Astor, Lord

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</div><div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II</a></div><div>
</div><div>Robert Gould Shaw II (sometimes referred to as RGS II) (June 16, 1872 — March 29, 1930) was a wealthy landowner, international polo player of the Myopia Hunt Club [Biographical History of Massachusetts, Eliot, Vol. IX] and socialite of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">leisure class</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">greater Boston</a> area of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Massachusetts</a>. He was one of the prominent figures of the boom years at the turn of the century, sometimes called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Gilded Age</a>.Born in 1872 into one of the wealthiest and most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">influential families</a> in Boston, he was a first cousin of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw" title="Robert Gould Shaw" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gould Shaw</a> (called RGS). As an adult, RGS II gained a reputation for alcohol abuse and promiscuity. His first wife was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nancy Witcher Langhorne</a>, and they had a son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III" title="Robert Gould Shaw III" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gould Shaw III</a> (called RGS III or "Bobby"). RGS II and Langhorne divorced after four years of marriage. She moved to England after some time, where she met and married <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Waldorf Astor</a>, who later succeeded his father as Viscount.RGS II married again and had another son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz_Shaw_II" title="Louis Agassiz Shaw II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louis Agassiz Shaw II</a>. Both of his sons suffered from depression, alcoholism, and legal difficulties. Bobby was arrested in England for homosexuality; he eventually committed suicide in 1970. Louis Agassiz Shaw II murdered his 60-year-old maid in 1964; was adjudged unfit for trial and was remanded instead to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">psychiatric hospital</a>, where he resided for nearly the rest of his life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Beam2001-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#Family_and_early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Family and early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#First_marriage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2First marriage</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#Second_marriage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Second marriage</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#Death_and_legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Death and legacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5In popular culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Family and early life[</h2><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation" style="margin: 0px 153.368px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 1009.34px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quincy_Adams_Shaw.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none;" /></div>Quincy Adams Shaw, father of RGS II</div></div></div>RGS II was the youngest child of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Shaw" title="Quincy Adams Shaw" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none;">Quincy Adams</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Shaw" title="Quincy Adams Shaw" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;"> Shaw</a> and Pauline Agassiz. Quincy was one of the wealthiest men in Massachusetts as a result of his investment in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_and_Hecla_Mining_Company" title="Calumet and Hecla Mining Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Calumet and Hecla Mining Company</a>. RGS II's four older siblings were Louis, Pauline, Marian, and Quincy Jr.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-MFA1918-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> His father's side of the family had Anglo-American roots extending back to passengers on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mayflower</a>. His paternal grandparents were Robert Gould Shaw (1776—1853) and Elizabeth Willard Parkman (1785—1853). His maternal grandfather was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Louis Agassiz</a> (1807—1873), a prominent paleontologist, glaciologist, geologist, and scholar of the Earth's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">natural history</a> who immigrated from Switzerland in 1846.A granduncle was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Parkman" title="George Parkman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">George Parkman</a> (1790—1849), a murder victim in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkman%E2%80%93Webster_murder_case" title="Parkman–Webster murder case" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">a highly publicized case</a> that shook the city of Boston to its core in 1849—1850, due to the gruesome nature of the crime and the high social station of both the victim and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_Webster" title="John White Webster" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">the murderer</a>. His first cousin (once removed) was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Francis Parkman, Jr.</a> (1823—1893), a noted American historian and author of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail:Sketches_of_Prairie_and_Rocky-Mountain_Life" title="The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none;">The Oregon Trail</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail:Sketches_of_Prairie_and_Rocky-Mountain_Life" title="The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-MFA1918-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Parkman1849-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> A paternal uncle was Francis George Shaw (October 23, 1809—November 7, 1882), an outspoken advocate of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">abolition of slavery</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-NYTimes1882-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-shawletter-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> A maternal uncle was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Emanuel_Agassiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Emanuel Agassiz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Alexander Emanuel Agassiz</a> (1835—1910), who served as president of Calumet and Hecla Mining Company from 1871–1910, as well as president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1901—1907). His cousin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphe_L.Agassiz" title="Rodolphe L. Agassiz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Rodolphe Louis Agassiz</a> (1871—1933) was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_handicap#Ten-goal_players" title="Polo handicap" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">ten goal polo champion</a> who later became chairman of the board of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-obit-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> His cousin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Shaw_Lowell" title="Josephine Shaw Lowell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Josephine Shaw</a> (1843—1905) was married to Brigadier General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Russell_Lowell" title="Charles Russell Lowell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Charles Russell Lowell III</a>, who was killed at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Battle of Cedar Creek</a>. Hisnephew <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz_Shaw,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Agassiz Shaw, Jr." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Louis Agassiz Shaw, Jr.</a> (1886—1940) was a professor of physiology at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Harvard Medical School</a> and co-inventor of the first widely used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">iron lung</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Sherwood1973-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Gorham1979-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-OSHHarvard-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Lehigh-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">First marriage[</h2><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 288px; max-width: 288px;"><div class="trow" style="display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; clear: left; width: 287.986px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="tsingle" style="margin: 1px; float: left; width: 133px; max-width: 133px;"><div class="thumbimage" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209);">
</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin: 1px; float: left; width: 151px; max-width: 151px;"><div class="thumbimage" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg/149px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="203" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg/224px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg/298px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1600" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; clear: left; width: 287.986px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left; background-color: transparent;">Nancy Witcher Langhorne (left), first wife of RGS II, and their son Robert Gould Shaw III (right)</div></div></div></div>On October 27, 1897, RGS II married Nancy Witcher Langhorne (1879—1964) in New York City. She was the 18-year-old daughter of railroad millionaire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswell_Langhorne" title="Chiswell Langhorne" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chiswell Dabney Langhorne</a> and Nancy Witcher Keene. They had one son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III" title="Robert Gould Shaw III" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gould Shaw III</a> (August 18, 1898 — July 10, 1970).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-CAG2011-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a>The marriage was unhappy for both RGS II and Nancy. RGS II's friends accused Nancy of being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">puritanical</a> and rigid, while Nancy's friends contended that RGS II was an alcoholic<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-SykesCh4-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">womanizer</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Marlowe1982-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> Nancy left RGS II numerous times during their brief marriage, the first time during their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">honeymoon</a>. In 1903, Nancy's mother died and she divorced RGS II,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Cokayne2000-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-thepeerage-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> returning to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirador(Greenwood,Virginia)" title="Mirador (Greenwood, Virginia)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mirador</a>, her childhood home.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Mirador-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a>In 1905, while a passenger on a trans-Atlantic ship to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">England</a>, the recently divorced Nancy met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Waldorf Astor</a>, eldest son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waldorf_Astor,1st_Viscount_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">William Waldorf Astor</a> and Mary Dahlgren Paul of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_family" title="Astor family" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Astor family</a>. The couple were married in May 1906, settling in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden" title="Cliveden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Cliveden</a>, a present from his father and the Astor family estate in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taplow" title="Taplow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Taplow</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Buckinghamshire</a>, England.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-SykesCh5-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> In 1919, Nancy ran for Parliament and won, becoming the first woman to sit as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Member of Parliament</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">House of Commons</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Haverty1988-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a>After his ex-wife and son moved to England, RGS II had a limited role in his son Bobby's life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Marlowe1982-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Second marriage[</h2>RGS II married Mary Hannington and they had four sons, Gould Shaw, George Alexander Shaw, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz_Shaw_II" title="Louis Agassiz Shaw II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louis Agassiz Shaw II</a> (c. 1906—c. 1987) and Paul Agassiz Shaw (1912-1983)[Biographical History of Massachusetts, Eliot, Vol. IX]. RGS II purchased a tract of land in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill,Massachusetts" title="Oak Hill, Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oak Hill</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Newton</a>, shortly after the death of its owner, William Sumner Appleton (1840—1903), father of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sumner_Appleton" title="William Sumner Appleton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Sumner Appleton, Jr.</a>). He commissioned Boston architect James Lovell Little, Jr. to design and construct several buildings on the property, including outbuildings of a carriage house and horse stable in 1910,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-HolbrookHall-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> a cow barn in 1912,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-HalldenASC-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> and a primary residence (the Appleton/Shaw House) in 1912.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-ShawHall-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Death and legacy[</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Gould_Shaw_II_as_Little_Billie_from_George_du_Maurier%27s_Trilby_by_R.G.Harper_Pennington.