lee raymond ceo bak

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https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/exxon-finally-admits-denialists-cause-problems/

may 2008

Exxon has admitted – for the first time – that the climate deniers it funds are causing problems for action on climate change.

This is a first for the company which has spent, since 1998, $23 million funding the climate denial industry.

And it’s official – Exxon made this statement in this year’s Corporate Citizenship Report, released in time for its shareholder meeting.

The statement reads:

"in 2008 we will distcontinue contributions to several public policy interest groups whose position on climate change could divert attention from the important discussion on how the world will secure the energy required for economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner."  (page 41 under "public policy research contributions."

"Could divert attention"?  We award Exxon a special prize for the Understatement of the Year.  The denial industry can be held responsible for the US’s failure to act on climate. And Exxon has been at the heart of it for more than a decade.

So which groups is Exxon dropping?  According to Reuters, gone from the funding list in 2008 are the George C Marshall Institute,  the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), Frontiers of Freedom… and others.

These groups are what you might call the "engine room" of the climate denial industry.

But even Exxon’s walking away from them now.

The company started dropping groups in 2006, with the Competitive Enterprise Institute being the first to go. Last year, it dumped the Heartland Institute, which organised the biggest denial conference for a long time, in New York in March and has been running a slightly ridiculous campaign against Al Gore. 

The other groups were all co-sponsors of the Heartland conference which concluded, surprisingly enough, that global warming isn’t happening.

 We note that this announcement didn’t come from the usual spokesman from Exxon, Ken Cohen, who chairs the company’s funding committee, but from a new person.  Clearly the new CEO Rex Tillerson is trying to shift his company from the poisoned chalice left to him by former CEO and arch denialist, Lee Raymond. 

But is cutting nine groups getting the job done?

In short, no.  From the 2007 Worldwide Giving Report, posted on Exxon’s website on Friday, we can see that Exxon funded a total of 37 global warming denial groups, to the tune of nearly $2 million,  which is pretty similar to 2006. Even cutting nine of them means the company is still funding 28 groups engaged in climate denial.

Tillerson needs to make a much wider sweep if he really wants to shake off Raymond’s legacy – he has started, but we think he should apologise to the global community for the harm his company has caused.

1998 communications strategy groups finally seen off

The latest round of Exxon cuts means an end to the funding of the organisations who gathered together in 1998 to plot a communications strategydesigned to foster public scepticism of climate science and undermine the Kyoto treaty.

The plan was drawn up by a small cabal of groups and companies, including Exxon, Chevron and the big energy provider, the Southern Company, and Fred Singer’s outfit, SEPP.  In there were also Frontiers of Freedom and the Marshall Institute, who have both enjoyed Exxon funding ever since.

The memo stated that "Victory will be achieved when:

… average citizens "understand" (recognise) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties become part of conventional wisdom;

…"Those promoting the Kyoto Treaty on the basis of extant science appear out of touch with reality."

Well, sorry guys,  while you may have achieved a certain level of climate scepticism, the IPCC’s latest report is absolutely clear on the climate science – and governments are acting on it.

Will this stop the denial industry?

Well, no.  We note thatWalt Buchholtz, Exxon’s former funding man, left the company and went to work at Heartland for a year. No doubt he helped set up Heartland’s new sources of funding from other members of the business community.

There’s still a ways to go, but it’s a start. When companies like Exxon start questioning this lot, there’s not a lot of people who will continue to support them.

replaced: Lawrence G. Rawl (May 4, 1928 – February 14, 2005) was an American businessman, the chairman and CEO of Exxon from 1985 to 1993.

Rawl was born in Lyndhurst, New Jersey in 1928. Toward the end of World War II, he enlisted and served in the U.S. Marine Corps. In 1952, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in petroleum engineering from the University of Oklahoma,^[1] joining Humble Oil and Refining as drilling engineer.

Career[

By 1980, he was named a senior vice president and director of Exxon Corporation. In 1985, he was named president of the corporation; and in 1987, he became chairman and CEO, taking over from Clifton C. Garvin. During his tenure as head of Exxon, he moved the corporate headquarters from New York to Irving, Texas, increased reserves, and expanded the chemical operations of the corporation.

He was at the helm of the company when the Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in 1989. He faced criticism for his response to the oil spill — his slow public response and his demeanor in interviews^[vague] were noted and the focus of criticism of the company.

Rawl retired from Exxon in 1993 at the mandatory retirement age of 65 after 41 years with the company.^[2] He was succeeded by Lee Raymond as CEO of the company.^[3]

Personal life[

He died at age 76 on February 13, 2005, at his home in Fort Worth, Texas.^[4]

https://stopthemoneypipeline.com/raymond-gets-demoted/

under Pressure, JP Morgan Chase Demotes Former Exxon CEO Lee Raymond from Board Leadership Role

MAY 2, 2020 BY JAMIE HENN

New York, NY — Bowing to pressure from climate and shareholder activists, JP Morgan Chase will be demoting former Exxon CEO Lee Raymond from his Lead Independent Director position on the bank’s board. The news was buried in a filing with the SEC released on Friday.

Stop the Money Pipeline, a coalition of over 100 groups working to pressure Wall Street institutions to stop financing fossil fuels, have been pressuring JP Morgan Chase for months to kick Raymond off the board entirely.

Tens of thousands of activists with organizations such as the Sierra Club, Friends of the Earth and others have sent messages in recent months calling on Chase to remove Lee Raymond from the board. Tens of thousands more have sent messages to Chase’s largest shareholders — BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street — to vote against Lee Raymond at the bank’s upcoming annual general meeting. 

“Shareholders have demanded that JPMorgan Chase be held accountable for its failure to address the systemic risks presented by climate change, and the announcement to remove Raymond from the lead independent director position is a clear victory for long-term shareholder value and the mitigation of climate risk. JPMorgan Chase shareholders will be best served when Raymond is removed from the board entirely,” said Eli Kasargod-Staub, executive director of Majority Action. 

On April 24, Bill McKibben, an environmental author and a leader of the Stop the Money Pipeline campaign, wrote an editorial in the New York Times calling for Chase shareholders to vote against Raymond at the bank’s upcoming shareholder meeting. 

McKibben reacted to today’s news by saying, “This is the man who, more than any other, exemplifies the fossil fuel industry’s decades of climate denial. That he’s retreating under pressure from the climate movement is a moment of real historical significance.” 

The effort to remove Raymond from the board gained an important ally when NYC Comptroller Scott Stringer announced that he would be urging JPMorgan Chase & Co shareholders to vote against Raymond’s re-election. The comptrollers of Pennsylvania and New York state soon followed his lead. 

“This move helps ensure improved oversight of the board and the company’s long-term strategy when it comes to transitioning to a low carbon economy. But our work does not stop here,” said Comptroller Stringer.  “JPMorgan has been the largest global lender and underwriter to the fossil fuel sector, providing $269 billion in financing to fossil fuel expansion from 2016 to 2019. The company needs to move away from financing the dirty fossil fuels of the past and toward the big, strategic clean energy investments of the future. There must be no place for a climate change denier and former Exxon CEO on JPMorgan’s board.” 

Stop the Money Pipeline is celebrating today’s news as a win, while vowing to keep up pressure on JP Morgan Chase to kick Raymond off the board entirely and move forward on climate. JP Morgan Chase is the world’s number one banker of fossil fuels, having dumped over $268 billion into coal, oil and gas since 2016 according to the Banking on Climate Change report.

Members of the Stop the Money Pipeline Coalition reacted to the significance of today’s announcement: 

“Lee Raymond’s demotion is a testament to the power of the growing movement calling on Chase to get its act together on climate,” said Sierra Club campaign representative Ben Cushing. “Removing one of the world’s leading climate deniers from the bank’s Lead Independent Director position is a sign of progress. Our movement will keep up the pressure to vote him out entirely and push Chase to stop the flow of money to the polluters driving the climate crisis.” 

