, or Hebrews ... in a manner that seems unacceptable to the "whites" of the world's Jewish community, primarily because Jews take issue with the various justifications set forth by Black Jews in establishing this identity. Thus "Black Judaism," as defined here, stands distinctly apart from "black Judaism," or that Judaic expression found among black persons that would be acceptable to the world's Jewish community, such as conversion or birth from a recognized Jewish mother. "Black Judaism" has been a social movement; "black Judaism" has been an isolated social phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Landing10_16-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Landing10-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Landing's definition, and its underlying assumptions about&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">race</a>&nbsp;and normative Judaism, have been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_17-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Isaac-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Groups">Groups</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dozens of Black Hebrew organizations were established.<sup id="cite_ref-Chireau21_9-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau21-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;In Harlem alone, at least eight such groups were founded between 1919 and 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfitt96_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Parfitt96-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup>&nbsp;The Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations is the oldest-known Black Hebrew group<sup id="cite_ref-Singer57_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Singer57-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a></sup>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ" title="Church of God and Saints of Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Church of God and Saints of Christ</a>&nbsp;is one of the largest Black Hebrew organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Africana_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Africana-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandment_Keepers" title="Commandment Keepers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Commandment Keepers</a>, founded by Wentworth Arthur Matthew in New York, are noted for their adherence to traditional Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Moses537_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Moses537-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</a>&nbsp;are widely known for having moved from the United States, primarily Chicago, to Israel in the late-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipler_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Shipler-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haas_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Haas-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MFA_24-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-MFA-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Church_of_the_Living_God.2C_the_Pillar_Ground_of_Truth_for_All_Nations"><span class="mw-headline" id="Church_of_the_Living_God,the_Pillar_Ground_of_Truth_for_All_Nations">Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The oldest known Black Hebrew organization is the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer57_19-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Singer57-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chireau3031_25-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau3031-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup>&nbsp;The group was founded by F. S. Cherry in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, in 1886, and it later moved to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer57-58_26-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Singer57-58-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup>&nbsp;Theologically, the Church of the Living God mixed elements of Judaism and Christianity, counting the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bible</a>—including the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Testament</a>—and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Talmud</a>&nbsp;as essential scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-Fauset34_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fauset34-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The rituals of Cherry's flock incorporated many Jewish practices and prohibitions alongside some Christian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fauset36-40_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fauset36-40-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup>&nbsp;For example, during prayer the men wore&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">skullcaps</a>&nbsp;and congregants&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrah" title="Mizrah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">faced east</a>. In addition, members of the Church were not permitted to eat&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork" title="Pork" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">pork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fauset36-40_28-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fauset36-40-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup>&nbsp;Prayers were accompanied by musical instruments and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gospel singing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fauset36-37_29-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fauset36-37-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a></sup>&nbsp;After Cherry's death, members of the church believed that he had left temporarily and would soon reappear in spirit in order to lead the church through his son.<sup id="cite_ref-Africana_20-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Africana-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ">Church of God and Saints of Christ</span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ" title="Church of God and Saints of Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Church of God and Saints of Christ</a></font></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Tabernacle-Washington,D.C..jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Tabernacle-Washington,D.C..jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The former headquarters of the&nbsp;</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_and_Saints_of_Christ" title="Church of God and Saints of Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Church of God and Saints of Christ</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, D.C.</a>&nbsp;The building is now known as First Tabernacle Beth El and it is listed on the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Register of Historic Places</a>.</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Church of God and Saints of Christ was established in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lawrence, Kansas</a>, in 1896 by African-American&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_Crowdy" title="William Saunders Crowdy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Saunders Crowdy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_30-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fox-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup>&nbsp;The group established its headquarters in Philadelphia in 1899, and Crowdy later relocated to Washington, D.C., in 1903. After Crowdy's death in 1908, the church continued to grow under the leadership of William Henry Plummer, who moved the organization's headquarters to its permanent location in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,Virginia" title="Belleville, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Belleville, Virginia</a>, in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Wynia31-34_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Wynia31-34-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1936, the Church of God and Saints of Christ had more than 200 "tabernacles" (congregations) and 37,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Africana_20-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Africana-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wynia_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Wynia-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a></sup>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Z.Plummer" title="Howard Z. Plummer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Howard Zebulun Plummer</a>&nbsp;succeeded his father and became head of the organization in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a></sup>&nbsp;His son, Levi Solomon Plummer, became the church's leader in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a></sup>&nbsp;The Church of God and Saints of Christ was led by Rabbi Jehu A. Crowdy, Jr., a great-grandson of William Saunders Crowdy, from 2001 until his death in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></sup>&nbsp;Since 2016, it has been led by Phillip E. McNeil.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a></sup>&nbsp;As of 2005, the church had fifty tabernacles in the United States and dozens more in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_30-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Fox-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Church of God and Saints of Christ describes itself as "the oldest African-American congregation in the United States that adheres to the tenets of Judaism".<sup id="cite_ref-Chireau3031_25-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau3031-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a></sup>&nbsp;Founded by American&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_Crowdy" title="William Saunders Crowdy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Saunders Crowdy</a>&nbsp;in Kansas in 1896, it teaches that all Jews were originally black, and that African Americans are descendants of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lost tribes of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_38-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Kidd-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singer59_39-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Singer59-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a></sup>&nbsp;Members believe that&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jesus</a>&nbsp;was neither God nor the son of God, but rather an adherent of Judaism and a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">prophet</a>. They also consider William Saunders Crowdy, their founder in Kansas, to be a prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-gallagher_40-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-gallagher-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Church of God and Saints of Christ synthesizes rituals from both Judaism and Christianity. They have adopted rites drawn from both the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Old</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Testaments</a>. Its Old Testament observances include the use of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish calendar</a>, the celebration of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" title="Passover" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Passover</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">circumcision</a>&nbsp;of infant males, the commemoration of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sabbath</a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Saturday</a>, and the wearing of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">yarmulkes</a>. Its New Testament rites include&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">baptism</a>&nbsp;(immersion) and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwashing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">footwashing</a>, both of which have Old Testament origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_38-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Kidd-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singer59_39-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Singer59-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Commandment_Keepers">Commandment Keepers</span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandment_Keepers" title="Commandment Keepers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Commandment Keepers</a></font></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 147px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RabbiMatthewHoldingTorah.