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none;" /></div>Robert Gould Shaw II as "Little Billee" from the novel Trilby</div></div></div>As the Gilded Age gave way to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Progressive Era</a> and eventually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great Depression</a>, the Shaw fortune collapsed. RGS II died in 1930. The vacant and decaying Shaw estate in Newton was sold in 1939 to Dr. William Fitts Carlson. Carlson used the property as the new campus for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida_College" title="Mount Ida College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mount Ida Junior College</a>. Adjoining tracts of land were converted into the Wells Avenue office park in the 1970s, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles River</a> Footpath (since renamed the Helen Heyn Riverway) in the 1990s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Heyn-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">In popular culture[</h2>Artist R.G. Harper Pennington (1854—1920) in one of his paintings depicted a nude RGS II as the character "Little Billee" from the bohemian novel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilby(novel)" title="Trilby (novel)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Trilby</a> (1894) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_du_Maurier" title="George du Maurier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George du Maurier</a>. This painting hung in the bedroom of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Symes_Lehr" title="Henry Symes Lehr" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Henry Symes Lehr</a>, the homosexual husband of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wharton_Drexel" title="Elizabeth Wharton Drexel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Elizabeth Wharton Drexel</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-Decies1935-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a>In a 1982 episode of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece(TV_series)" title="Masterpiece (TV series)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Masterpiece Theatre</a> that chronicled the life of Nancy Astor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pierce Brosnan</a> portrayed RGS II as a profligate and promiscuous gambler. In this version, Nancy Langhorne Astor continued to love RGS II after her marriage to Waldorf Astor, but this has not been documented. For this performance, Brosnan was nominated for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor%E2%80%93_Series,Miniseries_or_Television_Film#1980s" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Best Supporting Actor</a> in 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II#cite_note-imdbawards-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References</h2></div><div></div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor</a></div><div>
</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">CH</a> (19 May 1879 – 2 May 1964) was an American-born British politician who was the second female <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) but the first to take her seat, serving from 1919 to 1945. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sinn Féin</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Constance Markievicz</a> had become the first elected female MP in 1918, but refused to take her seat in line with party policy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a>Astor was an American citizen who moved to England at age 26 and married <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Waldorf Astor</a>. He succeeded to the peerage and entered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Lords</a>; she then entered politics and won his former seat in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Plymouth</a> in 1919, becoming the first woman to sit as an MP in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Commons</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[Note 1]</a> Her first husband was American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II" title="Robert Gould Shaw II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gould Shaw II</a>; the couple separated after four years and divorced in 1903. She served in Parliament as a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Conservative Party</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Sutton(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Sutton (UK Parliament constituency)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Plymouth Sutton</a> until 1945, when she was persuaded to step down. Astor's legacy has attracted attention recently for her views sympathetic to Nazism.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Metro-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Jewish_Chronicle-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Guardian-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#England" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2England</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Religious_views" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Religious views</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#First_campaign_for_Parliament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4First campaign for Parliament</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Early_years_in_Parliament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Early years in Parliament</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#1930s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">61930s</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Anti-Semitic,anti-Catholic_and_anti-Communist_views" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic and anti-Communist views</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#World_War_II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8World War II</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Final_years" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9Final years</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Alleged_quotations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10Alleged quotations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Commemoration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11Commemoration</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Children" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12Children</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13References</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Footnotes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13.1Footnotes</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Citations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13.2Citations</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">14Sources</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">15Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">16External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early life[</h2>
In 1874, he won a construction contract with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, using former contacts from his service in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Civil War</a>. By 1892, when Nancy was thirteen years old, her father had re-established his wealth and built a sizeable home.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> Chiswell Langhorne later moved his family to an estate, known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirador(Greenwood,Virginia)" title="Mirador (Greenwood, Virginia)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mirador</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_County,Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Albemarle County, Virginia</a>.Nancy Witcher Langhorne was born at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langhorne_House" title="Langhorne House" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Langhorne House</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Danville, Virginia</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-theguardian.com-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> She was the eighth of eleven children born to railroad businessman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswell_Langhorne" title="Chiswell Langhorne" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chiswell Dabney Langhorne</a> and his wife Nancy Witcher Keene.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-theguardian.com-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> Following the abolition of slavery, Chiswell struggled to make his operations profitable, and with the destruction of the war, the family lived in near-poverty for several years before Nancy was born. After her birth, her father gained a job as a tobacco auctioneer in Danville, the centre of bright leaf tobacco and a major marketing and processing centre.Nancy Langhorne had four sisters and three brothers who survived childhood. All of the sisters were known for their beauty; Nancy and her sister Irene both attended a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finishing_school" title="Finishing school" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">finishing school</a> in New York City. There Nancy met her first husband, socialite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_II" title="Robert Gould Shaw II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Gould Shaw II</a>, a first cousin of Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw" title="Robert Gould Shaw" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Gould Shaw</a>, who commanded the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, the first unit in the Union Army to be composed of African Americans. They married in New York City on 27 October 1897, when she was 18.<div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langhorne_House_Danville_Virginia.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langhorne_House_Danville_Virginia.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Nancy's childhood home, the Langhorne House in </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Danville, Virginia</a>.</div></div></div>The marriage was unhappy. Shaw's friends said Nancy became puritanical and rigid after marriage; her friends said that Shaw was an abusive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">alcoholic</a>. During their four-year marriage, they had one son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III" title="Robert Gould Shaw III" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gould Shaw III</a> (called Bobby). Nancy left Shaw numerous times during their marriage, the first during their honeymoon. In 1903, Nancy's mother died; at that time, Nancy Shaw gained a divorce and moved back to Mirador to try to run her father's household, but was unsuccessful.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>Nancy Shaw took a tour of England and fell in love with the country. Since she had been so happy there, her father suggested that she move to England. Seeing she was reluctant, her father said this was also her mother's wish; he suggested she take her younger sister Phyllis. Nancy and Phyllis moved together to England in 1905. Their older sister Irene had married the artist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dana_Gibson" title="Charles Dana Gibson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles Dana Gibson</a> and became a model for his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Girl" title="Gibson Girl" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gibson Girls</a>.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">England[</h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cliveden,June_2005.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cliveden,June_2005.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">A contemporary view of </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden" title="Cliveden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cliveden</a>, Nancy Astor's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">country house</a></div></div></div>Nancy Shaw had already become known in English society as an interesting and witty American, at a time when numerous wealthy young American women had married into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aristocracy</a>. Her tendency to be saucy in conversation, yet religiously devout and almost prudish in behavior, confused many of the English men but pleased some of the older socialites. Nancy also began to show her skill at winning over critics. She was once asked by an English woman, "Have you come to get our husbands?" Her unexpected response, "If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine..." charmed her listeners and displayed the wit for which she became known.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_75-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Astor.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nancy_Astor.jpg/220px-Nancy_Astor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nancy_Astor.jpg/330px-Nancy_Astor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nancy_Astor.jpg/440px-Nancy_Astor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="4949" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Astor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Astor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Astor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">She did marry an Englishman, albeit one born in the United States, </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Waldorf Astor</a>; when he was twelve, his father, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waldorf_Astor,1st_Viscount_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Waldorf Astor</a> had moved the family to England, raising his children in the English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aristocratic</a> style. The couple were well matched, as they were both American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">expatriates</a> with similar temperaments. They were of the same age, and born on the same day, 19 May 1879. Astor shared some of Nancy's moral attitudes, and had a heart condition that may have contributed to his restraint. After the marriage, the Astors moved into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden" title="Cliveden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cliveden</a>, a lavish estate in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Buckinghamshire</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">River Thames</a> that was a wedding gift from Astor's father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> Nancy Astor developed as a prominent hostess for the social elite.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[Note 2]</a>The Astors also owned a grand London house, No. 4 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.James%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Square" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">St. James's Square</a>, now the premises of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%26_Military_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval & Military Club" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Naval & Military Club</a>. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">blue plaque</a> unveiled in 1987 commemorates Astor at St. James's Square.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-EngHet-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> Through her many social connections, Lady Astor became involved in a political circle called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milner%27s_Kindergarten" title="Milner's Kindergarten" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Milner's Kindergarten</a>. Considered liberal in their age, the group advocated unity and equality among English-speaking people and a continuance or expansion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">British Empire</a>.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Religious views[</h2>With Milner's Kindergarten, Astor began her association with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kerr,11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Philip Kerr</a>. The friendship became important in her religious life; they met shortly after Kerr had suffered a spiritual crisis regarding his once devout <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Catholicism</a>. They were attracted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Christian Science</a>, to which they both eventually converted.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Gorman2012-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[12]</a> After converting, she began to proselytise for that faith and played a role in Kerr's conversion to it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Kinnear2004-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a> She also tried to convert <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hilaire Belloc</a>'s daughters to Christian Science, which led to a rift between them.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>Despite having Catholic friends such as Belloc for a time, Astor's religious views included a strong vein of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anti-Catholicism</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Gallagher1987-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Sykes(author)" title="Christopher Sykes (author)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christopher Sykes</a> argues that Kerr, an ex-Catholic, influenced this, but others argue that Astor's Protestant Virginia origins are a sufficient explanation for her Anti-Catholic views. (Anti-Catholicism was also tied into historic national rivalries.) In 1927, she reportedly told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Louis_Garvin" title="James Louis Garvin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James Louis Garvin</a> that if he hired a Catholic, "bishops would be there within a week."She discouraged the hiring of Jews or Catholics to senior positions at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Observer</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> a newspaper owned by her husband.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> This regime persisted at The Observer into the 1960s, although the subsequent owners tried to rescind it.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">First campaign for Parliament[</h2>Several elements of Viscountess Astor's life influenced her first campaign, but she became a candidate after her husband succeeded to the peerage and House of Lords. He had enjoyed a promising political career for several years before World War I in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Commons</a>; after his father's death, he succeeded to his father's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">peerage</a> as the 2nd <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Astor" title="Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Viscount Astor</a>. He automatically became a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Lords</a> and consequently had to forfeit his seat of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Sutton(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Sutton (UK Parliament constituency)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Plymouth Sutton</a> in the House of Commons.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> With this change, Lady Astor decided to contest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Plymouth_Sutton_by-election" title="1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the by-election for the vacant Parliamentary seat</a>.Astor had not been connected with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">women's suffrage</a> movement in the British Isles. The first woman elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">British Parliament</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Constance Markievicz</a>, said Lady Astor was "of the upper classes, out of touch".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a> Countess Markiewicz had been in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holloway (HM Prison)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Holloway prison</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sinn Féin</a> activities during her election, and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">suffragettes</a> had been imprisoned for arson. However, as Astor was met as she arrived at Paddington station on the day after her election by a crowd of suffragettes, including unnamed women who had been imprisoned and on hunger strike, one said, "This is the beginning of our era. I am glad to have suffered for this."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[18]</a>Astor was hampered in the popular campaign for her published and at times vocal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">teetotalism</a> and her ignorance of current political issues. Astor appealed to voters on the basis of her earlier work with the Canadian soldiers, allies of the British, charitable work during the war, her financial resources for the campaign and her ability to improvise. Her audiences appreciated her wit and ability to turn the tables on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">hecklers</a>. Once a man asked her what the Astors had done for him and she responded with, "Why, Charlie, you know,"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[Note 3]</a> and later had a picture taken with him. This informal style baffled yet amused the British public. She rallied the supporters of the current government, moderated her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Prohibition</a> views, and used women's meetings to gain the support of female voters. A by-election was held on 28 November 1919,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> and she took up her seat in the House on 1 December as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Unionist</a> (also known as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory#United_Kingdom" title="Tory" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Tory</a>") Member of Parliament.Viscountess Astor was not the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament. That was achieved by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constance Markievicz</a>, who was the first woman MP elected to Westminster in 1918, but as she was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicanism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Irish Republican</a>, she did not take her seat. As a result, Lady Astor is sometimes erroneously referred to as the first woman MP, or the first woman elected to the U.K. Parliament, rather than the first woman MP to take her seat in Parliament.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early years in Parliament[</h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg/220px-Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg/330px-Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg/440px-Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1000" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Viscountess_Astor_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Portrait of Nancy Astor by </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Singer Sargent</a>, 1909</div></div></div>Astor's Parliamentary career was the most public phase of her life. She gained attention as a woman and as someone who did not follow the rules, often attributed to her American upbringing. On her first day in the House of Commons, she was called to order for chatting with a fellow House member, not realising that she was the person who was causing the commotion. She learned to dress more sedately and avoided the bars and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">smoking rooms</a> frequented by the men.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_238-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_100-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a>Early in her first term, MP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Bottomley" title="Horatio Bottomley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Horatio Bottomley</a> wanted to dominate the "soldier's friend" issue,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a> and, believing she was an obstacle, sought to ruin her political career. He capitalised on her opposition to divorce reform and her efforts to maintain wartime alcohol restrictions. Bottomley portrayed her as a hypocrite, as she was divorced; he said the reform bill she opposed would allow women to have the same kind of divorce she had in America. Bottomley was later imprisoned for fraud, which Astor used to her advantage in other campaigns.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_242-60-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a>Astor made friends among women MPs, including members of the other parties. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wintringham" title="Margaret Wintringham" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Margaret Wintringham</a> was elected after Astor had been in office for two years. Astor befriended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson" title="Ellen Wilkinson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ellen Wilkinson</a>, a member of the Labour Party (and a former Communist). Astor later proposed creating a "Women's Party", but the female Labour MPs opposed this, as their party was in power and had promised them positions. Over time, political differences separated the women MPs; by 1931 Astor became hostile to female Labour members such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lawrence" title="Susan Lawrence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Susan Lawrence</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_266-77-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_137-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a>Nancy Astor's accomplishments in the House of Commons were relatively minor. She never held a position with much influence, and never any post of ministerial rank, although her time in Commons saw four Conservative Prime Ministers in office. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Marjory_Stewart-Murray,Duchess_of_Atholl" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharine Marjory Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Duchess of Atholl</a> (elected to Parliament in 1923, four years after Lady Astor) rose to higher levels in the Conservative Party before Astor did. Astor felt if she had more position in the party, she would be less free to criticise her party's government. She did gain passage of a bill to increase the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">legal drinking age</a> to eighteen unless the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor(law)" title="Minor (law)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">minor</a> has parental approval.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_299-327-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a>During this period Nancy Astor continued to be active outside government, supporting the development and expansion of nursery schools for children's education. She was introduced to the issue by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">socialist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_McMillan" title="Margaret McMillan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Margaret McMillan</a>, who believed that her late sister helped guide her in life. Lady Astor was initially skeptical of this aspect, but later the two women became close; Astor used her wealth to aid their social efforts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_329-30-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_140-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a>Although active in charitable efforts, Astor became noted for a streak of cruelty. On hearing of the death of a political enemy, she expressed her pleasure. When people complained, she did not apologise but said, "I'm a Virginian; we shoot to kill." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_McDonnell" title="Angus McDonnell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Angus McDonnell</a>, a Virginia friend, angered her by marrying without consulting her on his choice. She later told him, regarding his maiden speech, that he "really must do better than that." During the course of her adult life, Astor alienated many with her sharp words as well.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_285,326-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_58-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_views_of_Nancy_Astor,sketched_in_1922_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_views_of_Nancy_Astor,sketched_in_1922_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Astor as sketched in 1922 by </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marguerite Martyn</a> of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Martyn-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></div></div></div>During the 1920s, Astor made several effective speeches in Parliament, and gained support for her Intoxicating Liquor (Sale to Persons under 18) Bill (nicknamed "Lady Astor's Bill"), raising the legal age for consuming alcohol in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public house</a> from 14 to 18.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> Her wealth and persona brought attention to women who were serving in government. She worked to recruit women into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">civil service</a>, the police force, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">education reform</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Lords</a>. She was well-liked in her constituency, as well as the United States during the 1920s, but her success is generally believed to have declined in the following decades.