“My family lost everything in Sandy, which was a climate change disaster. More than maybe any other corporate executive, Lee Raymond is responsible for climate change. JP Morgan Chase should clean up its dirty act and its shareholders should boot this climate denier off the bank’s board of directors, not just sideline him as lead independent director,” said Rachel Rivera, a Sandy survivor and member of New York Communities for Change.

“The ousting of Lee Raymond from his leadership role on the JPMorgan Chase board is a historic win for climate activists against the fossil oligarchs and climate deniers who once held sway over Wall Street,” said Paddy McCully, Climate and Energy Program Director of Rainforest Action Network. “JPMorgan Chase shareholders now need to vote Raymond right off the bank’s board and vote for the resolutions that would force Chase to reckon with the reputational damage  from its tar sands and Arctic oil and gas financing, show how they will align with the Paris Agreement, and stop Jamie Dimon from being his own boss due to his positions as both CEO and board chair.”

“Lee Raymond’s demotion loosens Big Oil’s stranglehold on Chase, another signal that the power of the oil industry is waning.  But Raymond’s tenure at Chase not over until this climate-denying  fossil fool is kicked off the board completely,” said Doug Norlen, Director, Economic Policy Program, Friends of the Earth U.S.

“It’s a good step, but let’s remember that Lee Raymond bears criminal responsibility for the climate crisis. The fact that he isn’t being removed from the board entirely shows where Chase’s priorities remain,” said Alec Connon, 350 Seattle

“People power got us to this point and people power is what will eventually force JP Morgan from its pedestal as the largest banker of fossil fuels in the world. There’s no place for a climate denying mastermind on the board of any bank. This is a first step in the right direction to clear him out. All JP Morgan shareholders should be paying close attention to this defensive move by the bank and vote to unseat Lee Raymond.” said Richard Brooks, Campaign Coordinator with 350.org.

“While the demotion of Lee Raymond is good news for climate progress at JP Morgan Chase, it does not absolve BlackRock of the need to demonstrate that it will actually act upon the climate commitments it made in January. To pass the climate test, BlackRock must vote pro-climate on resolution and board votes at JP Morgan, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and more,” said Moira Birss, Climate and Finance Director at Amazon Watch.

like Rex one co?

https://www.desmogblog.com/lee-raymond

credentials

• Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Minnesota (May 16, 2011). [1]
• PhD, chemical engineering, University of Minnesota (1963).[1]
• BSc, chemical engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison (1960). [2], [3]

Background

Lee R. Raymond was the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of ExxonMobil from 1999 until he retired in 2005 with a nearly $400 million severance package, one of the most generous in history. Raymond worked at Exxon and affiliates for his entire career. He served as director of Exxon and Exxon Mobil Corporation from 1984 to 2005. He was Chairman and CEO of Exxon in 1993, and continued to work with the group after it merged with Mobil Oil Corporation in 1999. [2], [3]

Raymond was elected chairman of the American Petroleum Institute (API)from 1996 to 1997 and again in 2001. A 1998 Communications Plan suggested API was working with several groups to promote “uncertainty” about climate change science and links to fossil fuels around this time. According to the document, “victory will be achieved when […] Average citizens 'understand' (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom'. ” While Raymond's name doesn't appear directly in the documents, representatives from both API and Exxon Corp were listed as “GCSCT [Global Climate Science Team] members who contributed to the development of the plan.” [4], [5], [6], [7]

Raymond has also been a trusteeof the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a fossil-fuel-funded think tank whose members have consistently questioned established science around human-caused climate change. In his 2012 book, Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power,journalist Steve Coll noted that Raymond knew Vice President Dick Cheney “very well.” In the 1990s, while Cheney served as chief executive at Halliburton, his company regularly provided services to Exxon. Both Raymond's wife, Charlene, and Cheney's wife, Lynne, regularly met at retreats and meetings hosted by AEI. [8], [9]

Raymond has maintained various other corporate connections and board seats. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations,an emeritus Trustee of the Mayo Clinic, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a member and past Chairman of theNational Petroleum Council, and is Lead Independent Director at JP Morgan Chase & Co. [2]

Exxon & Climate Change Denial

ExxonMobil has spent tens of millions of dollars funding organizations questioning the existence of man-made climate change. From 1997 to 2005, Exxon gave at least $19.5 million in grants to climate change denial organizations. A total of at least$35 million in grants went to climate change denial groups between 1997 and 2016 with over $5 million of those donations earmarked for climate change. Many grant recipients were members of the Cooler Heads Coalition.

*Climate Investigations Center*noted that Lee Raymond was responsible for promoting Ken Cohen, formerly Legal Counsel for Exxon, to the position of Vice President for Public and Government Affairs. Steve Coll wrote in Private Empire:[11]

“Ken Cohen and his public affairs shop, in tandem with the K Street office in Washington, oversaw contributions to free-market advocates who published, spoke out, and file lawsuits to challenge policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or assess the long-term impact of global warming.”

Stance on Climate Change

In Private Empire,Coll described Lee Raymond, as “notoriously skeptical about climate change and disliked government interference at any level.” While leading ExxonMobil, Raymond was one of the few CEOs of Fortune 500 companies to openly oppose the Kyoto Protocol. [9]

Archived documents suggest Raymond was briefed on climate change issues as early as 1985, although he continued to be skeptical for many years after. For example, in a 1997 speech before the World Petroleum Congress in Beijing, China, Raymond outlined his views on climate change:

“First, the world isn't warming. Second, even if it were, oil and gas wouldn't be the cause. Third, no one can predict the likely future temperature rise,” Raymond said.

View the full text of his speech as well as a summary of Raymond's other speeches andadditional relevant documents at Climate Files. [12], [10]

November 8, 2005

Raymond discussed his climate change views with Charlie Rose: [13] [vid]

 Raymond: “The climate – the climate has changed every year for millions of years. If we weren't here, the climate would change. It has to do with sun spots, it has to do with the wobble of the Earth, and it has – there are all kinds of things that come and go. If you talk to a geologist, he will tell you the Earth, over its history, has been much warmer than it is now and much colder. There have been times in the Earth's history where there has been no ice on the Earth. No ice on the Earth. Man didn't have anything to do with it. So now, the question is, given that there is natural variability – that we know. That's not an unknown. We don't know what it is, but we know that it's changing all the time. Now, the question is, is part of what's happening related to something other than natural variability? And if so, how do you determine what that is? And the reality is, the science isn't there to make that determination.”

Charle Rose: “But why do a bunch of scientists from the National Academy and some scientists from the United Nations even say, well, we think it is?”

Raymond: “Well, there are a lot of other scientists that don't agree with them.”

Rose: “You think it's 50/50? I mean, I don't know, I'm asking this out of – I mean, is there an even split or is it 90/10?”

Raymond: “Wait a minute, Charlie. Science isn't – science is not a democratic process, where everybody gets together and votes.”

Rose: “I know that. But I'm asking, is it – it's also, there is this reality. Ninety percent of the people can say, we believe, we believe that humans contribute to the emissions in the air in a significant way that causes global warming. Ten percent can say, we see no evidence of that, we think it's a natural variance, and climate is a natural change. That's you know, you choose to believe the 90 percent or you choose to believe the 10 percent or –”

Raymond: “I don't know. Ninety percent of thepeople thought the world was flat. No? Right?”

1998

Lee Raymond provided a statement in a 1998 ExxonMobil Pamphlet titled “Global Climate change: everyone's debate”: [14]

“Our analysis indicates that the current state of climate science is too uncertain to provide clear answers to many key questions about climate change. Even if global warming were a proven threat — which it is not — targets agreed on in Kyoto, Japan, fail to provide a fair, practical or cost-effective solutions,” Raymond wrote.CO KNEW LATE 70'S VAROIUS BRIEFINGS OF HIGH LEVEL PPL, PRIMER?!]