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RabbiMatthewHoldingTorah.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The founder of the Commandment Keepers,&nbsp;</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Arthur_Matthew" title="Wentworth Arthur Matthew" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wentworth Arthur Matthew</a>&nbsp;holding a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" title="Sefer Torah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sefer Torah</a>.</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Arthur_Matthew" title="Wentworth Arthur Matthew" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Wentworth Arthur </a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Arthur_Matthew" title="Wentworth Arthur Matthew" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew</a>&nbsp;founded the Commandment Keepers Congregation in Harlem in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-JVL-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;Matthew was influenced by the non-black Jews he met as well as by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Marcus Garvey</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a>. Garvey used the Biblical Jews in exile as a metaphor for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">black people</a>&nbsp;in North America. One of the accomplishments of Garvey's movement was to strengthen the connection between black Americans and Africa, Ethiopia in particular. When Matthew later learned about the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Beta Israel</a>—Ethiopian Jews—he identified with them</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Chireau25_41-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau25-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today the Commandment Keepers follow traditional Jewish practices and observe&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish holidays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moses537_21-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Moses537-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup>&nbsp;Members observe&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">kashrut</a>, circumcise newborn boys and celebrate&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bar and Bat Mitzvahs</a>, and their&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">synagogue</a>&nbsp;has a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mechitza</a>&nbsp;to separate men and women during worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Week_42-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Jewish_Week-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Commandment Keepers believe that they are descendants of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Solomon</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Queen of Sheba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfitt95_43-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Parfitt95-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a></sup>&nbsp;Matthew taught that "the Black man is a Jew" and "all genuine Jews are Black men",<sup id="cite_ref-Sundquist116_44-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Sundquist116-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a></sup>&nbsp;but he valued non-black Jews as those who had preserved Judaism over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_2-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-JVL-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;Matthew maintained cordial ties with non-black Jewish leaders in New York and frequently invited them to worship at his synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfson48_45-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Wolfson48-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Matthew established the Ethiopian Hebrew Rabbinical College (later renamed the Israelite Rabbinical Academy) in Brooklyn. He ordained more than 20&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rabbis</a>, who went on to lead congregations throughout the United States and the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundquist116_44-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Sundquist116-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfson48_45-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Wolfson48-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup>&nbsp;He remained the leader of the Commandment Keepers in Harlem, and in 1962 the congregation moved to a landmark building on 123rd Street.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Matthew died in 1973, sparking an internal conflict over who would succeed him as head of the Harlem congregation. Shortly before his death, Matthew named his grandson, David Matthew Doré, as the new spiritual leader. Doré was 16 years old at the time. In 1975, the synagogue's board elected Rabbi Willie White to be its leader. Rabbi Doré occasionally conducted services at the synagogue until the early 1980s, when White had Doré and some other members locked out of the building. Membership declined throughout the 1990s and by 2004, only a few dozen people belonged to the synagogue. In 2007 the Commandment Keepers sold the building, while various factions among former members sued one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Week_42-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Jewish_Week-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Besides the Harlem group, there are eight or ten Commandment Keeper congregations in the New York area, and others exist throughout North America as well as in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a></sup>&nbsp;Since 2000, seven rabbis have graduated from the Israelite Rabbinical Academy founded by Matthew.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</a></font></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hebrews_Dimona_visit1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hebrews_Dimona_visit1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">African Hebrew Israelites speak to visitors in&nbsp;</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dimona</a>, Israel.</font></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_32040_Africans_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Dimona.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_32040_Africans_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Dimona.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A sign in&nbsp;</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dimona</a>.</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ammi_Ben-Israel" title="Ben Ammi Ben-Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ben Ammi Ben-Israel</a>&nbsp;established the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chicago</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Illinois</a>, in 1966, at a time when&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">black nationalism</a>&nbsp;was on the rise as a response to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Civil Rights Movement</a>. In 1969, after a sojourn in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Liberia</a>, Ben Ammi and about 30 Hebrew Israelites moved to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_23-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Haas-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup>&nbsp;Over the next 20 years, nearly 600 more members left the United States for Israel. As of 2006, about 2,500 Hebrew Israelites live in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dimona</a>&nbsp;and two other towns in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Negev</a>&nbsp;region of Israel, where they are widely referred to as Black Hebrews.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_50-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-CBS-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup>&nbsp;In addition, there are Hebrew Israelite communities in several major American cities, including Chicago, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli75_51-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli75-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Black Hebrews believe they are descended from members of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tribe of Judah</a>&nbsp;who were exiled from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Land of Israel</a>&nbsp;after the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Romans</a>&nbsp;destroyed the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Second Temple</a>&nbsp;in 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_50-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-CBS-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OurStory_52-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-OurStory-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a></sup>&nbsp;The group incorporates elements of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African-American culture</a>&nbsp;into their interpretation of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli75_51-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli75-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a></sup>&nbsp;They do not recognize rabbinical Jewish interpretations such as the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Talmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_50-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-CBS-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup>&nbsp;The Black Hebrews observe&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shabbat</a>&nbsp;and biblically ordained&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish holidays</a>&nbsp;such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yom Kippur</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" title="Passover" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli76_53-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli76-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Men wear&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">tzitzit</a></i>&nbsp;on their African print shirts, women follow the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">niddah</a>&nbsp;(biblical laws concerning menstruation),<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli75_51-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli75-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a></sup>&nbsp;and newborn boys are circumcised.