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_317-28-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_115-8-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a>In May 1922, Astor was guest of honour at a Pan-American conference held by the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">League of Women Voters</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Baltimore, Maryland</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Martyn-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a>Astor became the first President of the newly formed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Association_for_Women" title="Electrical Association for Women" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Electrical Association For Women</a> in 1924.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-:0-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a>She chaired the first ever International Conference of Women In Science, Industry and Commerce, a three-day event held London in July 1925, organised by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Haslett" title="Caroline Haslett" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Caroline Haslett</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Engineering_Society" title="Women's Engineering Society" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Women's Engineering Society</a> in co-operation with other leading women's groups. Astor hosted a large gathering at her home in St James's to enable networking amongst the international delegates, and spoke strongly of her support of and the need for women to work in the fields of science, engineering and technology.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-:0-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a>She was concerned about the treatment of juvenile victims of crime: "The work of new MPs, such as Nancy Astor, led to a Departmental Committee on Sexual Offences Against Young People, which reported in 1925."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">1930s[</h2>The 1930s were a decade of personal and professional difficulty for Lady Astor. In 1929, she won a narrow victory over the Labour candidate. In 1931, Bobby Shaw, her son from her first marriage, was arrested for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">homosexual</a> offences.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> As her son had previously shown tendencies toward alcoholism and instability, Astor's friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kerr,11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Kerr</a>, now the 11th Marquess of Lothian, suggested the arrest might act as a catalyst for him to change his behavior, but he was incorrect.Astor made a disastrous speech stating that alcohol use was the reason <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">England's national cricket team</a> was defeated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team" title="Australia national cricket team" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Australian national cricket team</a>. Both the English and Australian teams objected to this statement. Astor remained oblivious to her growing unpopularity almost to the end of her career.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_351-80-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_161-8-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a>Astor's friendship with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">George Bernard Shaw</a> helped her through some of her problems, although his own nonconformity caused friction between them. They held opposing political views and had very different temperaments. However, his own tendency to make controversial statements or put her into awkward situations proved to be a drawback for her political career.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_382-95-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_145-75-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a>After Bobby Shaw was arrested, Gertrude Ely, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> heiress from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr,Pennsylvania" title="Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania</a> offered to provide a guided tour to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Moscow</a> for Lady Astor and Bobby. Because of public comments by her and her son during this period, her political career suffered. Her son made many flattering statements about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Soviet Union</a>, while Astor often disparaged the nation because she did not approve of Communism. In a meeting, she asked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joseph Stalin</a> directly why he had slaughtered so many Russians, but many of her criticisms were translated as less challenging statements. Some of her conservative supporters feared she had "gone soft" on Communism. (Her question to Stalin may have been translated correctly only because he insisted that he be told what she had said.) The Conservatives felt that her son's praise of the USSR served as a coup for Soviet propaganda; they were unhappy with her tour.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_382-95-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_170-5-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic and anti-Communist views[</h2>Astor's anti-Semitism has been widely documented and criticised, particularly in light of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Theresa May</a>'s unveiling of a statue in her honour with Boris Johnson in attendance,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Metro-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Guardian-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Vice-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a> and more recently after Labour MP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rachel Reeves</a> commemorated Astor in a series of tweets.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a>Astor was reportedly a supporter of the Nazis as a solution to what she saw as the “world problems” of Jews and Communists.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[44]</a> In 1938 she met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P.Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (himself a well-documented anti-semite), asking him not to take offence at her anti-catholic views, writing "I'm glad you are smart enough not to take my [views] personally" and highlighting the fact that she had a number of Catholic friends.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[45]</a> Astor and Kennedy's correspondence is reportedly filled with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">anti-Semitic</a> language, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J.Renehan_Jr." title="Edward J. Renehan Jr." style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Edward J. Renehan Jr.</a> writing that:<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">As fiercely anti-Communist as they were anti-Semitic, Kennedy and Astor looked upon Adolf Hitler as a welcome solution to both of these "world problems" (Nancy's phrase). ... Kennedy replied that he expected the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jew</a> media" in the United States to become a problem, that "Jewish pundits in New York and Los Angeles" were already making noises contrived to "set a match to the fuse of the world".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Renehan-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a></blockquote>Astor commented to Kennedy that Hitler would have to do worse than "give a rough time...to the killers of christ" for Britain and America to risk "Armageddon to save them. The wheel of history swings round as the Lord would have it. Who are we to stand in the way of the future?"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a> Astor made various other documented anti-Semitic comments, such as her complaint that the Observer newspaper, which was owned at the time by her husband, was "full of homosexuals and Jews",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a> and her tense, anti-semitic exchange with MP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Graham(British_politician)" title="Alan Graham (British politician)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alan Graham</a> in 1938, as described by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harold Nicolson</a>:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">In the corridor a friend of mine named Alan Graham came up to Nancy and said, 'I do not think you behaved very well' [in a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee]. She turned upon him and said, 'Only a Jew like you would dare to be rude to me.' He replied, 'I should like very much to smack you in your face.' I think she is a little mad.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></blockquote>Dr David Feldman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pears_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Pears Institute for the Study of Antisemitism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pears Institute for the Study of Anti-Semitism</a> has also related that whilst attending a dinner at the Savoy Hotel in 1934, Astor asked the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">League of Nations</a>’ high commissioner for refugees whether he believed "that there must be something in the Jews themselves that had brought them persecution throughout the ages". Dr Feldman acknowledged, though, that this was “not an unusual view” and explained it “was a conventional idea in the UK at the time”.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Jewish_Chronicle-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-independent1-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a> Some years later, in a 1947 during a visit to New York, she apparently "clashed" with reporters, renouncing her anti-Semitism, telling one that she was "not anti-Jewish but gangsterism isn't going to solve the Palestine problem".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Jewish_Chronicle-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a>Astor was also deeply involved in the so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden_set" title="Cliveden set" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cliveden set</a>, a coterie of aristocrats described by one journalist as having subscribed to their own form of fascism.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a> In this capacity, Astor was considered a “legendary hostess” for the group which in 1936 welcomed, amongst others, Hitler’s foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Ribbentrop communicated to Hitler, regarding the likelihood of an agreement between Germany and England and singled out the “Astorgruppe” as one of the circles ‘that want a fresh understanding with Germany and who hold that it would not basically be impossible to achieve’.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[53]</a> The Sunday newspaper, Reynolds News, also reported during the period that ‘Cliveden has been the centre of friendship with German influence’. To this end, several of her friends and associates, especially the Marquess of Lothian were involved in the policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany. Astor, however, was frustrated that the group be viewed as a pro-German conspiracy, and her husband, William Waldorf Astor wrote in a letter to the Times that ‘[t]o link our weekends with any particular clique is as absurd as is the allegation that those of us who desire to establish better relations with Germany or Italy are pro-Nazis or pro-Fascists.’.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[54]</a> The Cliveden set was also depicted by war agitators as the prime movers for peace.At the request of her friend, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Felix Frankfurter</a> (a future US Supreme Court justice), Astor intervened with the Nazis in Vienna and secured the release of Frankfurter's Jewish uncle, Solomon.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-ShawAstor2005-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a> Astor did occasionally meet with Nazi officials in keeping with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Neville Chamberlain</a>'s policies and she was known to distrust and dislike British Foreign Secretary (later Prime Minister) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Anthony Eden</a>. She is alleged to have told one Nazi official that she supported their re-armament because Germany was "surrounded by Catholics". She also told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, the German Ambassador who later became the Foreign Minister of Germany, that Hitler looked too much like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Charlie Chaplin</a> to be taken seriously. These statements are the only documented incidents of her direct expressions to Nazis.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_185-92-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_440-50-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a>Astor became increasingly harsh in her anti-Catholic and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-Communist</a> sentiments. After passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Munich Agreement</a>, she said that if the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Czech</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">refugees</a> fleeing Nazi oppression were Communists, they should seek asylum with the Soviets instead of the British. While supporters of appeasement felt that this was out of line, the Marquess of Lothian encouraged her comments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_446-68-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">World War II[</h2>When the war began, Astor admitted that she had made mistakes, and voted against Chamberlain, but left-wing hostility to her politics remained. In a 1939 speech, the pro-Soviet Labour MP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stafford Cripps</a> called her "The Member for Berlin".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a>Her fear of Catholics increased and she made a speech saying that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Catholic</a> conspiracy was subverting the Foreign Office. Based on her opposition to Communists, she insulted Stalin's role (from 1941) as one of the Allied Powers during the war. Her speeches became rambling and incomprehensible; an opponent said that debating her had become "like playing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash(sport)" title="Squash (sport)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">squash</a> with a dish of scrambled eggs".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a> On one occasion she accosted a young American soldier outside the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Houses of Parliament</a>. "Would you like to go in?" she asked. The GI replied: "You are the sort of woman my mother told me to avoid".