October 13, 1997

In a speech at the World Petroleum Congress in Beijing, China, Raymond presented three questions: “Is the Earth really warming? Does burning fossil fuels cause global warming? And do we now have a reasonable scientific basis for predicting future temperature?” In his response, he cited a range of common myths regarding climate change: [10]

“In answer to the first question, we know that natural fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature have occurred throughout history - with wide temperature swings. The ice ages are a good example,” Raymond claimed, revealing his belief in a common :{climate change myth:(style="font-weight:700"):}:.

“In fact, one period of cooling occurred from 1940 to 1975. in the 197Os, some of today's prophets of doom from global warming were predicting the coming of a new ice age. — :{Myth #2:(style="font-weight:700"):}:

“Some measurements suggest that the Earth’s average temperature has risen about half a degree centigrade since the late 19th century. Yet sensitive satellite measurements have shown no warming trend since the late 1970s. In fact, the earth is cooler today than it was 20 years ago.” :{— Myth #3:(style="font-weight:700"):}:

“We also have to keep in mind that most of the greenhouse effect comes from natural sources, especially water vapor.Less than a quarter is from carbon dioxide, and, of this, only four percent of the carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere is due to human activities - 96 percent comes from nature.” :{Myth #4:(style="font-weight:700"):}:

[…]

“Forecasts of future warming come from computer models that try to replicate Earth’s past climate and predict the future. They are notoriously inaccurate. None can do it without significant overriding adjustments.” :{Myth #5:(style="font-weight:700"):}:

[…]

“[T]he case for so called global warming is far from air right. You would think that all the uncertainty would give political leaders pause. Unfortunately, it hasn’t, and officials continue to insist that agreement is needed in Kyoto.”

November 14, 1996

Lee Raymond spoke at an American Petroleum Institute event while he served as API's chairman of the board. During his talk, text of which isrepublished and annotated at Climate Files, Raymond described “so-called global climate change” as “the issue that perhaps poses the greatest long-term threat to our industry.” Raymond also questioned the science and described global warming as a “theory”: [15], [16]

“Proponents of the global warming theory say that higher levels of greenhouse gases — especially carbon dioxide — are causing world temperatures to rise and that burning fossil fuels is the reason. But scientific evidence remains inconclusive as to whether human activities affect global climate,” Raymond said.

On Gay Rights

Lee Raymond found himself in conflict with gay rights organizations after he denied corporate benefits to same-sex partners of his employees, Steve Coll noted in his 2012 book Private Empire.The following interchange was quoted in the book, according to an interview with an executive who served as a director of the Exxon corporation during the Lee Raymond era and recalled the interchange: [9]

“Do you discriminate against people based on sexual preference?” the director asked.

“Of course not,” Raymond answered.

“Then why don’t you say it?”

“Well, it’s not required by law.”

ExxonMobil Climate Ads

Greenpeace's Polluterwatch project compiled ExxonMobil and Mobil ads from 1972 to 2004. As Polluterwatch reported, the ad series fully contradicted the findings of their own scientists regarding climate change. [7] SEE ORESKES?

Below are those released since Lee Raymond became a director in 1984:[docs]

Key Quotes

June 7, 2004

In a board and council meeting on global energy issues at the Woodrow Wilson Center, Raymond declared:[7]

“While there can be little doubt that wind and solar will grow rapidly, these start from a very small base, and even with extremely rapid growth, will only supply about one-half of one percent of the world's energy in 2020. The predominate energy sources will remain oil and gas.” [14:00]

“In the decades ahead, carbon dioxide emissions from greater fossil fuel use will climb. We simply do not yet have the economical solutions or technologies that would permit us to meet future energy demands without carbon emissions growth, and as important, we do not know how to increase economic growth without increasing energy use.” [27:50]

“The danger exists that economic activity will be compromised due to the efforts to meet the commitments that have been made. This is the fundamental reason that thedeveloping world has been very cool to Kyoto.” [29:13]

“In my view, the most sensible and fundamental avenue to meet rising energy needs throughout the world, as well as to address greenhouse gas emissions concerns is through a long-term effort in energy research and development. Much, if not most of this will be privately sponsored research.” [29:40]

1998

“We don’t run this company on emotions. We run it on science and principles.” [18]

October 13, 1997

“Let's agree there's a lot we really don't know about how climate will change in the 21st century and beyond,” Raymond said in his speech before the World Petroleum Congress in Beijing. [10]

“We need to understand the issue better, and fortunately, we have time,” he said. “It is highly unlikely that the temperature in the middle of the next century will be significantly affected whether policies are enacted now or 20 years from now.”

May 9, 1982

“We see governments come and go,” Lee Raymond once remarked according to The New York Times. [19]

Undated

Raymond has noted that ExxonMobil's interests were global rather than focused on the United States. At an industry meeting in Washington, Raymond was asked whether Exxon planned to build more refineries the US. [9]

“Why would I want to do that?” Raymond asked, as an executive recalled it to Steve Coll.

“Because the United States needs it … for security,” the executive replied.

“I’m not a U.S. company and I don’t make decisions based on what’s good for the U.S.,” Raymond said.

Key Deeds

2013

Lee Raymond teamed up with former Chesapeake EnergyCEO and Founder Aubrey McClendon to frack wells in Ohio. At the time, McClendon was under investigation by the SECfor his previous financial dealings while he was at Chesapeake. DeSmog reported McClendon received a permit permit to frack five wells from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources on November 26. [39]

“The Ohio Department of Natural Resources awarded McClendon's new company, American Energy Utica LLC, five horizontal well permits Nov. 26 that allows oil and gas exploration on the Jones property in Nottingham Township, Harrison County,” anarticle in *The Business Journal*explained. “In October, American Energy Utica announced it has raised $1.7 billion in capital to secure new leases in the Utica shale play.” [41]

Raymond was listed as s a director of of American Energy Ohio Holdings LLC, according to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings. The Wall Street Journal reported the company raised  $1.35 billion for Mr. McClendon's new firm, American Energy Partners LP, however “The extent of Mr. Raymond's participation isn't clear; he declined to comment, as did American Energy.” Raymond's son, John Raymond, served as Managing Partner, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Executive Officer of Minerals & Energy Group,initially the largest capital investor in the venture. John Raymond also served as a partner. [38], [42], [40]

October 2006

News that Lee Raymond would be tapped to lead a panel on America's energy future was met with criticism from environmental groups. Over 60,000 letters were sent to the Energy Department to protest Raymond's appointment. [20]

“ExxonMobil is currently the worst of the oil giants fueling America's oil addiction,” said Shawnee Hoover, campaign director of Exxpose Exxon. “Putting Exxon's Lee Raymond in charge of solving America's energy crisis is like putting Jack Abramoff in charge of solving political corruption.”

December 12, 2000

Religious shareholders in ExxonMobil filed a resolution charging Lee Raymond with misleading investors at the company's annual meeting. The resolution filed by Patricia Daly of the Dominican Sisters of Caldwell, New Jersey said: [21]

“We believe that ExxonMobil has misinformed shareholders about global warming with inaccurate statements and unreliable information. In addition we believe CEO Lee Raymond made inaccurate statements and used unreliable information when discussing global warming at the May 2000 Annual Meeting.”

“Shareholders are potentially vulnerable to the financial costs of global warming and have the right to a full and accurate assessment about it, not the half-truths and half-science that ExxonMobil offered them last year,” said Daly. “We are very concerned that management has so little regard for investors that they are willing to make misleading and disingenuous statements in a shareholder meeting. This is simply a terrible abuse of the truth by ExxonMobil.”

