steele, shelby

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</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">srcwatch</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Shelby Steele</b>&nbsp;"is a research fellow at the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hoover Institution</a>&nbsp;who specializes in the study of race relations, multiculturalism, and affirmative action. He was appointed a Hoover fellow in 1994.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Steele is a member of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Association of Scholars</a>, the national board of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Academy_for_Liberal_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Academy for Liberal Education (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">American Academy for Liberal Education</a>, the University Accreditation Association, and the national board at the Center for the New American Community at the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Manhattan_Institute" title="Manhattan Institute" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Manhattan Institute</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Steele holds a Ph.D. in English from the University of Utah, an M.A. in sociology from Southern Illinois University, and a B.A. in political science from Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.“&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hoover.org/bios/steele" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></p><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Advisory Board,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Common_Good" title="Common Good" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Common Good</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Winner of the 2004&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities:National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Endowment for the Humanities: National Humanities Medal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Endowment for the Humanities: National Humanities Medal</a>&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Contents</font></font></font></font></h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#Resources_and_articles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Resources and articles</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#Related_Sourcewatch" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Related Sourcewatch</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resources_and_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Resources and articles</font></span></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Sourcewatch"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related Sourcewatch</font></span></h3><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></span></h3><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>↑</a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/nationalmedals.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">National Humanities Medal</a>, National Endowment for the Humanities, accessed August 30, 2007.</span></font></li></ol><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External links</font></span></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">”<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/bios/steele" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Biography</a>”, Accessed January 2007.</font></li></ul></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hoover bio</font></div><div><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-fellow-position no-title" style="line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field field-name-field-fellow-position field-type-text field-label-hidden" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"><div class="field-items" style="line-height: 24px; font-weight: bold;"><div class="field-item even"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robert J. and Marion E. Oster Senior Fellow</font></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-pane pane-views-panes pane-awards-fellow-panel-pane-1 no-title" style="line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="view view-awards-fellow view-id-awards_fellow view-display-id-panel_pane_1 fellow-awards-view view-dom-id-da963a79fd6d0570d4f95b475b9dfe0e" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"><div class="view-content"><div class="overflow-x" style="width: 838px; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="overflow-x" style="width: 838px; overflow-x: auto;"><table class="views-view-grid cols-2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; width: 838px; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><caption style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 5px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Awards and Honors:</font></caption><tbody style="border-top: none;"><tr class="row-1"><td class="col-1" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 8px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 411px;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-award-img" style="float: left; margin-right: 8px;"><div class="field-content"><div class="field-award-info" style="line-height: 23px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(71, 71, 71);"><a href="http://www.hoover.org/fellows/awards#award-248" style="color: rgb(0, 124, 147); text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Humanities Medal
(<span class="date-display-single">2004</span>)</font></a></div></div></div></td><td class="col-2" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 8px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 411px;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-award-img" style="float: left; margin-right: 8px;"><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.hoover.org/fellows/awards#award-42" style="color: rgb(0, 124, 147); text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/styles/award_thumb/public/awards/images/bradely_prize.jpeg?itok=ge7WAGW4" alt="" style="border: 0px; max-width: 60px; width: auto; height: auto; float: left;" /></font></a></div></div><div class="field-award-info" style="line-height: 23px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(71, 71, 71);"><a href="http://www.hoover.org/fellows/awards#award-42" style="color: rgb(0, 124, 147); text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bradley Prize
(<span class="date-display-single">2006</span>)</font></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-body ellipses ellipses-class-field-items ellipses-height-120 no-title" style="line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-above" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"><div class="field-label" style="font-weight: bold; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Biography:&nbsp;</font></div><div class="field-items" style="float: none; position: static;"><div class="field-item even"><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Shelby Steele is the Robert J. and Marion E. Oster Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He specializes in the study of race relations, multiculturalism, and affirmative action. He was appointed a Hoover fellow in 1994.</font></p><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele has written widely on race in American society and the consequences of contemporary social programs on race relations.</font></p><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2006, Steele received the Bradley Prize for his contributions to the study of race in America. In 2004, he was awarded the National Humanities Medal. In 1991, his work on the documentary&nbsp;<i>Seven Days in Bensonhurst</i>&nbsp;was recognized with an Emmy Award and two awards for television documentary writing—the Writer's Guild Award and the San Francisco Film Festival Award.</font></p><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele received the National Book Critic's Circle Award in 1990 in the general nonfiction category for his book&nbsp;<i>The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America</i>. Other books by Steele include&nbsp;<i>A Bound Man: Why We Are Excited About Obama and Why He Can't Win</i>&nbsp;(Free Press, 2007),&nbsp;<i>White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era</i>&nbsp;<b>(HarperCollins</b> 2006) and&nbsp;<i>A Dream Deferred: The Second Betrayal of Black Freedom in America</i>.</font></p><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele has written extensively for major publications including the&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<i>Wall Street Journal</i>. He is a contributing editor at&nbsp;<i>Harper's</i>&nbsp;magazine. He has also spoken before hundreds of groups and appeared on national current affairs news programs including&nbsp;<i>Nightline</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>60 Minutes</i>.