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a>The period from 1937 to the end of the war was personally difficult for her: from 1937–38 Astor lost both her sister Phyllis and her only surviving brother. In 1940, the Marquess of Lothian died. He had been her closest Christian Scientist friend even after her husband converted. George Bernard Shaw's wife died three years later. During the war, Astor's husband had a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">heart attack</a>. After this, their marriage grew cold, likely due to her subsequent discomfort with his health problems. She ran a hospital for Canadian soldiers as she had during the First World War, but openly expressed a preference for the earlier soldiers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_520-34-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Masters_200-5-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Thornton_434-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a>It was generally believed that it was Lady Astor who, during a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War II</a> speech, first referred to the men of the 8th Army who were fighting in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italian campaign</a> as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_Dodgers" title="D-Day Dodgers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">D-Day Dodgers</a>". Observers thought she was suggesting they were avoiding the "real war" in France and the future invasion. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allied</a> soldiers in Italy were so incensed that Major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Henderson" title="Hamish Henderson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hamish Henderson</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Highland_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Highland Division" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">51st Highland Division</a> composed a bitingly sarcastic song to the tune of the popular German song "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Marleen" title="Lili Marleen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lili Marleen</a>", called "The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers". This song has also been attributed to Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn of the Tank Rescue Section, 19 Army Fire Brigade.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[66]</a>When told she was one of the people listed to be arrested, imprisoned and face possible execution in "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Book" title="The Black Book" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">The Black Book</a>" under a German invasion of Britain, Lady Astor commented: "It is the complete answer to the terrible lie that the so-called '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliveden Set" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Cliveden Set</a>' was pro-Fascist."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Final years[</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clivedenladyastor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clivedenladyastor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">A statue at </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden" title="Cliveden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cliveden</a>, overlooking 42 inscribed stones dedicated to the dead of World War I. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bertram_Mackennal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Bertram Mackennal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sir Bertram MacKennal's</a> figure represents Canada with the head reputedly modelled by Lady Astor</div></div></div>Lady Astor did not acknowledge her loss of popularity. She believed her party and her husband caused her retirement in 1945. As the Conservatives believed she had become a political liability in the final years of World War II, her husband said that if she stood for office again the family would not support her. She conceded but, according to contemporary reports, was both irritated and angry about her situation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_554-6-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[68]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Thornton_no_pg-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a>Lady Astor struggled in retirement, which put further strain on her marriage.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-lrb-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> In a speech commemorating her 25 years in parliament, she stated that her retirement was forced on her and that it should please the men of Britain. The couple began travelling separately and soon were living apart. Lord Astor also began moving toward <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">left-wing politics</a> in his last years, and that exacerbated their differences. However, the couple reconciled before his death on 30 September 1952.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_556-75-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Thornton_444-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a>Lady Astor's public image suffered, as her ethnic and religious views were increasingly out of touch with cultural changes in Britain. She expressed a growing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">paranoia</a> regarding ethnic minorities. In one instance, she stated that the President of the United States had become too dependent on New York City. To her this city represented "Jewish and foreign" influences that she feared. During a US tour, she told a group of African-American students that they should aspire to be like the black servants she remembered from her youth. On a later trip, she told African-American church members that they should be grateful for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">slavery</a> because it had allowed them to be introduced to Christianity. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rhodesia</a> she proudly told the white minority government leaders that she was the daughter of a slave owner.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_580-606-75" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[72]</a>After 1956, Nancy Astor became increasingly isolated. In 1959, she was honored by receiving the Freedom of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Plymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Plymouth" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">City of Plymouth</a>. By this time, she had lost all her sisters and brothers, her colleague "Red Ellen" Wilkinson died in 1947, George Bernard Shaw died in 1950, and she did not take well to widowhood. Her son Bobby Shaw became increasingly combative and after her death he committed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">suicide</a>. Her son, Jakie, married a prominent Catholic woman, which hurt his relationship with his mother. She and her other children became estranged. Gradually she began to accept Catholics as friends. However, she said that her final years were lonely.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_556-75-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Thornton_444-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a>Lady Astor died in 1964 at her daughter Nancy Astor's home at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsthorpe_Castle" title="Grimsthorpe Castle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grimsthorpe Castle</a> in Lincolnshire. She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Octagon Temple at Cliveden.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Sykes_556-75-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-Thornton_444-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Alleged quotations[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alleged quotations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2>She was known for exchanges with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Winston Churchill</a>, though most of these are not well documented. Churchill told Lady Astor that having a woman in Parliament was like having one intrude on him in the bathroom, to which she retorted, "You're not handsome enough to have such fears."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a>Lady Astor is also said to have responded to a question from Churchill about what disguise he should wear to a masquerade ball by saying, "Why don't you come sober, Prime Minister?" In another recounted exchange, Lady Astor said to Churchill, "If you were my husband, I'd poison your tea," to which he responded, "Madam, if you were my wife, I'd drink it." The retort has been documented as being true by Churchill's friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.E.Smith,1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">F. E. Smith, Lord Birkenhead</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[75]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Commemoration[</h2>A bronze statue of Lady Astor was installed in Plymouth, near her former family home, in 2019 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of her election to Parliament.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-independent1-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Floyd protests</a> in 2020, the word "Nazi" was spray-painted on its base. The statue was on a list published on a website called Topple the Racists.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_note-79" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[76]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Children[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Children" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><ol style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_III" title="Robert Gould Shaw III" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gould Shaw III</a> (1898–1970)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astor,3rd_Viscount_Astor" title="William Astor, 3rd Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Waldorf Astor II</a> (1907–1966)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nancy Phyllis Louise Astor (1909–1975)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Francis David Langhorne Astor</a> (1912–2001)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Astor" title="Michael Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Michael Langhorne Astor</a> (1916–1980)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakie_Astor" title="Jakie Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Jacob Astor VII</a> "Jakie" (1918–2000)</li></ol><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[</h2><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Footnotes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="reflist" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constance Gore-Booth</a> was the first female MP elected to the House of Commons in December 1918, but she did not take her seat in line with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sinn Féin</a>'s abstentionist policy; she was detained in Holloway Prison at the time.</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Her social efforts were not always successful. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harold Nicolson</a> recorded an entry in his diary for 29 November 1930: "Down to Cliveden. A desultory drivel. After dinner, in order to enliven the party, Lady Astor dons a Victorian hat and a pair of false teeth. It does not enliven the party."</li><li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }A mildly sexual innuendo</li></ol></div></div><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Citations[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/overview/womenincommons/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Women in the House of Commons"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 28 November2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Felectionsvoting%2Fwomenvote%2Foverview%2Fwomenincommons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Metro-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Metro_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Metro_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrazell2019" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brazell, Emma (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2019/11/29/theresa-may-fire-unveiling-statue-nazi-sympathising-mp-11242921/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Theresa May under fire after unveiling statue of 'Nazi-sympathising' MP"</a>. Metro. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+under+fire+after+unveiling+statue+of+%27Nazi-sympathising%27+MP&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.aulast=Brazell&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2019%2F11%2F29%2Ftheresa-may-fire-unveiling-statue-nazi-sympathising-mp-11242921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Jewish_Chronicle-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Jewish_Chronicle_4-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Jewish_Chronicle_4-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Jewish_Chronicle_4-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFJC_Reporter2019" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">JC Reporter (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/who-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Who was Nancy Astor? The first woman to take her seat in parliament was also branded 'a vicious antisemite'"</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+Nancy+Astor%3F+The+first+woman+to+take+her+seat+in+parliament+was+also+branded+%27a+vicious+antisemite%27&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.au=JC+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fwho-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Guardian-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Guardian_5-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Guardian_5-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMorris2019" class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morris, Steven (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/28/theresa-may-unveils-statue-of-pioneering-mp-nancy-astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Theresa May unveils statue of pioneering MP Nancy Astor"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+unveils+statue+of+pioneering+MP+Nancy+Astor&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fnov%2F28%2Ftheresa-may-unveils-statue-of-pioneering-mp-nancy-astor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-theguardian.com_6-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-theguardian.com_6-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSansom" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sansom, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/mar/26/nancy-astor-family-dynasty-ian-sansom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Great dynasties of the world: The