Scientist Lloyd Keigwin, whose work was repeatedly used by ExxonMobil to make the case there is uncertainty about climate change, supported Caldwell's argument. Raymond had cited Keigwin's temperature data from the Sargasso Sea during the May 2000 meeting. “So the issue isn't only: is the earth warming but why is it warming,” Raymond had concluded. [21]

Keigwin responded in a December 11, 2000 letter: “I believe ExxonMobil has been misleading in its use of the Sargasso Sea data. There's really no way these results bear on the question of human induced climate warming. I think the sad thing is the a company with the resources of ExxonMobil is exploiting the data for political purposes,” he said. [21]

August 10, 2000

ExxonMobil ran an ad in the Washington Post titled “Political cart before the scientific horse” that was severely critical of the draft synthesis report of the US National Assessment on climate change. On September 26, 2002,Michael MacCracken, a retiring senior scientist for the Office of the U. S. Global Change Research Program,wrote a letter to Lee Raymondwherein he responded to ExxonMobil's critical comments on the draft of the report. [22]

MacCracken noted:

“Without having participated in the Federal Register review process that had led up to the draft report being made available for public comment (after two rounds of technical review), nor having participated in the public meetings discussing the draft report and its contents until the very end, the ExxonMobil proceeded to make a number of charges in the advertisement, generally based on rather poor understanding of what was being done and why the National Assessment was being undertaken.” [22]

:{He proceeded to address each of ExxonMobil's charges with a detailed response, including the claim that climate models “are not yet capable of predicting Earth’s global

climate,” that “global models simply don't work on a regional level,” and other charges. }:[22]

“More thorough consideration and investigation should have been given by ExxonMobil to the content and process of the National Assessment,” MacCracken concluded. [22]

April 2000

Under Raymond's leadership, ExxonMobil released a four-part series of Op-Eds on climate change that appeared in a number of newspapers. The articles were titled Do No Harm, Unsettled Science, The Promise of Technology, and The Path Forward on Climate Change. Raymond wrote the ads “summarize our views on this important issue.” Exxon's publications promoted supposed uncertainties regarding climate change science and opposed actions like the Kyoto Protocol. [23]

May 2000

A group of environmentalists, having bought shares in ExxonMobil, attended the corporation's annual meeting in Dallas where they criticized the corporation's policies. One activist shouted for a “long-term solution to global warming.” Lee Raymond responded by quoting from the debunked Oregon Petition: [24]

“There is no convincing scientific evidence that any release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will in the foreseeable future cause catastrophic heating of the earth’s atmosphere and disruption of the earth’s climate,” Raymond began. He continued in his own words: “I’m not saying you’re wrong. What I am saying is there is a substantial difference of view in the scientific community as to what exactly is going on.”

1998

Raymond provided a statement in a 1998 ExxonMobil pamphlet titled “Global Climate change: everyone's debate” claiming that “Even if global warming were a proven threat — which it is not — targets agreed on in Kyoto, Japan, fail to provide a fair, practical or cost-effective solutions.” [14]

View the complete document below, via Climate Files [docs]

...

November 11, 1996

Lee Raymond spoke at an American Petroleum Institute event while he served as API's chairman of the board. During his talk, Raymond contended that many Americans share a “distorted view” that fossil fuel use poses a threat to the environment.[25]

During his speech, text of which isrepublished and annotated at Climate Files, Raymond described “so-called global climate change” as “the issue that perhaps poses the greatest long-term threat to our industry.” Raymond said of the Kyoto Protocol: [16]

no lnx docs

“Right now, a United Nations-led effort[IPCC VS AG21?] is moving toward decisions in 1997 to cut the use of fossil fuels, based on the unproved theory that they affect the Earth’s climate.”

Raymond urged that “we in the industry provide a voice of common sense … [by] getting people to look at the science surrounding the issue, the economics of the policies being proposed and the impact on them as individuals.” On the science, Raymond contended that “scientific evidence remains inconclusive as to whether human activities affect global climate.” [25]

Near the conclusion, Raymond proposed a plan, citing success of a coalition fighitng theBtu tax.[25]

“Addressing these and the other long-term issues we face will require that we do a better job of convincing others — Politicians and the public alike — of the merits of our case. To do that, we'll need to draw on a third 'C' — cooperation.

“In dealing with important issues in the past, we've been most effective when we've kept a clear focus on our common interest. The coalition we formed to defeat with Btu tax is an excellent example.

“On that issue, we brought together various groups within the industry. We mobilized our employes. We gained the support of small business. We worked with other trade groups and associations. And we even picked up the support of a wide range of energy consumers. In the end, we all came together and cooperated to defeat an ill-conceived and onerous proposal.”

Raymond also identified the auto industry as an ally in their fight: [25]

One example is our close cooperation with the automobile industry in research programs on both sides of the Atlantic. Recently, they have become engaged in the global climate issue and are active, aggressive allies. They, in turn, have gained the support of others, and I expect that circle of support will continue to expand.”

July 1996

During his European tour from July 11 to 26, apart from reporting on Exxon's business results, Raymond discussed the importance on staying “focused” on external issues. “One such issue,” he reported, “and probably the most important external issue, is the theory of ‘global climate change.'” [26]

DOCUMENT

Page 1of  4

May 6, 1996

In a 1996 speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, Raymond claimed the science is “inconclusive” on man-made climate change. See the document below, via Climate Files. [27], [28]

DOCUMENT[

Page 1 of  10]

Need for economic growth is universal, but "especially strong in the developing nations." Raymond ties standard of living with energy use per capita, citing 85 percent of which is generated by fossil fuels. "Of these oil and natural gas supply the majority, with oil alone supply the lion's share, 40 percent of world energy demand. And we expect that to be true well into the future." He then continues to tout the energy and non-energy benefits of oil.

Addressing the "two major fears" surrounding oil: "supply and environmental impact.

“Proponents of the global warming theory say that higher levels of greenhouse gases – especially carbon dioxide – are causing or will cause global temperatures to rise. But more than 96 percent of the carbon dioxide is naturally produced in the environment, and it has nothing to do with human activity. It and the other greenhouse gases are necessary for life to survive on Earth. Currently, the scientific evidence is inconclusive as to whether human activities are having a significant effect on the global climate.

“The lack of scientific understanding on this subject has not prevented activists from politicizing it and seeking to stir up all kinds of fears. They do so in an effort to force wrenching changes in our lifestyles and in the economies of the world's industrialized nations, with their real objectives often obscure. Such attempts represent a threat both to sound science and sound economics,” Raymond claimed.

According to Raymond, in developing nations, “the most pressing environmental problems are related to poverty and not global climate change.” He added, “Addressing these problems will require economic growth, and that will necessitate increasing, not curtailing, the use of fossil fuels.” [28]

“This does not mean that we will inevitably experience grave consequences from global warming. We should keep in mind that some Cassandras of global warming were predicting the coming of a new ice age 20 years ago. And so, it makes little sense today to adopt economically punishing policies on the basis of uncertain predictions,” he said.

“Our first priority ought to be to improve scientific understanding.Exxon is helping with that process by conducting its own research and by supporting that of others, including a major research effort at M.I.T. on the science, economics and policy options of potential global warming.”