</font></p><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele is a member of the National Association of Scholars, the national board of the American Academy for Liberal Education, the University Accreditation Association, and the national board at the Center for the New American Community at the Manhattan Institute.</font></b></p><p style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 19px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele holds a PhD in English from the University of Utah, an MA in sociology from Southern Illinois University, and a BA in political science from Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.</font></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Shelby Steele</b>&nbsp;(born January 1, 1946) is an American author,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">columnist</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">documentary film</a>&nbsp;maker.and a Robert J. and Marion E. Oster Senior Fellow at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Stanford University</a>'s&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Hoover Institution</a>. He specializes in the study of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Race relations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">race relations</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">multiculturalism</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">affirmative action</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1990, he received the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>&nbsp;in the general nonfiction category for his book&nbsp;<i>The Content of Our Character.</i><sup id="cite_ref-National_Book_Critics_Circle_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-National_Book_Critics_Circle-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;He is the brother of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele" title="Claude Steele" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Claude Steele</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Contents</font></font></font></font></h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">&nbsp;[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Early_life_and_education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life and education</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Career</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Barack_Obama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Barack Obama</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#On_Israel" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">On Israel</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Books" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Books</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Documentary_films" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Documentary films</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#Awards" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life and education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele was born in Chicago to a black father and a white mother. His father, Shelby Sr., a truck driver, met his mother, Ruth, a social worker, while working for the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Congress of Racial Equality</a>&nbsp;(CORE). His twin brother is&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele" title="Claude Steele" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Claude Steele</a>, who is currently Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost at UC Berkeley, and formerly dean of the School of Education at Stanford University.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele received a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">B.A.</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">political science</a>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coe_College" title="Coe College" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Coe College</a>, an&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">M.A.</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">sociology</a>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville" title="Southern Illinois University Edwardsville" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Southern Illinois University Edwardsville</a>, and a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ph.D.</a>&nbsp;in English from the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University of Utah</a>. Steele met his wife, Rita, during his junior year at Coe College in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar Rapids" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cedar Rapids</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Iowa</a>, where he was one of 18 black students in his class. Steele was active in SCOPE, a group linked to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>&nbsp;(SCLC), and he met Rita at an activist meeting. In 1968,</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steele graduated from Coe College and went on to earn his master's degree in sociology from Southern Illinois University–Edwardsville. Steele attended the University of Utah, where he taught black literature and studied for his Ph.D.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After earning a Ph.D. in English in 1974, Steele was offered a tenured position at the university but turned it down because of hostility since he part of an interracial couple in Utah. Steele accepted a position at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">San Jose State University</a>&nbsp;as a professor of English literature and taught there from 1974 to 1991.</font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Steele calls himself a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Black conservative" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">black conservative</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-coc_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-coc-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;He opposes policies such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">affirmative action</a>, which he considers to be unsuccessful&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">liberal</a>&nbsp;campaigns to promote equal opportunity for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">African Americans</a>. He contends that blacks have been "twice betrayed:" first by slavery and oppression and then by group preferences mandated by the government, which discourage self-agency and personal responsibility in blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-wg_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-wg-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The great ingenuity of interventions like affirmative action has not been that they give Americans a way to identify with the struggle of blacks, but that they give them a way to identify with racial virtuousness quite apart from blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-wg_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-wg-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Steele believes that the use of victimization is the greatest hindrance for black Americans. In his view, white Americans see blacks as victims to ease their guilty conscience, and blacks attempt to turn their status as victims into a kind of currency that will purchase nothing of real or lasting value. Therefore, he claims, blacks must stop "buying into this zero-sum game" by adopting a "culture of excellence and achievement" without relying on "set-asides and entitlements."<sup id="cite_ref-wg_3-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-wg-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Barack Obama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 127px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg/125px-A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg" width="125" height="190" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="240" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">A Bound Man</font></i></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bound_Man-Steele.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Steele wrote a short book,&nbsp;<i>A Bound Man: Why We are Excited about Obama and Why He Can't Win</i>, published in December 2007. The book contained Steele's analysis of&nbsp;</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Barack Obama</a>'s character as a child born to a mixed couple that then had to grow as a black man.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;Steele concluded that Obama is a "bound man" to his "black identity." Steele gives this description of his conclusion:</font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is a price to be paid even for fellow-traveling with a racial identity as politicized and demanding as today’s black identity. This identity wants to take over a greater proportion of the self than other racial identities do. It wants to have its collective truth—its defining ideas of grievance and protest—become personal truth.... These are the identity pressures that Barack Obama lives within. He is vulnerable to them because he has hungered for a transparent black identity much of his life. He needs to 'be black.' And this hunger—no matter how understandable it may be—means that he is not in a position to reject the political&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">liberalism</a>inherent in his racial identity. For Obama liberalism is blackness.