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_23-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Haas-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup>&nbsp;In accordance with their interpretation of the Bible, the Black Hebrews follow a strictly&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">vegan diet</a>&nbsp;and only wear&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural fabric" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">natural fabrics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_23-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Haas-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OurStory_52-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-OurStory-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a></sup>&nbsp;Most men have&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">more than one wife</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">birth control</a>&nbsp;is not permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_50-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-CBS-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When the first Black Hebrews arrived in Israel in 1969, they claimed citizenship under the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Law of Return</a>, which gives eligible Jews immediate citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a></sup>&nbsp;The Israeli government ruled in 1973 that the group did not qualify for automatic citizenship because they could not prove Jewish descent and had not undergone Orthodox conversion. The Black Hebrews were denied&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_permit" title="Work permit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">work permits</a>&nbsp;and state benefits. The group accused the Israeli government of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">racist discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli74_55-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli74-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1981, a group of American civil rights activists led by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bayard Rustin</a>&nbsp;investigated and concluded that racism was not the cause of the Black Hebrews' situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipler_22-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Shipler-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup>&nbsp;No official action was taken to return the Black Hebrews to the United States, but some individual members were&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">deported</a>&nbsp;for working illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli74_55-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli74-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Some Black Hebrews&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relinquishment_of_United_States_nationality" title="Relinquishment of United States nationality" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">renounced their American citizenship</a>&nbsp;to try to prevent more deportations. In 1990, Illinois legislators helped negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews' legal status in Israel. Members of the group are permitted to work and have access to housing and social services. The Black Hebrews reclaimed their American citizenship and have received aid from the U.S. government, which helped them build a school and additional housing.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli74_55-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli74-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2003 the agreement was revised, and the Black Hebrews were granted&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">permanent residency</a>&nbsp;in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_24-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-MFA-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_56-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Kaufman-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2009, Elyakim Ben-Israel became the first Black Hebrew to gain Israeli citizenship. The Israeli government said that more Black Hebrews may be granted citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Black Hebrews of Israel maintain a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gospel choir</a>, which tours throughout Israel and the United States. The group owns restaurants in several Israeli cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaeli74_55-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Michaeli74-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2003 the <b>Black Hebrews garnered public attention when singer&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Whitney Houston</a>&nbsp;visited them in Dimona</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2006,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Butler(singer)" title="Eddie Butler (singer)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eddie Butler</a>, a Black Hebrew, was chosen by the Israeli public to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006" title="Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">represent Israel</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_50-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-CBS-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_56-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Kaufman-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Allegations_of_black_supremacy_and_racism">Allegations of black supremacy and racism</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In late 2008, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>&nbsp;(SPLC) described as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">black supremacist</a>&nbsp;what it called "the extremist fringe of the Hebrew Israelite movement"</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. It wrote that the members of such groups "believe that Jews are devilish impostors and ... openly condemn whites as evil personified, deserving only death or slavery". The SPLC also said that "</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">most Hebrew Israelites are neither explicitly racist nor&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">anti-Semitic</a>&nbsp;and do not advocate violence".</span><sup id="cite_ref-Ready_61-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Ready-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Black Hebrew groups characterized as black supremacist by the SPLC include the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_School_of_Universal_Practical_Knowledge" title="Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge</a><sup id="cite_ref-god_and_general_62-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-god_and_general-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a></sup>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Yahweh" title="Nation of Yahweh" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nation of Yahweh</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a></sup>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_Church_of_God_in_Jesus_Christ" title="Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_61-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Ready-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a></sup>Also, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anti-Defamation League</a>&nbsp;has written that the "12 Tribes of Israel" website, maintained by a Black Hebrew group, promotes black supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A 1999&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">FBI</a>&nbsp;terrorism risk assessment report stated that "violent radical fringe members" of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement hold "beliefs [that] bear a striking resemblance to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christian Identity</a>&nbsp;theology practiced by many white supremacists."<sup id="cite_ref-Megidddo_65-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Megidddo-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nacos2015_66-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Nacos2015-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[66]</a></sup>&nbsp;It also said that "the overwhelming majority of [Black Hebrew Israelites] are unlikely to engage in violence."<sup id="cite_ref-Megidddo_65-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Megidddo-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In January 2019, five men affilitated with the Black Hebrew Israelites were involved in an&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indigenous_Peoples_March_Incident" title="2019 Indigenous Peoples March Incident" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">viral video incident on the National Mall</a>, where they were recorded on video<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[67]</a></sup>&nbsp;<b>verbally abusing nearby Native Americans as "savages" and idol worshipers<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[68]</a></sup>&nbsp;and then verbally abusing the MAGA-hat wearing teens with racial and anti-homosexual epithet</b>s&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[69]</a></sup>&nbsp;prior to the teens standoff with Native American&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Phillips(activist)" title="Nathan Phillips (activist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Nathan Phillips</a>. This incident led to national attention to the "attention-grabbing tactics" and "blunt and sometimes offensive language"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[70]</a></sup>&nbsp;of the Hebrew Israelites. Attention included such varied news outlets as&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The New York Times</a></i>,&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnatti_Enquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cincinnatti Enquirer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Cincinnatti Enquirer</a></i>,&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate Magazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Slate</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[71]</a></sup>&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox.com" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Vox</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[72]</a></sup>&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason.com" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Reason</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[73]</a></sup>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">FrontPage Magazine</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[74]</a></sup>&nbsp;describing the tactics of the The House of Israel and Black Hebrew Israelite movements to a national and international audience.