1996

In the fall of 1996, Raymond published an article in the Exxon publication The Lamp titled “Climate change: don’t ignore the facts.” According to Raymond, “Proponents of the global warming theory say that higher levels of greenhouse gases – especially carbon dioxide – are causing world temperatures to rise and that burning fossil fuels is the reason. (See Global Warming – What to Think? What to Do?) Yet scientific evidence remains inconclusive as to whether human activities affect global climate.” [29]

In the spring of 1996, Exxon Corporation released a publication titled “Global warming: who’s right? Facts about a debate that’s turned up more questions than answers,” that included a statement from Lee Raymond promoting uncertainty on climate change science. Climate Files noted the piece also cited Exxon-funded climate change deniers throughout. [30]

DOCUMENT Page 1 of  8

April 1989

In an interview with The New York Times following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Raymond had a differing version of the company's cleanup efforts at the time of the spill. He blamed Alaskan officials for not granting permits to use cleanup equipment. ''We had a lot of cleanup equipment on the ground, but we couldn't get the permits to use it until it was too late,” Raymond said. [31]

Raymond also countered suggestions by experts that the oil company's spill response could have been slowed by the departure of nine of its oil spill specialists during staff cutbacks. ''We have people all over the world trained to handle oil spills, even if they don't have the exact title of oil spill specialist,'' he said. [31]

The Exxon Valdez spill is considered one of the most devastating human-cased environmental disasters in history. [32]

In a later deposition on the spill, Jim Sherman, a lawyer for the State of Alaska, asked Raymond what, if anything, he felt Exxon did wrong: [9]

Jim Sherman: “I asked you a moment ago … what, if anything, you felt Exxon did wrong, and I think your answer began by saying, well, you didn’t really think it was a matter of right and wrong.”

Raymond: “Well, I don’t mean to be argumentative, but assigning blame isn’t the same as being right or wrong.”

Sherman: “Well, do you think the State of Alaska’s actions in the first seventy-two hours after the spill in regard to dispersant use were wrong?”

Raymond: “My own view is that dispersants should have been applied. If you are suggesting that the state didn’t think they should be applied, then I guess we would have a difference of view. And since I’m right, I guess by your supposition you are wrong.”

Sherman: “By those same terms, did Exxon do anything in the course of the weeks that followed the spill that was wrong?”

Raymond: “The state may have a view on that and I have a different view.”

Affiliations

American Petroleum Institute (API) — Former chair in 1996-97 and 2002-03. Also chair of Climate Change Committee. Listed as “director and a member of the Executive Committee and Policy Committee” in a 2005 press release. [33], [25]

American Energy Ohio Holdings LLC — Director, according to 2013 SEC filings. [38]

JPMorgan Chase & Co. — Lead independent director. Director Since 2001. Director of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated from 1987 to 2000.[2]

Mayo Clinic — Emeritus trustee. [2]

Council on Foreign Relations — Member. [2]

National Petroleum Council — Member and past chairman. [2]

American Enterprise Institute — Former member, board of trustees. Elected at AEI's December 12, 2003 meeting. [34], [8]

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation — Former trustee. [35]

President's Export Council — Former member. [35]

The Business Council — Member (as of November 1995). [4]

The Business Roundtable — Member (as of November 1995). [4]

Trilateral Commission — Member (as of November 1995). [4]

Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co (KKR) Global Infrastructure Investors L.P.— Listed as a “Senior Advisor” to the KKR Infrastructure Team. as of 2010. [36]

United Negro College Fund — Director (2005 press release). [33]

American Society for Engineering Education — Member of the National Advisory Council (2005 press release). [33]

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation — Trustee (2005 press release). [33]

Business Council for International Understanding, Inc. — Honorary trustee (2005 press release). [33]

The Dallas Committee on Foreign Relations — Member. [33]

The American Council on Germany — Member (2005 press release). [33]

The Emergency Council for American Trade — Member (2005 press release). [33]

The Singapore-U.S. Business Council — Member (2005 press release). [33]

The Secretary of Energy Advisory Board — Member (2005 press release). [33]

21st Century Campaign of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers — Member, the Executive Committee (2005 press release). [33]

National Academy of Engineering — Member (2005 press release). [33]

The University of Wisconsin Foundation — Member (2005 press release). [33]

Decision Sciences International Corporation — Advisor. [37]

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) — Trustee. [33]

Esso Inter-America Inc. — Director (1983). [33]

Social Media

Lee Raymond does not appear to be active on social media.

Publications

Steve Coll. Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power (May 2012).

Resources

...

---

no lnx

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/opinion/chase-lee-raymond-exxon-climate.html

Stuck in the Past on the Climate

Shareholders at JP Morgan Chase should block a former Exxon chief from another term on the bank’s board.

By Bill McKibben

Mr. McKibben is a founder of the climate advocacy group 350.org and a leader of fossil fuel divestment efforts.

April 24, 2020

[pix Lee Raymond testifying on Capitol Hill in 2005.]

If you want to know why young people increasingly despair that the rest of us will leave them without a habitable world, consider the case of Lee Raymond.

At a time when millions are losing their jobs, JP Morgan Chase said this month that 81-year-old Mr. Raymond would be up for re-election to his post as the bank’s lead independent director when its shareholders meet in May, despite the fact that he led a company that has helped cause chaos on a scale hard to even imagine.

The bank said that Mr. Raymond had offered not to stand for re-election, given his age, but that the bank’s board wanted him to retain his seat because “his broad experience” both within and outside JP Morgan was “in the best interests” of shareholders.

And his previous outside experience?

He was the chairman and C.E.O. of the oil giant Exxon from 1993 to 1999 and of Exxon Mobil from 1999 to 2005, years when it helped pioneer corporate efforts to create doubt about climate change. Even though, according to internal company memos, the company’s own scientists knew that global warming was very real and very dangerous, and even though Exxon started doing things like safeguarding its infrastructure projects against the sea-level rise they knew was coming, it didn’t tell the rest of us.

Instead, with its peer companies, Exxon helped build the expensive architecture of deceit and disinformation that brought us 30 years of phony debate about whether climate change even existed.

Exxon Mobil has said Mr. Raymond’s statements on the climate have been largely misunderstood. But he seemed quite clear about the subject in a 1997 speech he gave to leaders at the World Petroleum Congress in Beijing shortly before the Kyoto climate talks. His remarks were summed up by Bloomberg News this way: “First, the world isn’t warming. Second, even if it were, oil and gas wouldn’t be the cause. Third, no one can predict the likely future temperature rise.”

Indeed, he told the conference, the earth had been cooling in recent years. Even if the scientists were right about the greenhouse effect, he continued, “it is highly unlikely that the temperature in the middle of the next century will be significantly affected whether policies are enacted now or 20 years from now.”

Which helps explain why we’ve just lived through the five warmest years on record, and 2020 seems certain to join the list.

That epic misjudgment — and his company’s efforts while he was at the helm to sow doubt and mislead about global warming — didn’t cost him his seat on the bank’s board, which he has held for 33 years. Instead he fit right in — as the annual “Banking on Climate Change” reports from the Rainforest Action Network make clear. JP Morgan has become the world’s biggest lender to the oil and gas industry, providing over a quarter-trillion dollars in the years since the Paris climate accords were signed.

Normally a shareholder vote would be pro forma. The last time around, Mr. Raymond got nearly 94 percent support. But maybe not this year.

In recent months, Wall Street seemed to be reaching a tipping point on climate change. One big institution after another began issuing position papers outlining their concern. Laurence Fink, founder and chief executive of BlackRock, the world’s biggest asset manager, wrote in his annual letter to C.E.O.s that “climate change is almost invariably the top issue that clients around the world raise” with his staff. The company promised to use its outsize shareholder power to vote against management teams not making fast enough progress on climate change. Mr. Raymond would seem to be target No. 1 for that cause.

JP Morgan has recently made limited moves in the right direction, saying it would end loans to some fossil-fuel companies and wouldn’t finance new oil and gas projects in the Arctic. But as I said at the time, those moves struck me as “weak beer.” They still do.

In a recent speech in Florida, Jamie Dimon, the bank’s chairman and C.E.O., said: “Climate is a serious issue. But even if you don’t believe it all, sitting here as a human being, as a risk manager, why take a chance on a catastrophic outcome? And there are potential catastrophic outcomes. Most of Florida will be gone in 30 years.”

So as a risk manager, why would Mr. Dimon want the former head of a company that helped lead climate denial efforts to remain on his board?

That’s really the question before shareholders.