Astors"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Great+dynasties+of+the+world%3A+The+Astors&rft.aulast=Sansom&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2011%2Fmar%2F26%2Fnancy-astor-family-dynasty-ian-sansom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012022133/http://xroads.virginia.edu/_{MA04/ranger/astor_collection/ournancy.html}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">""Our Nancy: The Story of Nancy Astor and Her Gift to the University of Virginia" by Courtney Wilson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/_{MA04/ranger/astor_collection/ournancy.html}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Our+Nancy%3A+The+Story+of+Nancy+Astor+and+Her+Gift+to+the+University+of+Virginia%22+by+Courtney+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F_{MA04%2Franger%2Fastor_collection%2Fournancy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor}" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.org/site/description.asp?attrID=14885" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Langhorne House, birthplace of Lady Astor, 117 Broad Street, Danville, Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602145943/http://www.virginia.org/site/description.asp?attrID=14885" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Archived</a> 2 June 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>, virginia.org</li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=1536" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Mirador Marker"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mirador+Marker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fmarker.asp%3Fmarker%3D1536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_75-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_75_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), p. 75</li><li id="cite_note-lrb-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">e</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">f</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-lrb_11-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">g</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wilson, Bee (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v34/n24/bee-wilson/musical-chairs-with-ribbentrop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Musical Chairs with Ribbentrop"</a>. London Review of Books. Retrieved 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Musical+Chairs+with+Ribbentrop&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Bee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv34%2Fn24%2Fbee-wilson%2Fmusical-chairs-with-ribbentrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-EngHet-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-EngHet_13-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/astor-lady-nancy-1879-1964" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Astor, Lady Nancy (1879–1964)"</a>. English Heritage. Retrieved 18 August2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astor%2C+Lady+Nancy+%281879%E2%80%931964%29&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fblue-plaques%2Fsearch%2Fastor-lady-nancy-1879-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Gorman2012-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Gorman2012_14-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Gorman2012" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Daniel Gorman (20 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvEgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53668-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-1-139-53668-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+International+Society+in+the+1920s&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-139-53668-4&rft.au=Daniel+Gorman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbvEgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Kinnear2004-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Kinnear2004_15-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFMary_Kinnear2004" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mary Kinnear (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanofworldmary0000kinn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" d6="d6" lock-gray-alt-2.svg="Lock-gray-alt-2.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Woman of the World: Mary McGeachy and International Cooperation</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanofworldmary0000kinn/page/106" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">106</a>–. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8988-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8988-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-8020-8988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+of+the+World%3A+Mary+McGeachy+and+International+Cooperation&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8988-5&rft.au=Mary+Kinnear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanofworldmary0000kinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Nancy Astor: Portrait of a Pioneer by John Grigg, p. 114</li><li id="cite_note-Gallagher1987-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Gallagher1987_17-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFTom_Gallagher1987" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tom Gallagher (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glasgowuneasypea00gall" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" d6="d6" lock-gray-alt-2.svg="Lock-gray-alt-2.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace: Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914</a>. Manchester University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glasgowuneasypea00gall/page/120" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">120</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2396-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2396-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-7190-2396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glasgow%2C+the+Uneasy+Peace%3A+Religious+Tension+in+Modern+Scotland%2C+1819%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2396-5&rft.au=Tom+Gallagher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglasgowuneasypea00gall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092124/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/7th-october-1972/7/first-woman-in-parliament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"First Woman in Parliament"</a>, The Tablet</li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Alfred M. Gollin, The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908–1914 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 300–303.</li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2018" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. p. 521. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408844045" title="Special:BookSources/9781408844045" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>9781408844045</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016848621" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">1016848621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+up%2C+women%21+%3A+the+remarkable+lives+of+the+suffragettes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016848621&rft.isbn=9781408844045&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/cawp/UKhtmls/RecordsUK.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Women's Political Records in the United Kingdom"</a>. Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Queen's University Belfast</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Advancement+of+Women+in+Politics&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Political+Records+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fcawp%2FUKhtmls%2FRecordsUK.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_238-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_238_23-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), p. 238</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_100-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_100_24-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), p. 100</li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batterseabus.co.uk/?p=491" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Horatio Bottomley – The Soldier's Friend"</a>. batterseabus.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=batterseabus.co.uk&rft.atitle=Horatio+Bottomley+%E2%80%93+The+Soldier%27s+Friend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batterseabus.co.uk%2F%3Fp%3D491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_242-60-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_242-60_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 242–60</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_266-77-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_266-77_27-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 266–67, 354, 377</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_137-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_137_28-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), p. 137</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_299-327-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_299-327_29-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 299–309, 327</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_329-30-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_329-30_30-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 329–30</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_140-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_140_31-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), p. 140</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_285,326-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_285,326_32-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 285, 326</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_58-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_58_33-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), p. 58</li><li id="cite_note-Martyn-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Martyn_34-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Martyn_34-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarguerite_Martyn1922" class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marguerite Martyn (6 May 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stltoday.newspapers.com/image/139044514" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Why People Are Captivated by Lady Astor"</a>. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=Why+People+Are+Captivated+by+Lady+Astor&rft.date=1922-05-06&rft.au=Marguerite+Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstltoday.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F139044514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_317-28-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_317-28_35-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 317–8 327–8</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_115-8-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_115-8_36-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), pp. 115–18</li><li id="cite_note-:0-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-:0_37-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-:0_37-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_2a.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Woman Engineer Volume 2"</a>. www2.theiet.org. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.theiet.org&rft.atitle=The+Woman+Engineer+Volume+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.theiet.org%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Farchives%2Fresearch%2Fwes%2FWES_Vol_2a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-38" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Adrian Bingham et al.: "A Hidden History". History Today, October 2015, Vol. 65, No. 10, p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newscentral.exsees.com/item/c686e59f7466a987d1ad43e509c90ce8-22a66ca92973e9854d93ab956fe392a4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Retrieved 25 October 2015</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">permanent dead link</a>]</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_351-80-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_351-80_39-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 351–52, 371–80</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_161-8-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_161-8_40-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), pp. 161–68</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_382-95-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_382-95_41-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_382-95_41-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Sykes (1984), pp. 382–95</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_145-75-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_145-75_42-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), pp. 145–49, 170–75</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_170-5-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_170-5_43-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), pp. 170–75</li><li id="cite_note-Vice-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Vice_44-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFSimon_Childs2019" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Simon Childs (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wjwvx9/oops-theresa-may-unveiled-a-statue-to-a-racist-mp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Oops! Theresa May Unveiled a Statue to a Racist MP"</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oops%21+Theresa+May+Unveiled+a+Statue+to+a+Racist+MP&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.au=Simon+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_uk%2Farticle%2Fwjwvx9%2Foops-theresa-may-unveiled-a-statue-to-a-racist-mp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/rachelreevesmp/status/1231886779982151680" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"https://twitter.com/rachelreevesmp/status/1231886779982151680"</a>. Twitter. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Frachelreevesmp%2Fstatus%2F1231886779982151680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Frachelreevesmp%2Fstatus%2F1231886779982151680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988"> External link in <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</li><li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxpoliticalonline.com/2020/04/05/outcry-as-starmer-promotes-anti-semite-supporter-rachel-reeves-into-shadow-cabinet/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Outcry as Starmer promotes anti-Semite supporter Rachel Reeves into Shadow Cabinet"</a>. Vox Political. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Political&rft.atitle=Outcry+as+Starmer+promotes+anti-Semite+supporter+Rachel+Reeves+into+Shadow+Cabinet&rft.date=2020-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxpoliticalonline.com%2F2020%2F04%2F05%2Foutcry-as-starmer-promotes-anti-semite-supporter-rachel-reeves-into-shadow-cabinet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/697.