</font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></font></h2><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em; line-height: 13.09px; display: table; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; display: table-row;"><span style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/32px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/48px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/64px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="592" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></font></a></span><span style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:African_American" title="Portal:African American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">African American portal</font></a></span></li></ul></div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="African American–Jewish relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">African American–Jewish relations</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-American_religion" title="Afro-American religion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Afro-American religion</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</font></a><ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">British Israelism</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Israelism" title="French Israelism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">French Israelism</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Israelism" title="Nordic Israelism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Nordic Israelism</font></a></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Moorish Science Temple of America</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Black_America" title="Religion in Black America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Religion in Black America</font></a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notes</font></span></h2></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFSgAMAp6BAgBEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAKegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAKegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAKegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAKegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAKegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAKegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Black Hebrew Israelites - Wikipedia</a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites</cite></font></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=black+Hebrew+Israelites&oq=black+Hebrew+Israelites&aqs=chrome..69i57.2287j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b10" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ7B0wCnoECAEQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQqR8wCnoECAEQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8UXSNswfIJcJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:8UXSNswfIJcJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAKegQIARAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAKegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAKegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAKegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAKegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Hebrew Israelites</span>&nbsp;are groups of Black Americans who believe that they are descendants of the ancient Israelites. Black Hebrews adhere in varying&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font><div class="osl" style="margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAKegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">‎</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ0gIoADAKegQIARAH" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">List of Black Hebrew Israelites</a>&nbsp;·&nbsp;‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Hebrew_Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Hebrew_Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ0gIoATAKegQIARAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Category:Black Hebrew ...</a>&nbsp;·&nbsp;‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Black_Jews" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Black_Jews&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ0gIoAjAKegQIARAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Alliance of Black Jews</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFSgAMAt6BAgIEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjALegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Black Israelites: The group central to the face-off between Catholic ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.washingtonpost.com/.../who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincol...</cite></font></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">3 days ago -&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Hebrew Israelites</span>, who believe they are descendants of the ancient Israelites, protest on Capitol Hill in Washington on Nov. 13, 2018.</font></span></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAoQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFSgAMAx6BAgKEAA" style=""><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAMegQIChAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Hebrew Israelites See Divine Intervention in Lincoln Memorial ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/.../black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic.html</cite></font></div></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="">2 days ago -&nbsp;</span>They are sidewalk ministers who use confrontation as their gospel.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hebrew Israelites</span>practice a theology that says God's chosen ones —&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">black</span>,&nbsp;...</font></span></font></font></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></font></font></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx pix</font></span></font></font></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Hebrew Israelites See Divine Intervention in Lincoln Memorial Confrontation</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Members of the Hebrew Israelites demonstrating in Washington in November. The Hebrew Israelites do not have physical churches, with most of their work being done on streets.CreditCreditWin Mcnamee/Getty Images</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">By John Eligon</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Jan. 23, 2019</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">They are<b> sidewalk ministers who use confrontation as their gospel.</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hebrew Israelites practice a theology that says God’s chosen ones — black, Hispanic and Native American people — have strayed and need to be led back to righteousness.</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">So they post up on street corners in big cities, usually in predominantly black communities, wearing flashy garb — purple shirts or black robes, for instance. They shout, use blunt and sometimes offensive language, and gamely engage in arguments aimed at drawing listeners near.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">The attention-grabbing tactics of five of their followers at the Lincoln Memorial on Friday resulted in spectacular consequences. The fringe theology landed in the national spotlight after a viral video surfaced of a group of black Hebrew Israelites profanely clashing with dozens of mostly white Catholic schoolboys wearing “Make America Great Again” caps. That video emerged only after shorter clips posted online showing a confrontation between the students and a Native American elder initially led to heavy criticism of the students.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For the Hebrew Israelites, it was a divine opportunity. Ordinarily, those approached by the group quickly rush by. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Though they have been name-checked by Kendrick Lamar in a rap called “Yah,” they have also been denounced by others as a hate group. Provocation is their outreach method of choice. And<b> provoke</b> they did.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">“Our God did that to expose what this country is coming to, to expose what we’ve been teaching,” said Shar Yaqataz Banyamyan, one of the men involved in the dispute with the boys.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dating back more than a century, the theology is difficult to define today because the movement is split into dozens of semiautonomous groups</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. In general, adherents contend that race does not exist, and so they eschew being referred to as black or categorizing anyone else by race. They group people instead based on what they call nations, believing that there are 12 tribes among God’s chosen people. White people are not among those tribes, they believe, and will therefore be servants when Christ returns to Earth.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Video</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">A close look at the videos that have emerged paints a more complete picture of what happened on Jan. 18 — and how an unlikely convergence of Americans became such a firestorm.CreditCreditSocial Media/Reuters</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">[For more stories on race, please sign up here to have the Race/Related newsletter delivered weekly to your inbox.]</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hebrew Israelites do not have physical churches, with most of their work being done on streets. But the internet is also an integral part of their efforts, and they regularly post their street sermons on YouTube.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">If their interaction with the Catholic students seemed like an expression of bigotry toward white people, some of their most vile language is reserved for black people in the communities where they preach.</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That, in part, is because they are trying to get through to them, Mr. Banyamyan said. He described it like tough love — calling out black people to try to get them to turn their lives around. “Spare nobody’s feelings,” is a biblical passage he falls back on.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">“We use certain tactics,” he said, adding that if you confront passers-by softly, “they don’t respect you.”</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Whatever tensions are sparked by Hebrew Israelite teaching, some adherents chalk that up to people being unwilling to accept uncomfortable doctrine.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">“A lot of the truths of the Bible, it can be a bit much for people to take,” said Ash Yasharahla, who lives in New York and belongs to a congregation of Hebrew Israelites known as I Am Israel (No Division).</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">He said he hoped that viewing the full sequence of what transpired at the Lincoln Memorial would be enough to win over supporters.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">ImageThe Daily Poster</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Listen to ‘The Daily’: The Confrontation at the Lincoln Memorial</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">How an encounter between high school students and a Native American man became an explosive political moment.