</font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After Obama won the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_U.S.presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 U.S. presidential election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2008 U.S. presidential election</a>, Steele defended his analysis and claimed that the subtitle of the book was simply a marketing device that he had thought for "about 30 seconds."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;He explains Obama's victory by likening him to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Louis Armstrong</a>&nbsp;who donned the "bargainer's mask" in his bid for white acceptance. In his analysis, he takes whites, who he claims have for decades been stigmatized as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">racist</a>&nbsp;and had to prove they are not,"off the hook."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">On&nbsp;<i>Uncommon Knowledge,</i>&nbsp;an interview program for the Hoover Institute hosted by Peter Robinson, he said: "White America has made tremendous moral progress since the '60s.... And they've never given themselves credit for that. And here is an opportunity at last to document this progress."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="On_Israel">On Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: On Israel" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Steele has been critical in what he describes as the "world opinion" of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At every turn "world opinion," like a schoolmarm, takes offense and condemns Israel for yet another infraction of the world's moral sensibility. And this voice has achieved an international political legitimacy so that even the silliest condemnation of Israel is an opportunity for self-congratulation.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rock bands now find moral imprimatur in canceling their summer tour stops in Israel (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Elvis Costello</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixies" title="Pixies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pixies</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz" title="Gorillaz" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gorillaz</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaxons" title="Klaxons" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Klaxons</a>). A demonstrator at an anti-Israel rally in New York carries a sign depicting the skull and crossbones drawn over the word "Israel." White House correspondent Helen Thomas, in one of the ugliest incarnations of this voice, calls on Jews to move back to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Poland</a>. And of course the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Nations</a>&nbsp;and other international organizations smugly pass one condemnatory resolution after another against Israel while the Obama administration either joins in or demurs with a wink.</font></p></blockquote><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Books" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><i>The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America</i>. Harper Perennial. 1991-09-01.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097415-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097415-X" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">0-06-097415-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=The+Content+of+Our+Character%3A+A+New+Vision+of+Race+in+America&rft.date=1991-09-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-097415-X&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><i>A Dream Deferred: The Second Betrayal of Black Freedom in America</i>. Harper Perennial. 1998-11-01.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093104-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093104-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">0-06-093104-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=A+Dream+Deferred%3A+The+Second+Betrayal+of+Black+Freedom+in+America&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-093104-3&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Guilt:How_Blacks_and_Whites_Together_Destroyed_the_Promise_of_the_Civil_Rights_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era</a></i>. HarperCollins. 2006-05-02.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-057862-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-057862-9" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">0-06-057862-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=White+Guilt%3A+How+Blacks+and+Whites+Together+Destroyed+the+Promise+of+the+Civil+Rights+Era&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-057862-9&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><i>A Bound Man: Why We Are Excited About Obama and Why He Can't Win</i>. HarperCollins. 2007-12-04.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4165-5917-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4165-5917-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1-4165-5917-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=A+Bound+Man%3A+Why+We+Are+Excited+About+Obama+and+Why+He+Can%27t+Win&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4165-5917-5&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Documentary films" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="citation episode" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">(narrator) (1990-05-11).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/info/813.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Seven Days in Bensonhurst"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline(U.S.TV_series)" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frontline</a></i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS" title="PBS" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">PBS</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">WGBH</a>, Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=Frontline&rft.date=1990-05-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fprograms%2Finfo%2F813.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="citation episode" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">(writer, narrator) (2000-05-02).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Jefferson's Blood"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline(U.S.TV_series)" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frontline</a></i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS" title="PBS" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">PBS</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">WGBH</a>, Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=Frontline&rft.date=2000-05-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fjefferson%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Awards" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>&nbsp;(1990) in the general non-fiction category for the book&nbsp;<i>The Content of Our Character</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Book_Critics_Circle_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-National_Book_Critics_Circle-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Emmy</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America" title="Writers Guild of America" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Writers Guild Awards</a>&nbsp;for his 1991&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline(U.S.TV_series)" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frontline</a></i>&nbsp;documentary film&nbsp;<i>Seven Days in Bensonhurst</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-National_Book_Critics_Circle-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-National_Book_Critics_Circle_1-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-National_Book_Critics_Circle_1-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101094452/http://www.bookcritics.org/?go=pastAwards" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Past winners of the National Book Critics Circle Award"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle" title="National Book Critics Circle" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National Book Critics Circle</a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookcritics.org/?go=pastAwards" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">the original</a>&nbsp;on 2007-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2007-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=Past+winners+of+the+National+Book+Critics+Circle+Award&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookcritics.org%2F%3Fgo%3DpastAwards&rft.pub=National+Book+Critics+Circle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-coc-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-coc_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Steele, Shelby (1991-09-01).