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Joseph Kennedy and the Jews | History News Network"</a>. hnn.us. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hnn.us&rft.atitle=Joseph+Kennedy+and+the+Jews+%7C+History+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/697.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Joseph Kennedy and the Jews | History News Network"</a>. hnn.us. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hnn.us&rft.atitle=Joseph+Kennedy+and+the+Jews+%7C+History+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Renehan-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Renehan_49-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFEdward_J.Renehan,Jr.2002" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J.Renehan_Jr." title="Edward J. Renehan Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edward J. Renehan, Jr.</a> (29 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/697.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Joseph Kennedy and the Jews"</a>. History News Network. George Mason University. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=Joseph+Kennedy+and+the+Jews&rft.date=2002-04-29&rft.au=Edward+J.+Renehan%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">www.thejc.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/who-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/who-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fwho-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988"> Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</li><li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">www.thejc.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/who-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/who-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fwho-was-nancy-astor-the-first-woman-to-take-her-seat-in-parliament-was-also-branded-virulently-ant-1.493848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988"> Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</li><li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFHarold_Nicolson1966" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harold Nicolson (1966). Harold Nicolson: Letters and Diaries 1930–1939. Collins. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Nicolson%3A+Letters+and+Diaries+1930%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Harold+Nicolson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Wastor.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Nancy Astor"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Nancy+Astor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FWastor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-independent1-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-independent1_54-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-independent1_54-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFZoe_Tidman2019" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zoe Tidman (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/nancy-astor-statue-theresa-may-boris-johnson-antisemitism-plymouth-a9226106.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Theresa May unveils statue of 'virulently antisemitic' first woman MP"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theresa+May+unveils+statue+of+%27virulently+antisemitic%27+first+woman+MP&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.au=Zoe+Tidman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fnancy-astor-statue-theresa-may-boris-johnson-antisemitism-plymouth-a9226106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-55" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFGarman2013" class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Garman, Emma (3 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/03/i-am-the-kind-of-woman-i-would-run-from-the-life-of-nancy-astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">""I am the kind of woman I would run from": The Life of Nancy Astor"</a>. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CI+am+the+kind+of+woman+I+would+run+from%E2%80%9D%3A+The+Life+of+Nancy+Astor&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft.aulast=Garman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F02%2F03%2Fi-am-the-kind-of-woman-i-would-run-from-the-life-of-nancy-astor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wilson, Bee (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v34/n24/bee-wilson/musical-chairs-with-ribbentrop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Bee Wilson · Musical Chairs with Ribbentrop: Nancy Astor · LRB 20 December 2012"</a>. London Review of Books. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Bee+Wilson+%C2%B7+Musical+Chairs+with+Ribbentrop%3A+Nancy+Astor+%C2%B7+LRB+20+December+2012&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Bee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv34%2Fn24%2Fbee-wilson%2Fmusical-chairs-with-ribbentrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-57" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wilson, Bee (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v34/n24/bee-wilson/musical-chairs-with-ribbentrop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Bee Wilson · Musical Chairs with Ribbentrop: Nancy Astor · LRB 20 December 2012"</a>. London Review of Books. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Bee+Wilson+%C2%B7+Musical+Chairs+with+Ribbentrop%3A+Nancy+Astor+%C2%B7+LRB+20+December+2012&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Bee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv34%2Fn24%2Fbee-wilson%2Fmusical-chairs-with-ribbentrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-ShawAstor2005-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-ShawAstor2005_58-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFBernard_ShawViscountess_Nancy_Witcher_Langhorne_Astor_Astor2005" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bernard Shaw; Viscountess Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor Astor (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bernardshawnancy0000shaw" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" d6="d6" lock-gray-alt-2.svg="Lock-gray-alt-2.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Bernard Shaw and Nancy Astor</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bernardshawnancy0000shaw/page/31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">31</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3752-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-8020-3752-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernard+Shaw+and+Nancy+Astor&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3752-7&rft.au=Bernard+Shaw&rft.au=Viscountess+Nancy+Witcher+Langhorne+Astor+Astor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbernardshawnancy0000shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988">: Relates how she told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Crosland_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Crosland Graham" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alan Crosland Graham</a> "Only a Jew like you would dare to be rude to me"</li><li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFFeldman1970" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Feldman, Noah (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scorpionsbattles00noah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Scorpions: the battles and triumphs of FDR's great Supreme Court justices</a> (1st ed.). New York: Twelve. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780446580571" title="Special:BookSources/9780446580571" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>9780446580571</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/528665984" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">528665984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scorpions%3A+the+battles+and+triumphs+of+FDR%27s+great+Supreme+Court+justices&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F528665984&rft.isbn=9780446580571&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscorpionsbattles00noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Masters_185-92-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_185-92_60-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1981), pp. 185–192</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_440-50-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_440-50_61-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 440–450</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_446-68-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_446-68_62-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 446–453, 468</li><li id="cite_note-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-63" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1939/may/08/military-training-bill#S5CV0347P0_19390508_HOC_366" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Military Training Bill"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hansard</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 8 May 1939. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Military+Training+Bill&rft.date=1939-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhansard.millbanksystems.com%2Fcommons%2F1939%2Fmay%2F08%2Fmilitary-training-bill%23S5CV0347P0_19390508_HOC_366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harold Nicolson</a> in a letter to his sons, 18 March 1943</li><li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Reagan, Geoffrey. Military Anecdotes (1992) p. 53 Guinness Publishing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-519-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-519-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-85112-519-0</a></li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_520-34-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_520-34_66-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 520–522, 534</li><li id="cite_note-Masters_200-5-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Masters_200-5_67-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Masters (1984), pp. 200–205</li><li id="cite_note-Thornton_434-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Thornton_434_68-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Thornton (1997), p. 434</li><li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-69" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidsuttonpoetry.com/2016/11/18/week-212-ballad-of-the-d-day-dodgers-by-harry-pynnhamish-henderson/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers"</a>. David Suttons' Poetry Website. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+Suttons%27+Poetry+Website&rft.atitle=The+Ballad+of+the+D-Day+Dodgers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidsuttonpoetry.com%2F2016%2F11%2F18%2Fweek-212-ballad-of-the-d-day-dodgers-by-harry-pynnhamish-henderson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-70" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127730,00.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Nazi's black list discovered in Berlin"</a>. The Guardian. 14 September 1945. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nazi%27s+black+list+discovered+in+Berlin&rft.date=1945-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcentury%2F1940-1949%2FStory%2F0%2C6051%2C127730%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_554-6-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_554-6_71-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 554–56</li><li id="cite_note-Thornton_no_pg-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Thornton_no_pg_72-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Thornton (1997)[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">page needed</a>]</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_556-75-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_556-75_73-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_556-75_73-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_556-75_73-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> Sykes (1984), pp. 556–57, 573–75</li><li id="cite_note-Thornton_444-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Thornton_444_74-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Thornton_444_74-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Thornton_444_74-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> Thornton (1997), p. 444</li><li id="cite_note-Sykes_580-606-75" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-Sykes_580-606_75-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Sykes (1984), pp. 580, 586–94, 601–06</li><li id="cite_note-76" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFdijit.net" class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">dijit.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/14/Astor_Mausoleum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Astor Mausoleum - Mausolea & Monuments Trust"</a>. www.mmtrust.org.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mmtrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=Astor+Mausoleum+-+Mausolea+%26+Monuments+Trust&rft.au=dijit.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmtrust.org.uk%2Fmausolea%2Fview%2F14%2FAstor_Mausoleum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/BBCWomansHour/status/1079382665072205825" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"BBC Interview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FBBCWomansHour%2Fstatus%2F1079382665072205825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304082617/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/838-fe-by-himself-birkenheads-best-ripostes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"F.E. by Himself: Birkenhead's Best Ripostes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/838-fe-by-himself-birkenheads-best-ripostes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> on 4 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F.E.+by+Himself%3A+Birkenhead%27s+Best+Ripostes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fsupport%2Fthe-churchill-centre%2Fpublications%2Ffinest-hour%2Fissues-109-to-144%2Fno-139%2F838-fe-by-himself-birkenheads-best-ripostes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor#cite_ref-79" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-53161535" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"'Nazi' sprayed on woman MP statue"</a>. BBC News. