GK chesterton

<h3 style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;">Precursors[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleoconservatism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Precursors" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h3>In the United States, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Southern Agrarians</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-86" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[86]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T.Flynn" title="John T. Flynn" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">John T. Flynn</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-87" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[87]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Albert Jay Nock</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-88" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[88]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Garet Garrett</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-89" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[89]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R.McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Robert R. McCormick</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-90" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[90]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Morley" title="Felix Morley" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Felix Morley</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[91]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M.Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Richard M. Weaver</a> among others, articulated positions that have proved influential among contemporary paleoconservatives. Some paleocons enthusiastically embrace the decentralizing tenets of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Federalists" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Anti-Federalists</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-92" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[92]</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (delegate)" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">John Dickinson</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-93" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[93]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">George Mason</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-94" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[94]</a> Neoconservative critic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brooks(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">David Brooks</a> lists <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">William Jennings Bryan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S.Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Allen Tate</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">John Crowe Ransom</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Cleanth Brooks</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Walker Percy</a> as major paleo influences.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-Buchananism-39" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[39]</a> The German-born and Calvinist political philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Johannes Althusius</a> and his tract Politica, with its core emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity, has proven influential as well.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Paul Gottfried</a> once noted an "occasional paleo association with over-the-top Catholicism."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-95" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[95]</a> In fact, counter-revolutionary (Roman Catholic) European precursors to the paleoconservatives include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Joseph de Maistre</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Charles Maurras</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Juan Donoso Cortés</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Klemens Wenzel von Metternich</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Pope Pius IX</a>, though they tend to carry influence limited to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Roman Catholic</a> traditionalist subset of paleoconservatism. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.K.Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">G. K. Chesterton</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-96" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[96]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-97" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[97]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Hilaire Belloc</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-98" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[98]</a> are also popular Catholic forebears of paleo thought.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-99" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[99]</a> As for Chesterton and Belloc, Joseph Sobran explained their relevance:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">This new, paganized Western society under the comprehensive state would have come as much less of a surprise to us if we’d paid more attention to the two great English Catholic writers of the pre-Bolshevik period.... In 1912, Belloc predicted the rise of a new form of tyranny, which he called "the Servile State", neither capitalist nor socialist, in which one part of the population would be forced to support the other. He was not always accurate in detail, but he was right in principle. He saw that the cellular structure of Christian society was under assault. Chesterton agreed. Together both men resisted modernity in religion, morality, politics, economics, and art. They celebrated the Middle Ages, small private property, and above all Catholicism. In a famous epigram, typically defiant in its simplicity, Belloc proclaimed: "Europe is the Faith, and the Faith is Europe."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-100" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[100]</a></blockquote>Some non-Catholic paleocons, such as Sam Francis, complained that this tradition is overrepresented among conservative intellectuals, thus putting the movement out of step with Middle America. He reluctantly acknowledged the Southern Presbyterian influence upon his own thinking.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[101]</a> In addition, precursors of a Protestant paleoconservatism can be seen in 19th century figures such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Dabney" title="Robert Lewis Dabney" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Robert Lewis Dabney</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Charles Hodge</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Friedrich Julius Stahl</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Abraham Kuyper</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer</a>.Many paleocons also look to more modernist or historicist sources, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Hobbes</a> and even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Gramsci</a> for intellectual ammunition. Contrarian Leftists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Eugene Genovese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Christopher Lasch</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Piccone" title="Paul Piccone" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Paul Piccone</a> also influenced the movement.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[102]</a> Samuel Francis even explored the nihilistic fiction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">H. P. Lovecraft</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[103]</a>To them, such thinkers help explain modernity, power relationships, and show how managerial society subverted Western traditions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[104]</a>Some modern European continental conservatives, such as Frenchmen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Jacques Barzun</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Alain de Benoist</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">René Girard</a>, have a mode of thought and cultural criticism esteemed by many paleoconservatives.