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">TRANSCRIPT</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">0:00/24:20</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Listen to ‘The Daily’: The Confrontation at the Lincoln Memorial</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Hosted by Michael Barbaro, produced by Jessica Cheung and Theo Balcomb, and edited by Lisa Tobin</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">How an encounter between high school students and a Native American man became an explosive political moment.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">From The New York Times, I'm Michael Barbaro. This is "The Daily." Today -- over the course of three days, the narrative has gone from a young man in a "MAGA" hat harassing an older Native American veteran to a pick-your-side story where who holds power and who's at fault are all up for debate. What can actually be said about what happened on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial? It's Wednesday, January 21st.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">In Covington, Kentucky, everything was normal on Friday night. [CHANTING] The Covington Catholic high school boys had their big game against the St. Xavier Bombers in basketball.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias covers religion for The Times.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> they lost the game, and it was a big upset because Cov Cath ended up losing 55 to 45. And for Cov Cath, sports is everything. I mean, their identity is wrapped in state championship titles and the all-male brotherhood of this Catholic school. That's what they're really known for. But the next day, the whole conversation changed. And that school in northern Kentucky was thrust into the middle of a fiery national debate on everything from racism to white privilege to the president.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">So Elizabeth, how does this story explode over the weekend?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Everyone first heard of this when a video popped up online on social media, and quickly was being shared because it showed this group of teenage white boys who'd been in Washington, D.C., for the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> March for Life, an annual protest against abortion in America. It's very common for Catholic schools across the country to send busloads of kids. Sometimes they give them the day off of class so that people can go and protest.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">A group of teenagers, some Catholic high school students, seen wearing "Make America Great Again" hats, appearing to face off with Nathan Phillips, a 65-year-old Native American as he pounds his drum near the Lincoln Memorial during an <b>Indigenous Peoples March.</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And you have this image that the world sees of an older Native American man drumming and a young white boy from this Catholic high school, wearing a bright red "Make America Great Again" hat, who appeared to be asserting his dominance over this older, not-white man.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Archived Recording </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">(Nathan Phillips)</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">When I was there and I was standing there and I seen that group of people in front of me, and I seen the angry faces and all of that, I realized I had put myself in a really dangerous situation, you know.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">The white boy is not moving, and this older Native American man continues to drum.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording (Nathan Phillips)</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It was like, here is a group of people who were angry at somebody else, and I put myself in front of that. And all of a sudden, I'm the one who's -- all that anger and all that wanting to have the freedom to just rip me apart, you know, that was scary.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Almost immediately, media outlets from the entire political spectrum, from the right to the left, condemned this video.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Now to the outrage over a video showing an encounter between teenagers and a Native American veteran near the Lincoln Memorial. This video has sparked outrage toward Covington Catholic High School.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Everyone was pointing out, like, "Look how disrespectful these kids are being, doing these cheers or mocking Native American communities. And look at this entitlement of these young kids who are on this field trip to D.C. Look at this racist behavior from these kids."</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Newly elected congresswoman Deb Haaland is among the first Native Americans elected to Congress, and she reacted on Twitter, writing, "This veteran put his life on the line for our country. The students display a blatant hate, disrespect and intolerance. It's a signal of how common decency has decayed under this administration. Heartbreaking."</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And the immediate narratives seem to all make sense. And at this point --</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> dioceses of Covington issued a statement saying, quote, "We condemn the actions of the Covington Catholic High School students towards Nathan Phillips specifically. This behavior is opposed to the church's teachings on the dignity and respect of the human person."</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Fox News and even the boys' school and their diocese, the Catholic Church leadership in the area, was condemning the boys' behavior. I mean, the school and the diocese issued a statement at first saying that they were taking the boy's behavior very seriously and would consider the necessary punishment, up to and including expulsion.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">It represented a behavior and an attitude that certainly does not reflect the values that we here in Covington, Kentucky have and promote.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">But then what happens?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">We are here to tell you to wake up to the four corners of the Earth.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Well, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">then all these new videos start to appear, and some of them are longer, and you see different angles of all these encounters from different people's cell phones. And the whole thing gets more complicated because there are new people involved. There's this small group of African-American men who identify with the Hebrew Israelites.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Before you started worshipping totem poles, you was worshipping the true living God. That's right. Before you become an idol worshipper, you was worshipping the true and living God. And this is the reason why this land was taken away from you.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">It's the type of thing that in Washington, you know, you might see them on a street corner preaching something, and most people walk by, because it doesn't make a lot of sense.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">They're rabble-rousers.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Yeah, they're rabble-rousers.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The most high God, his name is Jehovah. You're not supposed to worship eagles, buffaloes. That's right. Rams. Right. All types of animals. That's right. This is the reason why the Lord took away your land. Why are you so angry? Why am I so angry? Give me your Proverbs 7:7.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And they're, you know, going after the boys --</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">They touch us if you wanted to.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And instigating conflict between them. [CROWD NOISE] And at one point, one of them, you know, starts bringing up the N-word and says to the kids, you know, "You only have one N-word in your group." And then you see one of the kids, like, turn around and flash two fingers and say, "We got two."</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Wow.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Look at this fool here. [CHANTING] Look at his head.[[rf to maga hat guy with camera?]]</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">So the whole thing becomes much more layered. Everyone starts picking sides. And on the right --</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Overnight, new video calling into question just how this encounter began. They say<b> Phillips forced his way into the center of their group</b>. Phillips telling ABC News he still believes he was the victim. He initially told the media that Sandmann's fellow students were yelling, "Build that wall." But so far there is no evidence of those claims.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><b>
</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><b>The narrative started to change to, look at this. All of the boys are absolved of any wrongdoing.</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A <b style="">chaperone</b> who was on the trip says students were targeted for wearing "MAGA" hats and describes what happened. I think that was one of the reasons they were targeted, and I think they were also targeted for what they stood for, which is Christianity. The president tweeting, "Looking like Nick Sandmann and Covington Catholic students were treated unfairly with early judgments proving out to be false, smeared by the media."</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><b>
</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><b>So suddenly there are so many complicated details to all these interactions here that you can sort of see what you want to see in whatever angle and version you're looking at.</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Right. The entire encounter becomes basically this Rorschach test for the country. People see exactly what they want to see.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The kid with a red hat, who looks like he has a smirk on his face, so he must be a racist. This was a left-wing fantasy. You had the perfect villains, right? Yep. With "MAGA" hats, white kids. You had the perfect -- Catholic. Catholic at a pro-life -- perfect law and order suspect, right? You know. They just needed to have super-rich parents who were architects. And then you had the perfect victim, Native American, Vietnam vet. And it's almost, Glenn, the kind of profiling that the left accuses police of doing regularly. But they're doing it. Like, everybody's profiling each other, like snap judgments, without taking a breath, without saying, O.K., let's look at really what happened here.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">They identify with the characters in this video that most align with them and with the narrative that seems to fit with their political or cultural identity.