Ben Cushing, a Sierra Club energy campaigner, said that “tens of thousands of people have written” to JP Morgan urging that Mr. Raymond not be re-elected to the board. And they’re beginning to find powerful allies.

On Wednesday, the New York City comptroller, Scott Stringer, announced that he had filed a letter to shareholders with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to urge them not to give Mr. Raymond another term on the board. In the hours after Mr. Stringer’s announcement, New York State’s comptroller, Thomas DiNapoli, and Pennsylvania’s treasurer, Joe Torsella, announced they were joining the effort.

“We must address the financial and climate risks to JP Morgan associated with fossil fuels now because the city workers who depend on our pension funds for their retirement security cannot afford for us to wait,” Mr. Stringer said in a statement. “We are urging shareholders to vote ‘no’ on Lee Raymond because his long history in the fossil fuel industry and excessive tenure on JP Morgan’s board render him unable to fulfill his fiduciary duty as an independent public company director for long-term investors.”

It seems hard to imagine that in this dangerous new world — symbolized most recently with Australia on fire and now with many cities on lockdown — that we’d just keep putting the same people back in charge. JP Morgan Chase’s annual meeting will be held online on May 19. It won’t be quite as important as the election coming on Nov. 3, but it raises the same question: Do we really want to keep doing business this way?

Bill McKibben, a founder of the climate advocacy group 350.org, teaches environmental studies at Middlebury College and is the author of “Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out?”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor.

==

LAT

https://www.latimes.com/business/story/**2020-02**-11/jpmorgan-board-climate-activists

no lnx

Few people are in a position to influence Jamie Dimon, the chief executive who turned JPMorgan Chase & Co. into the biggest U.S. bank. The longtime climate skeptic who turned Exxon Mobil Corp. into the biggest U.S. oil company is one of them.

Lee R. Raymond, 81, holds the top position on JPMorgan’s 11-member board after Dimon. He has occupied his seat for 33 years, making him both the longest-serving and oldest director among Wall Street’s biggest banks. He helped guide JPMorgan through mega-mergers after mastering them at Exxon, backed Dimon during his rise and has stood by him. Even as the bank draws fire for lending billions to the fossil fuel industry, the former oil executive’s power inside the $2.7-trillion financial firm has gone little noticed.

That’s about to change.

A nonprofit group called Majority Action is beginning a fight this week to use shareholder voting to remove Raymond from JPMorgan.The group argues that Raymond’s role as the lead independent director and his coziness with Big Oil compromises JPMorgan’s capacity to react to the climate crisis.

“This is really going to be an important moment,” said Eli Kasargod-Staub, executive director of Majority Action. “The gap between what is needed and JPMorgan’s behavior is egregious.”

The oil veteran’s relationship with Dimon gives him special status inside the bank, and makes the campaign against him a long shot. Raymond is described in public filings as the chief executive’s sounding board, advisor on long-term strategy and guide for annual performance reviews, as well as a key voice in who will one day succeed him. He oversees the board’s agenda, has the discretion to call members together whenever he wants, and runs meetings in Dimon’s absence.

Raymond has a reputation among colleagues for being brilliant, logical and gruff, an old-school businessman. “After everyone had his say or her say, Lee’s point of view was heavily influential with everyone else,” said former Hearst boss Frank A. Bennack Jr., who served on JPMorgan’s board until 2004. “I would describe him as eminently able to influence.”

A spokesman for the bank said Raymond “contributes to the success of the company in countless ways.” In his leadership, the spokesman added, he ensures “that the board represents a wide range of views and perspectives and hears from them as well.”

Majority Action, which works with investors to hold corporations accountable, has managed to win attention from shareholders. The group failed to topple Facebook Inc. boss Mark Zuckerberg but helped pressure gun maker Sturm Ruger & Co. into engaging with investors over safety concerns.It’s now trying to persuade JPMorgan not to re-nominate Raymond or else persuade investors to vote against him at the annual board election in May. Even though he left the top job at Exxon Mobil in 2005, the group sees him as intertwined with the fossil fuel industry.

The length of Raymond’s tenure may help the effort to end it. He should have aged out almost a decade ago, but he has received special approval to stay on past the board’s own retirement age of 72. His 33-year run is three times longer than what JPMorgan’s own asset-management arm considers appropriate for independent directors across most of the world.

Dimon is the only top executive to remain at the helm after leading a big U.S. bank through the financial crisis, and he’s the one who ultimately decides how JPMorgan navigates global warming. It had $44 billion of loans out to the oil and gas industry as of the end of September 2019, the most after Citigroup Inc. Those loans accounted for just 4.7% of JPMorgan’s corporate total, a slight decline from a year earlier.

Climate change is already changing Wall Street. JPMorgan’s environmental policy now “recognizes that climate change poses global challenges and risks,” and the firm is expected to discuss environmental issues at its investor day later this month, according to a person briefed on its plans. Joe Evangelisti, a spokesman, said JPMorgan supports the 2015 Paris agreement on climate change and is more than halfway to a goal of facilitating $200 billion of clean-energy financing through 2025. “We continually strengthen our practices and policies around environmental issues, with more to come,” he said.

Last year, in another example of climate concern reaching into high finance, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. pledged to turn down financing that supports new coal mines and upstream Arctic oil exploration. The European Investment Bank, the lending arm of the European Union and the biggest multilateral financial institution in the world, recently adopted an unprecedented strategy to end funding for fossil fuel energy projects.

Things were different when Raymond was a master of the oil industry. He joined Exxon Corp. in 1963 and rose to the top job three decades later. During his time at the helm he cut investment in renewable fuels, pushed countries to unite against emission limitations, and in 1997 said the planet was cooling. The head of Greenpeace’s climate campaign once called him “the Darth Vader of global warming.”

JPMorgan has been a top banker to Exxon for decades and advised on two of its biggest takeovers, including the merger that created Exxon Mobil in 1999 by reuniting two old pieces of the Standard Oil monopoly. Only a few months later, as a board member of what was then J.P. Morgan & Co., Raymond encouraged the merger with Chase Manhattan Corp., according to a person who worked with him. The two corporate giants Raymond helped put together are among the few public U.S. companies to have ever made more than $35 billion in annual profit.

JPMorgan has relationships with other members of Raymond’s family. It has extended credit to an energy investment firm run by one of Raymond’s triplet sons, according to public disclosures, and companies connected to Energy & Minerals Group, a private equity firm run by a second. The third son runs a drilling company in which the four men have owned stakes, according to a 2018 filing. (JPMorgan said it doesn’t comment on specific clients.)

Wall Street’s profits from the oil industry are under more scrutiny than ever. Dimon said at the World Economic Forum in January that climate change would be solved by government policy, not “beating up on fossil fuel companies and banks.” A few weeks later, environmental activists disrupted a talk he gave in Florida.

They’ve criticized his rivals, too. Climate protesters with whistles and drums stopped traffic outside Goldman’s London office in April, and others kept Wells Fargo & Co. employees from entering its San Francisco headquarters in September.

Majority Action’s new effort against Raymond, backed by environmental group Rainforest Action Network, shows there are more targets at big banks than chief executives. “He should be out,” Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, a Rhode Island Democrat who sits on the finance and environment committees, wrote Monday on Twitter. “He lied about climate for years.”

Environmental activist Bill McKibben called JPMorgan’s annual vote “a big slap in the face to anyone who cares about the future.” He was arrested at a branch of the bank in Washington last month while protesting against oil investments.

“There’s a big campaign against Chase,” he said, “and it’s going to get bigger.”

---

exxon secrets

former Chairman of the Board and CEO, Exxon Mobil Corporation

AEI Vice Chair, Board of Trustees President, National Petroleum Council ExxonMobil Director 1984

Chairman of the Board and CEO of ExxonMobil 1993-2006 Raymond was awarded the American Petroleum Institute's highest honor, the API Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, in October 2006. Raymond served nearly 20 years as a member of the API Board of Directors, including two terms as chairman.

Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Exxon Mobil Corporation. Holds bachelor's and Ph.D degrees in chemical engineering. Since joining the ExxonMobil organization in 1963, Mr. Raymond has held a variety of management positions in domestic and foreign operations, including Exxon Company, U.S.A.; Creole Petroleum Corporation; Exxon Company, International; Exxon Enterprises; Esso Inter-America, Inc. Elected Senior Vice President and Director of Exxon in 1984, President in 1987, Chariman and Chief Executive Officer in 1993, and added title of President in 1996. Director, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co; United Negro College Fund; American Petroleum Institue. Trustee and Vice Chairman, American Enterprise Institute. Trustee, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Member, the Business Council; The Business Roundtable Council on Foreign Relations; Emergency Committee for American Trade; National Academy of Engineering; National Petroleum Council; President's Export Council; Secretary of Energy Advisory Board; Singapore-US Business Council; Trilateral Commission; University of Wisconsin Foundation.

ORGANIZATIONS

**American Enterprise Institute**

Source: www.aei.org

**ExxonMobil Corporation**

Source: www.aei.org

**American Petroleum Institute**

Source: Oil, Gas and Energy Law Intelligence

SOURCES

www.aei.org

www.aei.orgwww.aei.org

Oil, Gas and Energy Law Intelligencehttp://www.gasandoil.com/ogel/authors/author_detail.asp?key=262

---

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Raymond

lee R. Raymond (born August 13, 1938) is an American businessman and thechief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of ExxonMobil from 1999 to 2005.He had previously been the CEO of Exxon since 1993. He joined the company in 1963 and has been president since 1987 and a director since 1984.

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Early life and education[

Lee Raymond was born in Watertown, South Dakota on August 13, 1938. He graduated from Watertown High School in 1956. Raymond received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1960. Raymond went on to earn his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the same university in 2001. Raymond met his wife, Charlene née Hocevar, while studying at the University of Wisconsin–Madison; she was pursuing and later earned a degree in journalism.

Career[

Raymond began working for Exxon in 1963. Raymond became a director of Exxon in 1984 and in 1987 he became the President of the company. In 1993, he became CEO succeeding Lawrence G. Rawl and held this post until 2005. He negotiated the merger with Mobil that became effective on January 1, 2000 and gave birth to the new ExxonMobil company. In 2003, when approaching the age of 65, the mandatory retirement age for executives at ExxonMobil, the board of directors requested him to stay in his position two more years, in order to prepare his succession, after the post-merger reorganisation period.

 On August 14, 2005, Raymond announced that he would retire at the end of 2005 as ExxonMobil's Chairman and CEO, two years later than the usual mandatory retirement age of 65 for the company executives. ExxonMobil president**Rex W. Tillerson**succeeded Raymond on 1 January 2006.

On April 14, 2006, it was reported that Raymond's retirement package was worth about $400 million, the largest in history for a U.S. public company.^[2] However, the majority of that sum consisted of retirement-independent salary, bonuses, stock options, and restricted stock awards from his final year and prior years that, while high, are not unprecedented among major American CEOs. Retirement-specific payments in accordance with the standard pension plan provided to all ExxonMobil employees totaled around $100 million, calculated based on his over forty years of service and his salary upon retirement. Raymond was also chair of the National Petroleum Council (NPC), when it was asked to produce a report on the future of oil supply and demand.^[3] 

Raymond was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail global warming.^[4]

Legacy[

Steve Coll describes Raymond as "notoriously skeptical about climate change and disliked government interference at any level".^[5]

Lee Raymond was at the helm of Exxon while it remained one of the last large companies to omit gay employees in its anti-discrimination policy. He was also at the helm during the takeover of Mobil, when the new Exxon-Mobil corporation rescinded Mobil's pre-existing anti-discrimination policy.^[6] HR policy was eventually updated in 2015 to include a prohibition on discrimination against gay employees, but from 1999-2014 the board annually rejected a resolution brought by shareholders to compel the company to implement a non-discrimination policy.^[7]

His son, John T. Raymond, is active in the oil and gas industry. John partnered with the Jim Flores and Paul Allen-backed Vulcan Capital in the buyout of Plains Resources.^[8]

Lee Raymond received the Woodrow Wilson Award from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution for Corporate Citizenship during a dinner held in his honor in Dallas, Texas in early 2003.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and Honors[

• 1998 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement^[9]
• 2003 Woodrow Wilson Award from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
• 2006 Texas Business Hall of Fame^[10]
• 2006 Exxon Mobil Corporation Endows Scholarship Awards to Honor Lee R. Raymond^[11]
• 2018 Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of International Energy Policy & Diplomacy^[12]

References:{:(style="margin-right:0.25em"):}:[edit:{]}:

1. ^ "Lee R. Raymond". ReferenceForBusiness.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
2. ^ "Kamala Harris grew up idolizing lawyers". ABC News. April 14, 2006.
3. ^ David J. Lynch (November 24, 2005). "Can oil production satisfy rising demand?". USA Today.
4. ^ Thaddeus Herrick (August 29, 2001). "Exxon CEO Lee Raymond's Stance On Global Warming Causes a Stir". The Wall Street Journal.
5. ^ Ian Thompson (July 30, 2012). "Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power". The Telegraph. London.
6. ^ James B. Stewart (July 1, 2015). "Exxon Lumbers Along to Catch Up With Gay Rights". The New York Times.
7. ^ Wright, John. "ExxonMobil shareholders vote down LGBT protections". Retrieved 26 February 2016.
8. ^ http://www.petroleumnews.com/pnnew/363756239.html Petroleum News
9. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
10. ^ "Texas Business Hall of Fame honors Lee Raymond, retired chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corp". San Antonio Business Journal.
11. ^ "Exxon Mobil Corporation Endows Scholarship Awards to Honor Lee R. Raymond, Retired Exxon Mobil Corporation Chairman & CEO; $2.5 Million Gift Will Endow Scholarship Fund Within the Teagle Foundation". Business Wire.
12. ^ "Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of International Energy Policy & Diplomacy". THE ABDULLAH BIN HAMAD AL-ATTIYAH INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR ENERGY & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

External links[

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lee Raymond

Articles by Lee Raymond

• Article: World Energy Magazine - The Future of Energy in Emerging Asia
• Article: World Energy Magazine - The United Kingdom Leads Europe’s Growing Import Demand
• Appearances on C-SPAN

Other

• SEC-filed Proxy Statement detailing Raymond's retirement compensation, SEC (US Securities and Exchange Commission)
• Enemy of the Planet New York Times piece by Paul Krugman, 17 April 2006
• Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study Guardian article by Ian Sample, 2 February 2007

Business positions	Business positions	Business positions
Preceded by position created	CEO of ExxonMobil November 30, 1999–December 31, 2005	Succeeded by Rex Tillerson
Preceded by Lawrence G. Rawl	CEO of Exxon 1993–November 30, 1999	Succeeded by Continued as head of ExxonMobil