&nbsp;<i>The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America</i>. Harper Perennial.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097415-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097415-X" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">0-06-097415-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.au=Steele%2C+Shelby&rft.btitle=The+Content+of+Our+Character%3A+A+New+Vision+of+Race+in+America&rft.date=1991-09-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-097415-X&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-wg-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-wg_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-wg_3-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-wg_3-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Steele, Shelby (2006-05-02).&nbsp;<i>White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era</i>. HarperCollins.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-057862-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-057862-9" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">0-06-057862-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.au=Steele%2C+Shelby&rft.btitle=White+Guilt%3A+How+Blacks+and+Whites+Together+Destroyed+the+Promise+of+the+Civil+Rights+Era&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-057862-9&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Shelby Steele,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120579535818243439.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">The Obama Bargain</a>,&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, March 18, 2008</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Cohen, Noam (2008-11-10).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/business/media/10book.html?ref=politics" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">'</span>Why Obama Can't Win' Author Defends Analysis"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.atitle=%27Why+Obama+Can%27t+Win%27+Author+Defends+Analysis&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F10book.html%3Fref%3Dpolitics&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tv.nationalreview.com/uncommonknowledge/post/?q=YmM5NDRhMjRhMWNmMjBhODBiZTBhZDhiYmI5OTc0OTQ=" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://tv.nationalreview.com/uncommonknowledge/post/?q=YmM5NDRhMjRhMWNmMjBhODBiZTBhZDhiYmI5OTc0OTQ=</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704198004575311011923686570.html?KEYWORDS=SHELBY+STEELE" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704198004575311011923686570.html?KEYWORDS=SHELBY+STEELE</a>&nbsp;Israel and the Surrender of the West</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/etc/steele.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Brief information about Shelby Steele"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS" title="PBS" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2007-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShelby+Steele&rft.btitle=Brief+information+about+Shelby+Steele&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fjefferson%2Fetc%2Fsteele.html&rft.pub=PBS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Steele&action=edit&section=10&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></font></a></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 164.225px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wikiquote has quotations related to:&nbsp;<i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shelby_Steele" class="extiw" title="q:Shelby Steele" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Shelby Steele</a></b></i></font></td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2405428/" style="text-decoration: none; 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background: none;">Twin people from the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Utah_alumni" title="Category:University of Utah alumni" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University of Utah alumni</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Claude Mason Steele</b>&nbsp;(born January 1, 1946) is an African-American&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">social psychologist</a>. He was the executive vice chancellor and provost at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He was the I. James Quillen Dean at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Stanford Graduate School of Education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Stanford Graduate School of Education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;and professor emeritus in psychology at Stanford.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;He served as the 21st&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost(education)" title="Provost (education)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">provost</a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Columbia University</a>&nbsp;for two years. Before that, he had been a professor of psychology at various institutions for almost 40 years.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He is best known for his work on&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">stereotype threat</a>&nbsp;and its application to minority student academic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Steele1995Threat_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-Steele1995Threat-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;His earlier work dealt with research on the self (like&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">self-image</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-affirmation" title="Self-affirmation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">self-affirmation</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SteeleSelfAffirmation_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-SteeleSelfAffirmation-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;as well as the role of self-regulation in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictive_behavior" title="Addictive behavior" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">addictive behaviors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SteeleAlcoholMyopia_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-SteeleAlcoholMyopia-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 2010, he released his book,&nbsp;<i>Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us</i>, summarizing years of research on stereotype threat and the underperformance of minority students in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">higher education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WhistlingVivaldi_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#cite_note-WhistlingVivaldi-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Contents</font></font></font></font></h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">&nbsp;[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Education_and_early_life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Education and early life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Career</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Research" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Research</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Addictive_behaviors" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Addictive behaviors</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Self-affirmation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Self-affirmation</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Stereotype_threat" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Stereotype threat</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Whistling_Vivaldi" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Whistling Vivaldi</i></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Controversy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Controversy</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Personal_life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Teaching_and_administrative_appointments" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Teaching and administrative appointments</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Awards_and_honors" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards and honors</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Memberships" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Memberships</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#Article" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Article</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Steele#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li></ul></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div></div>