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">So what happens with a story like that, it's too good to check. And between this story and the <b>BuzzFeed</b> story, the media's in worse shape than my liver after spring break</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. I don't know how you're going to come back from this. Pretty bad. Because it's so bad. Is it that we just instantly say, "That's what it is," based on what we see in that moment, and then have to walk stuff back when it turns out we're wrong? Why is that? Why do we keep making the same mistake? Because we're desperate to get Trump out of office. [LAUGHING] I think that that's the reason. I think our press jumps the gun a lot because we just -- we have so much circumstantial evidence against this guy that we basically are hoping that, you know, Cohen's got the goods, and what have you. And so it's wishful thinking.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Well, <b>Elizabeth, you report on religion for The Times.</b> So why did it come to be that you were trying to make sense of what happened on Saturday at the Lincoln Memorial?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Well, whenever there is an event that catches the nation's attention on anything related to religion, that's where I want to be. Like, that's the story that I want to dig into and better understand the context for this, and the religious and kind of cultural and political underpinnings around, in this case, this group of Catholic students. And for me it was especially interesting because the last time that the country was really fixated on a Catholic high school and Catholic high school boys was during the Brett Kavanaugh hearings. And so now that that same demographic of kid was in the news again, I wanted to better understand the Catholic school environment that they're coming from in northern Kentucky. You know, why were they there to march in the March for Life and in this kind of conflict to begin with?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And how did you do that?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">So I got on a plane on Sunday morning and flew from D.C. to Covington, Kentucky. And I landed in Covington and drove straight to the school. It's not very far from the airport. You go down the Dixie Highway, on a sloping hill towards the Ohio River. And on the left, as I was approaching, there's Covington Catholic High School. And you know, it's the kind of place where when they say the Pledge of Allegiance, they actually change the end so it says, "With liberty and justice for all, born and unborn." In other words, this is a very conservative Catholic community, and those values are really instilled in the young men at the school. I spoke with one parent, a dad of one of the kids who was actually at the March for Life, was in the scene at the Mall, and he immediately used an expletive with me to describe what he thought was really unfair coverage by the media of the incident. And he said, you know, "It should be reported how great these young men did in the face of these protesters who were trying to bait them."</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><b>
</b></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><b>&nbsp;Things like, "The left has an agenda, and facts don't really matter to them if it goes against their agenda."</b> So it was very clear that for the immediate community of parents and Cov Cath students, they were under attack, and they felt like they were under siege. Then that evening, I went to Mass at the basilica in Covington, which is the main church for the Catholics in that area. It's where the bishop is. And during the Mass, the priests talked about the importance of the March for Life and fighting abortion rights. And then at the end, one of the priests got up and made a short announcement, saying, you know, "I'm sure everyone's heard what's going on at Cov Cath, and please pray. Please pray for the community. Please pray that the truth will become known. It's really hard when you see your loved ones up in the media. And we trust that God will work all of this out." And on the way out of Mass, there was the man who was really angry with the priests and with the bishop. And he pulled one of the priests aside and said, "How dare the bishop apologize for the students' behavior with that first statement that the dioceses and the school did?"</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">So even though ultimately, the Catholic diocese there was at this Mass, speaking about protecting these boys, these members of the community and this man in particular felt that the church had betrayed these families and this town by ever questioning them in the first place.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yes. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">And the dad told me, "We trust the school and we trust the dioceses that they will protect their flock."</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And what do you think he meant by that -- "protect their flock"?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">As a religion reporter I hear that phrase, "protect the flock," and it reminds me of everything else going on in America right now with religious conservatives and this broader idea that white Christians seem to feel under attack, right? And that they've needed a defender, which really has become President Trump. And so in Covington, with the Cov Cath kids -- you know, this isn't about President Trump, right? I mean, all that they're doing is wearing the "Make America Great Again" hats. But it is about who protects you and who will be your champion when you feel under attack? And how do you band together to defend your traditions?</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It's fascinating, Elizabeth, that you were drawn to this story with the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Brett Kavanaugh story in mind. Because hearing this all reminds me of a story that I haven't been able to forget that The Times published following Kavanaugh's confirmation as a Supreme Court justice. He actually returned to his alma mater, Georgetown Prep, an all-boys high school, Catholic, like Cov Catholic, for an alumni event. I think it was a homecoming football game. And when he got there, he was applauded and treated as kind of a heroic figure by the current students and their parents, by the school. And he's described as being sort of engulfed at this event by his former classmates, these very same men whose names had come up over and over again as witnesses and character testimonials during the confirmation hearing -- Tobin, Timmy. And when you talk about this visual of <b>"protecting the flock</b>," it feels to me kind of like the same image.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">It does. It's almost like there's this transition from villain to hero. I mean, that's what's happening at Covington right now, I think. Covington Catholic is pretty similar to Georgetown Prep, except maybe it's not known in quite the same elite way. It's a bit more suburban, maybe the families aren't quite as wealthy. But that brotherhood and that cultural pride of, you know, sticking with your brother in the midst of distress and outsider attacks -- that's very similar to what's going on on the ground right now.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">But isn't the notion of protecting the flock, isn't that kind of true of any community in the country? Isn't that in some ways --</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Yeah.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In fact maybe even a good thing for a community to circle around its own members when they feel they're being attacked.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Of course it is. And so what's so interesting is it now becomes the question of, well, which of those groups have power, and which of those groups need protecting?</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">What's so interesting about the coverage of Friday's videos was how much of it mentions something called <b>"privilege.</b>" What's so fascinating about all of these attacks is how inverted they are. These are high school kids from Kentucky. They're far less privileged, in fact, than virtually everyone who has called for them to be destroyed on the basis that they have too much privilege.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And so for the people of Cov Cath and the Catholic community there in northern Kentucky, the aggressor is the big, bad liberal media.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">And the media don't pause for a moment before casting judgment. CNN legal analyst Bakari Sellers suggested one of the boys should be, quote, "punched in the face." Longtime CNN contributor Kathy Griffin seemed to encourage a mob to rise up and <b>hurt</b> these boys -- quote, "Name these kids. I want names. <b>Shame them</b>. If you think these f'ers wouldn't dox you in a heartbeat, think again."</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">The left that is determined to attack President Trump and conservative politics and policies and ideals and traditions as much as possible.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">To attack the white male identity.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Yes, to attack the white male identity. And then on the other side --</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Archived Recording</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">So a high school in Kentucky took a field trip to Washington, D.C., and in the middle of it decided to take a racist detour to the Indigenous Peoples March.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">People say, "Well, wait a minute, is there any better example of white Christian power in America right now than President Trump's election?" And so both sides genuinely believe that their side should have power, that they don't, and that the other side is trying to rob them of their power.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">And in that case, the outcome seems kind of preordained. Everybody will go to their corner, they will be angry, and no one will have a meaningful conversation about, say, what happened on the steps of the monument in Washington.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Right. Nuance disappears, and the realities that different communities face disappear. Everyone has their own community and their ideas about how to protect your own flock. And so what happens is when communities become so busy protecting their own flock, the facts about the situation or the more unseemly parts of it that are harder to confront for either side, those become obscured.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Michael Barbaro</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth, thank you very much.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Elizabeth Dias</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Thanks so much, Michael.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">“It’ll get to them,” he said. “It’ll permeate their minds. As long as the full message is up there, it’s a great thing.”</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">But what Mr. Yasharahla might view as great, others call something else: hate.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">The Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks extremist groups, categorized at least 80 groups nationwide that follow Hebrew Israelite theology as hate groups. They account for about a third of the organizations that the center considered black nationalist groups in 2017.