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Nazi%27+sprayed+on+woman+MP+statue&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-53161535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Sources[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Astor" title="Michael Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Astor, Michael</a>, Tribal Feelings (Readers Union, 1964)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cowling, Maurice</a>, The Impact of Hitler: British Policies and Policy 1933–1940, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1975, p. 402, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20582-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20582-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-521-20582-4</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFMasters1981" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Masters, Anthony (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nancyastorbiogra00mast" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Nancy Astor: A Biography</a>. New York City: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" title="McGraw-Hill Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">McGraw-Hill Education</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-040784-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-040784-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-07-040784-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nancy+Astor%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-07-040784-3&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnancyastorbiogra00mast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Musolf, Karen J., From Plymouth to Parliament (St. Martin's Press, 1999)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1966" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nicolson, Harold</a> (1966). Nigel Nicolson (ed.). Diaries and Letters: 1930-1939. London, UK: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,Sons" title="William Collins, Sons" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Collins, Sons</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/874514916" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">874514916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaries+and+Letters%3A+1930-1939&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=William+Collins%2C+Sons&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874514916&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1984" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Sykes(author)" title="Christopher Sykes (author)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sykes, Christopher</a> (1984). Nancy: The Life of Lady Astor. Chicago: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Chicago_Publishers" title="Academy Chicago Publishers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Academy Chicago Publishers</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89733-098-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89733-098-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-89733-098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nancy%3A+The+Life+of+Lady+Astor&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Academy+Chicago+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-89733-098-6&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFAstor1997" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Astor, Lady Nancy (1997). Martin Thornton (ed.). Nancy Astor's Canadian Correspondence, 1912–1962. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewiston, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-8452-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-8452-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-7734-8452-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nancy+Astor%27s+Canadian+Correspondence%2C+1912%E2%80%931962&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7734-8452-3&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Lady+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P.Wearing" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Wearing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wearing, J. P.</a> (editor), Bernard Shaw and Nancy Astor (University of Toronto Press, 2005)</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Further reading[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Harrison, Rosina, Rose: My Life in Service to Lady Astor, (Penguin Books, 2011).</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nancy_Astor,Viscountess_Astor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/50275" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Works by Nancy Astor</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Project Gutenberg</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hansard 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/viscountess-nancy-astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">contributions in Parliament by Nancy Astor</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00162" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Portraits of Nancy Astor</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195013#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" /></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2107289/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Nancy Astor</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IMDb</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514121913/http://vahistorical.org/nlsa.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Portrait of Nancy Langhorne Shaw Astor</a> by Edith Leeson Everett, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F70657" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Archival material relating to Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Nancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF70657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195013#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" /></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=1535" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Mirador Historical Marker</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_County,Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Albemarle County, Virginia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia(1921)/Astor,Lady_Nancy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 12px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" c="c" wikisource-logo.svg="Wikisource-logo.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Astor, Lady Nancy" </a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astor%2C+Lady+Nancy&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANancy+Astor%2C+Viscountess+Astor" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: none;">Internet Archive</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8943" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Works by Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000711" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Newspaper clippings about Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ZBW</a></li></ul><table class="wikitable succession-box" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); margin: 0.5em auto; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse; clear: both;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="border-width: 5px 1px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177); border-image: initial; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 200.486px;">Preceded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Waldorf Astor</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 270.486px;">Member of Parliament for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Sutton(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Sutton (UK Parliament constituency)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Plymouth Sutton</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Plymouth_Sutton_by-election" title="1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1919</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1945</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 199.375px;">Succeeded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Middleton" title="Lucy Middleton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lucy Middleton</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195013|Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1533.8px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="width: 1525.56px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195013|Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); 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display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50030709" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">n50030709</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NARA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581276" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NTA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068939078" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">068939078</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SNAC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mt4gv6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">w6mt4gv6</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUDOC(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077907434" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">077907434</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove" title="Trove" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Trove</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/877781" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">877781</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIAF(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74024386" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">74024386</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50030709" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">lccn-n50030709</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virginia_Women_in_History" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1533.8px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: -1px auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="width: 1525.56px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" style="float: right; user-select: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="font-weight: normal; float: left; text-align: left; margin-right: 0.5em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" display="display" inline-block="inline-block" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" line-height="line-height" inherit="inherit"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; 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background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1879_births" title="Category:1879 births" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1879 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1964_deaths" title="Category:1964 deaths" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1964 deaths</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_emigrants_to_England" title="Category:American emigrants to England" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American emigrants to England</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-Catholicism_in_England" title="Category:Anti-Catholicism in England" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anti-Catholicism in England</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Astor_family" title="Category:Astor family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Astor family</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_viscountesses" title="Category:British viscountesses" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">British viscountesses</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conservative_Party(UK)MPs_for_English_constituencies" title="Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Christian_Science_from_Anglicanism" title="Category:Converts to Christian Science from Anglicanism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Converts to Christian Science from Anglicanism</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Critics_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Critics of the Catholic Church" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Critics of the Catholic Church</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:English_anti-communists" title="Category:English anti-communists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">English anti-communists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:English_Christian_Scientists" title="Category:English Christian Scientists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">English Christian Scientists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:English_suffragists" title="Category:English suffragists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">English suffragists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Female_members_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_English_constituencies" title="Category:Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Livingston_family" title="Category:Livingston family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Livingston family</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_constituencies_in_Devon" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Devon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Devon</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Danville,Virginia" title="Category:Politicians from Danville, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Politicians from Danville, Virginia</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1918%E2%80%931922" title="Category:UK MPs 1918–1922" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1918–1922</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Category:UK MPs 1922–1923" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1922–1923</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1923%E2%80%931924" title="Category:UK MPs 1923–1924" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1923–1924</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1924%E2%80%931929" title="Category:UK MPs 1924–1929" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1924–1929</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1929%E2%80%931931" title="Category:UK MPs 1929–1931" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1929–1931</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1931%E2%80%931935" title="Category:UK MPs 1931–1935" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1931–1935</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1935%E2%80%931945" title="Category:UK MPs 1935–1945" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK MPs 1935–1945</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:United Kingdom–United States relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Kingdom–United States relations</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Category:Women of the Victorian era" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Women of the Victorian era</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Participants_in_the_Norway_Debate" title="Category:Participants in the Norway Debate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Participants in the Norway Debate</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_women_politicians" title="Category:20th-century British women politicians" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">20th-century British women politicians</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Antisemitism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>===</div></div>