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The number of black nationalist groups has been increasing in response to President Trump, said Heidi Beirich, who oversees the center’s tracking of hate groups. These groups are able to use things like the president’s disparaging remarks about predominantly black countries and his abandonment of civil rights reforms to recruit new members, she said. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">They argue that the best response to the evils of government is to separate and form their own institutions, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ms. Beirich said.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That is not necessarily a radical idea for many black people. But Ms. Beirich said that groups like Hebrew Israelites were also anti-gay, anti-white and anti-Semitic. They believe that they are the actual descendants of Israelites in the Bible, not white Jews.</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">“These are really fringe movements, and they’re also very different than white nationalist groups that have access to power,” Ms. Beirich said. “This kind of thinking arose in reaction to white supremacy and the abuse and exploitation of black people.”</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Even though their style might be intimidating, Ms. Beirich said that Hebrew Israelites did not have a history of violence.</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Nick Sandmann, one of the Catholic school students at the center of the controversy, told NBC that he felt threatened by the Hebrew Israelites. “They were a group of adults, and I wasn’t sure what was going to happen next,” he said in an interview broadcast on Wednesday.</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">To many black people, Hebrew Israelites are a harmless part of their communities, said Todd Boyd, a professor of race and pop culture at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, one of many cities where the group can be seen working the streets. More alarming to many African Americans, he said, is “seeing a white guy in a ‘Make America Great Again’ hat.”</span></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Emily S. Rueb and Matthew Haag contributed reporting.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A16 of the New York edition with the headline: Hebrew Israelites See Divine Opportunity in Lincoln Memorial Confrontation.</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Related Coverage</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">‘Trump, Trump, Trump!’ How a President’s Name Became a Racial Jeer</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">Dec. 16, 2017</div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;">
</div></span></font></font></div><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAwQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFSgAMA16BAgMEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjANegQIDBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjANegQIDBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjANegQIDBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjANegQIDBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjANegQIDBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/1/22/18193352/black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjANegQIDBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">The Black Hebrew Israelites and their connection to the ... - Vox</a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.vox.com/.../1/.../black-hebrew-israelites-covington-catholic-phillips-maga</cite></font></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=black+Hebrew+Israelites&oq=black+Hebrew+Israelites&aqs=chrome..69i57.2287j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b13" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ7B0wDXoECAwQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">3 days ago -&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Hebrew Israelites</span>&nbsp;are in the news after a January 18 video showed members of an unidentified sect interacting with students from&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFSgAMA56BAgLEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAOegQICxAB" style="cursor: pointer; 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text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAOegQICxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAOegQICxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Black Hebrew Israelites | religious community | Britannica.com</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=black+Hebrew+Israelites&oq=black+Hebrew+Israelites&aqs=chrome..69i57.2287j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b14" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ7B0wDnoECAsQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAOegQICxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAOegQICxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Hebrew Israelites</span>, byname of the Original African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem, African American religious community in Israel, the members of&nbsp;...</font></span></a><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAOegQICxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">----</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFSgAMA96BAgEEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAOegQICxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites+black+Hebrew+Israelites&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQHzAOegQICxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQFjAPegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">9 Things You Should Know About Black Hebrew Israelites</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/.../9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew...</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=black+Hebrew+Israelites&oq=black+Hebrew+Israelites&aqs=chrome..69i57.2287j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b15" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQ7B0wD3oECAQQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQqR8wD3oECAQQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">May 19, 2017 -&nbsp;</span>Rapper Kendrick Lamar is popularizing the beliefs of a&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Hebrew Israelites</span>. Here's what you should know about these groups.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" color="#000000">=</font></a><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font color="#000000">https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/22/who-are-black-israelites-center-viral-standoff-lincoln-memorial/?utm_term=.513a1dee10af</font></a><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" color="#000000">wapo</font></a><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" color="#000000">
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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><div class="author-wrapper" data-authorname="Sam Kestenbaum" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><div class="author-info" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="author-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-weight: bold; font-family: FranklinITCProBold, " franklin="Franklin" gothic="Gothic" medium="Medium" itc="ITC" apple="Apple" sd="SD" neo="Neo" myriad="Myriad" set="Set" pro="Pro" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" light="Light" arial="Arial" lucida="Lucida" grande="Grande" sans-serif="sans-serif" color="color" rgb="rgb">Sam Kestenbaum</span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><span class="author-timestamp" itemprop="datePublished" content="2019-01-22T07:11-500" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">January 22</span></div><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinPro, FranklinITCProLight, " franklin="Franklin" gothic="Gothic" medium="Medium" itc="ITC" apple="Apple" sd="SD" neo="Neo" myriad="Myriad" set="Set" pro="Pro" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" light="Light" arial="Arial" lucida="Lucida" grande="Grande" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px"><p data-elm-loc="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">In the initial media churn, they were nearly missed.</p><p data-elm-loc="2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">But a small band of Hebrew Israelites, members of a historic but little-known American religious movement, may actually be at the center of a roiling&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/picture-of-the-conflict-on-the-mall-comes-into-clearer-focus/2019/01/20/c078f092-1ceb-11e9-9145-3f74070bbdb9_story.html?utm_term=.ee8c14fcf823" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(44, 108, 180); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">controversy</a>&nbsp;that has gripped the nation in recent days.</p><p data-elm-loc="3" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">It began with a now-viral video clip, filmed Friday at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, in which high school students from a Catholic school in Kentucky appeared to be in a faceoff with a Native American elder, who was beating on a drum. The boys, some wearing red hats with President Trump’s 2016 campaign slogan, appeared in the clip to be mocking a man, named Nathan Phillips. The clip was widely understood as being centrally about the dangers of Trumpism, and the teens were condemned.<a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" cursor="cursor" pointer="pointer" display="display" inline="inline" important="important" padding="padding" px="px" outline="outline" /></p><p data-elm-loc="3" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" cursor="cursor" pointer="pointer" display="display" inline="inline" important="important" padding="padding" px="px" outline="outline">[vid]</a></p><div data-elm-loc="4" class="inline-content inline-video" data-impression="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 12px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; clear: both; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinPro, FranklinITCProLight, " franklin="Franklin" gothic="Gothic" medium="Medium" itc="ITC" apple="Apple" sd="SD" neo="Neo" myriad="Myriad" set="Set" pro="Pro" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" light="Light" arial="Arial" lucida="Lucida" grande="Grande" sans-serif="sans-serif" display="display" inline="inline" important="important"><div class="powa-blurb-wrap powa-blurb inline-video-caption franklin-light" id="blurb-powa-f349ebf6-2574-43d3-a7b5-0e626ba05a0d-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: FranklinITCProLight, " franklin="Franklin" gothic="Gothic" medium="Medium" itc="ITC" apple="Apple" sd="SD" neo="Neo" myriad="Myriad" set="Set" pro="Pro" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" light="Light" arial="Arial" lucida="Lucida" grande="Grande" sans-serif="sans-serif" display="display" inline="inline" important="important"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: calc(16.4px + 0.175vw); vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia; line-height: calc(1.5em + 0.3333vw); color: rgb(110, 110, 110); display: inline !important;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" cursor="cursor" pointer="pointer" display="display" inline="inline" important="important" padding="padding" px="px" outline="outline"><span class="powa-tease franklin-light" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: FranklinITCProLight, " franklin="Franklin" gothic="Gothic" medium="Medium" itc="ITC" apple="Apple" sd="SD" neo="Neo" myriad="Myriad" set="Set" pro="Pro" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" light="Light" arial="Arial" lucida="Lucida" grande="Grande" sans-serif="sans-serif">aha elder Nathan Phillips and high school student Nick Sandmann give their versions of viral moment on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.</span>&nbsp;<span class="powa-byline franklin-light" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: FranklinITCProLight, " franklin="Franklin" gothic="Gothic" medium="Medium" itc="ITC" apple="Apple" sd="SD" neo="Neo" myriad="Myriad" set="Set" pro="Pro" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" light="Light" arial="Arial" lucida="Lucida" grande="Grande" sans-serif="sans-serif">(Erin Patrick O'Connor, Joyce Koh/The Washington Post)</span></a></p></div></div><p data-elm-loc="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" cursor="cursor" pointer="pointer" display="display" inline="inline" important="important" padding="padding" px="px" outline="outline">But a longer video soon bubbled to the surface, widening the lens. It showed how a group of half a dozen Hebrew Israelites had, in fact, been goading and preaching at both the Native Americans and high schoolers, using profanity and highly provocative language, for nearly an hour. Phillips later told journalists that he was seeking to defuse tensions between the Israelite group and the high school students by stepping in between them.</a></p><p data-elm-loc="6" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" cursor="cursor" pointer="pointer" display="display" inline="inline" important="important" padding="padding" px="px" outline="outline">But who are these Hebrew Israelites?</a></p><p data-elm-loc="7" class="interstitial-link " data-impression="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" cursor="cursor" pointer="pointer" display="display" inline="inline" important="important" padding="padding" px="px" outline="outline"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[</span></a><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/20/opposed-dignity-human-person-kentucky-catholic-diocese-condemns-teens-who-taunted-vet-march-life/?utm_term=.4a0961e17732" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(44, 108, 180); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">Kentucky Catholic diocese condemns behavior of teens on National Mall</a>]</p><p data-elm-loc="8" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Dressed in fringed black garb, some with scarves tied around their heads, they preached what to many were both abrasive and unfamiliar End Times messages — calling Native Americans literal descendants of the Israelite “Tribe of Gad,” the white students cursed “Edomites” and preaching that a nuclear apocalypse was around the corner.</p><p data-elm-loc="9" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">How did this relatively obscure group shoot into the national spotlight?</p><p data-elm-loc="10" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">They are members of The House of Israel, which draws from what scholars call Black Israelism, a complex American religious movement that can be dated to the 18th century, at least. Beliefs vary widely, but groups are bound together by the central tenet that African Americans are the literal descendants of the Israelites of the Bible and have been severed from their true heritage. A related belief holds that white people are Edomites, the genealogical descendants of Esau — the twin of Jacob.</p><p data-elm-loc="11" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Several distinct denominations or traditions have emerged over the years. Congregations and leaders differ widely, making neat generalizations tricky. Some read the Christian Bible and believe that Jesus was the prophesied Messiah; others read only the Hebrew Bible. Some have moved into tentative dialogue and collaboration with wider American Jewish organizations. Others have not.</p><p data-elm-loc="12" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">The 1970s and ’80s saw the rise of an innovative new branch of Black Israelism centered around an organization named the Israeli Tanack School, known colloquially as One West, after its address on 125th Street in Harlem.</p><p data-elm-loc="13" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">The One Westers saw themselves as radical reformers of earlier generations of Hebrew Israelites who had gone astray. They would troop out to street corners dressed in colorful and ornate capes and leather — vivid imaginings of what ancient Israelites might look like transported into the urban culture of New York City. They were also early and eager adopters of new media, hosting local television slots and filming their often-confrontational street ministry.</p><p data-elm-loc="14" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Doctrinal innovations, said by insiders to be the product of divine revelation, came to the One West school as the years passed.</p><p data-elm-loc="15" class="interstitial-link " data-impression="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/01/18/march-life-says-its-pro-science-despite-medical-consensus-favoring-abortion-access/?utm_term=.0c1ee60e9ce2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(44, 108, 180); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">Trump and Pence give surprise addresses at antiabortion March for Life</a>]</span></p><p data-elm-loc="16" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Leaders developed their own modified version of Hebrew — which they claimed was, in fact, the true and ancient version of the language, free from modern impurities. Unlike standard Hebrew, which has several vowels, their language was spoken with only one wide “a” sound and other idiosyncratic pronunciations (“Shalom,” for example,' becomes “Shalawam.”)</p><p data-elm-loc="17" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Around the same time, their outreach also expanded. Significantly, One Westers began teaching that it wasn’t just African Americans who comprised the true Israelites — other nationalities and ethnicities were also descended from the Israelites of the Bible. Puerto Ricans, for example, comprised the Tribe of Ephraim and Native Americans were the Tribe of Gad.</p><p data-elm-loc="18" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">These people were the downtrodden of the earth, they argued, whose past hardships were the result of their having strayed from the commandments of God. Contemporary hardships facing these groups — such as poverty, police brutality, racism and gun violence — could be overcome only when they recognized their forgotten history as Israelites.</p><p data-elm-loc="19" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">“These are the people who constitute the nation of Israel,” a leading teacher known as Masha said in a 1990s television appearance as an assistant held up a hand-drawn chart of the Twelve Tribes of Israel and their supposed modern-day corollaries. “This is their true identity.”</p><p data-elm-loc="20" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Leaders also embraced an apocalyptic worldview, teaching that the world would soon come to an end, ushering in a time when the Israelites would assume their rightful place as rulers and the white man’s time would come to a close.</p><p data-elm-loc="21" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">In the 1990s and early 2000s, doctrinal disputes and an End Times prophecy gone awry caused the school to fracture several times. Today there are at least a dozen organizations that have roots in the early One West school, with many other smaller groups, or “camps,” as they are often called, drawing influence.</p><p data-elm-loc="22" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">House of Israel is one of them. Headquartered in New York, the group is led by a onetime member of the original One West school known as Zabach. According to the group’s website, it has branches in three other cities, including Washington.</p><p data-elm-loc="23" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Doctrines may vary slightly within the One West splinters, but HOI, as the group is commonly known, is still working straight from the original school’s playbook by “uniting and building up the nation destroyed by Colonialism, Imperialism, and Slavery,” its website reads. “Our chief mission is the uplifting of the so called Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans; who are the 12 Tribes of Israel.”</p><p data-elm-loc="24" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">In recent years, One Westers such as HOI have seen a huge boost in interest as a result of online outreach. There are thousands of videos on YouTube and dozens of Facebook and Twitter accounts dedicated to One West Hebrew Israelite messages. Typical videos look much like the one that has now spread widely from D.C.</p><p data-elm-loc="25" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">A related organization, Israel United In Christ, was also recently thrust into the spotlight after rap superstar Kendrick Lamar featured snippets of his cousin, one of its members, preaching on his Pulitzer Prize-winning album.</p><p data-elm-loc="26" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">With an elevated profile, Hebrew Israelite groups such as HOI have received significant pushback from organizations like the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League — which brand them as “hate groups” for their inflammatory messages about white, LGBT and Jewish people — as well as from Christian groups that see them as a growing religious threat.</p><p data-elm-loc="27" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">Meanwhile, other Hebrew Israelite groups that are not in the One West tradition diverge significantly in their beliefs and denounce the abrasive ministry of groups like HOI.</p><p data-elm-loc="28" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">But as the scene of their preaching spread widely over the weekend, HOI members claimed they were not instigators and were not threatening any real violence. One Westers also claim they are unfairly targeted by groups such as the SPLC.</p><p data-elm-loc="29" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb">The HOI presence at the Lincoln Memorial was, for the group, quite mundane — despite the flurry of attention. Indeed, Israelite street preaching in parts of D.C., Philadelphia and New York is commonplace, a familiar if odd accent to city life.</p><p data-elm-loc="30" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 4px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 19.2px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: Georgia, Times, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" calc="calc" em="em" vw="vw" color="color" rgb="rgb"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><b>Correction: Earlier versions of this story incorrectly said that Native American activist Nathan Phillips fought in the Vietnam War. Phillips said he served in the U.S. Marines but was never deployed to Vietnam.</b></span></p><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:cvHf7bSXEKAJ:https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-black-hebrew-israelites/%2B%26cd%3D16%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiliqP-1ongAhVREawKHbtkAKsQIDAPegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" color="#000000">==</font></a></span></div></div>