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Divisions	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Rail" title="Beacon Rail" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Beacon Rail</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Paymentech" title="Chase Paymentech" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Paymentech</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Chase Card Services Canada</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">EMC Mortgage Company</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbridge_Capital_Management" title="Highbridge Capital Management" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Highbridge Capital Management</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Morgan_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan & Co" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JP Morgan & Co</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Equity_Partners" title="One Equity Partners" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">One Equity Partners</a></li></ul>
Notable current executives	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jamie Dimon</a> (CEO)</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Black_(businessman)" title="Steven Black (businessman)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Steven Black</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Lake" title="Marianne Lake" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Marianne Lake</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_Ulrich" title="Jing Ulrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jing Ulrich</a></li></ul>	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jamie Dimon</a> (CEO)</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Black_(businessman)" title="Steven Black (businessman)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Steven Black</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Lake" title="Marianne Lake" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Marianne Lake</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_Ulrich" title="Jing Ulrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jing Ulrich</a></li></ul>
Notable former executives	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">John Pierpont Morgan</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Spencer_Morgan" title="Junius Spencer Morgan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Junius Spencer Morgan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">George Peabody</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sturgis_Morgan" title="Henry Sturgis Morgan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Henry Sturgis Morgan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">David Rockefeller</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Harrison_Jr." title="William B. Harrison Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">William B. Harrison Jr.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._McCoy" title="John B. McCoy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">John B. McCoy</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_V._Shipley" title="Walter V. Shipley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Walter V. Shipley</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III" title="Douglas A. Warner III" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Douglas A. Warner III</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Bowdoin" title="Temple Bowdoin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Temple Bowdoin</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_Staley" title="Jes Staley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jes Staley</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_Masters" title="Blythe Masters" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Blythe Masters</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Lee_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Lee Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">James B. Lee Jr.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Thomas W. Lamont</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Weatherstone" title="Dennis Weatherstone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Dennis Weatherstone</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">John J. McCloy</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Aldrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Winthrop Aldrich</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Matthew Zames</li></ul>	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">John Pierpont Morgan</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Spencer_Morgan" title="Junius Spencer Morgan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Junius Spencer Morgan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">George Peabody</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sturgis_Morgan" title="Henry Sturgis Morgan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Henry Sturgis Morgan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">David Rockefeller</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Harrison_Jr." title="William B. Harrison Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">William B. Harrison Jr.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._McCoy" title="John B. McCoy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">John B. McCoy</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_V._Shipley" title="Walter V. Shipley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Walter V. Shipley</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III" title="Douglas A. Warner III" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Douglas A. Warner III</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Bowdoin" title="Temple Bowdoin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Temple Bowdoin</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_Staley" title="Jes Staley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jes Staley</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_Masters" title="Blythe Masters" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Blythe Masters</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Lee_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Lee Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">James B. Lee Jr.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Thomas W. Lamont</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Weatherstone" title="Dennis Weatherstone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Dennis Weatherstone</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">John J. McCloy</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Aldrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Winthrop Aldrich</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Matthew Zames</li></ul>
Board of directors	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Linda Bammann</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">James A. Bell</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Crandall C. Bowles</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burke_(businessman)" title="Steve Burke (businessman)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Steve Burke</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Combs" title="Todd Combs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Todd Combs</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crown" title="James Crown" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">James Crown</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jamie Dimon</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Timothy Flynn</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laban_Jackson" title="Laban Jackson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Laban Jackson</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Michael Neal</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="text-decoration: inherit; background: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap;">Lee Raymond</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Weldon" title="William C. Weldon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">William C. Weldon</a></li></ul>	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Linda Bammann</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">James A. Bell</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Crandall C. Bowles</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burke_(businessman)" title="Steve Burke (businessman)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Steve Burke</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Combs" title="Todd Combs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Todd Combs</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crown" title="James Crown" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">James Crown</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jamie Dimon</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Timothy Flynn</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laban_Jackson" title="Laban Jackson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Laban Jackson</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Michael Neal</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="text-decoration: inherit; background: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap;">Lee Raymond</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Weldon" title="William C. Weldon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">William C. Weldon</a></li></ul>
Historical components	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fletcher_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="American Fletcher Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">American Fletcher</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Savings_and_Loan" title="American Savings and Loan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">American Savings and Loan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Anchor Savings Bank</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Commerciale_Italiana_Trust_Co." title="Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_One_Corporation" title="Bank One Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bank One</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_United_of_Texas" title="Bank United of Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bank United of Texas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns" title="Bear Stearns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bear Stearns</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenTrust_Bank" title="CenTrust Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">CenTrust Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_(bank)#Merger_as_Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase (bank)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Manhattan Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chemical Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Bank_and_Trust_Company" title="Continental Bank and Trust Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Continental Bank & Trust</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Exchange_Bank" title="Corn Exchange Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Corn Exchange Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_Savings_Bank_of_New_York" title="Dime Savings Bank of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Dime Savings Bank of New York</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank" title="First Chicago Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">First Chicago</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_USA_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First USA Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">First USA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Bank_(1919%E2%80%9397)" title="Great Western Bank (1919–97)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Great Western Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambrecht_%26_Quist" title="Hambrecht & Quist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hambrecht & Quist</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HF_Ahmanson_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="HF Ahmanson & Co." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">HF Ahmanson & Co.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INB_Financial_Corporation" title="INB Financial Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Indiana National</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardine_Fleming" title="Jardine Fleming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jardine Fleming</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Morgan_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan & Co" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JP Morgan & Co</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Savings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Savings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Lincoln Savings</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover_Corporation" title="Manufacturers Hanover Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Manufacturers Hanover</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Detroit" title="National Bank of Detroit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">National Bank of Detroit</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Bank" title="National Park Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">National Park Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Trust_Company" title="New York Trust Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New York Trust Company</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providian" title="Providian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Providian</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fleming_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fleming & Co" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Robert Fleming & Co</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_Chicago" title="State Bank of Chicago" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">State Bank of Chicago</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Commerce_Bank" title="Texas Commerce Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Texas Commerce Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manhattan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manhattan Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">The Manhattan Company</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_National_Bank_of_Arizona" title="Valley National Bank of Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Valley National Bank of Arizona</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mutual" title="Washington Mutual" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Washington Mutual</a></li></ul>	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fletcher_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="American Fletcher Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">American Fletcher</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Savings_and_Loan" title="American Savings and Loan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">American Savings and Loan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;">Anchor Savings Bank</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Commerciale_Italiana_Trust_Co." title="Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_One_Corporation" title="Bank One Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bank One</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_United_of_Texas" title="Bank United of Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bank United of Texas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns" title="Bear Stearns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bear Stearns</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenTrust_Bank" title="CenTrust Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">CenTrust Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_(bank)#Merger_as_Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase (bank)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Manhattan Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chemical Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Bank_and_Trust_Company" title="Continental Bank and Trust Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Continental Bank & Trust</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Exchange_Bank" title="Corn Exchange Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Corn Exchange Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_Savings_Bank_of_New_York" title="Dime Savings Bank of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Dime Savings Bank of New York</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank" title="First Chicago Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">First Chicago</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_USA_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First USA Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">First USA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Bank_(1919%E2%80%9397)" title="Great Western Bank (1919–97)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Great Western Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambrecht_%26_Quist" title="Hambrecht & Quist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hambrecht & Quist</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HF_Ahmanson_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="HF Ahmanson & Co." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">HF Ahmanson & Co.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INB_Financial_Corporation" title="INB Financial Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Indiana National</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardine_Fleming" title="Jardine Fleming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Jardine Fleming</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Morgan_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan & Co" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JP Morgan & Co</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Savings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Savings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Lincoln Savings</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover_Corporation" title="Manufacturers Hanover Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Manufacturers Hanover</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Detroit" title="National Bank of Detroit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">National Bank of Detroit</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Bank" title="National Park Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">National Park Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Trust_Company" title="New York Trust Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New York Trust Company</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providian" title="Providian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Providian</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fleming_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fleming & Co" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Robert Fleming & Co</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_Chicago" title="State Bank of Chicago" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">State Bank of Chicago</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Commerce_Bank" title="Texas Commerce Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Texas Commerce Bank</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manhattan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manhattan Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">The Manhattan Company</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_National_Bank_of_Arizona" title="Valley National Bank of Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Valley National Bank of Arizona</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mutual" title="Washington Mutual" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Washington Mutual</a></li></ul>
Buildings	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125_London_Wall" title="125 London Wall" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">125 London Wall</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/245_Park_Avenue" title="245 Park Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">245 Park Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Bank_Street" title="25 Bank Street" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">25 Bank Street</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/270_Park_Avenue" title="270 Park Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">270 Park Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/277_Park_Avenue" title="277 Park Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">277 Park Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue" title="383 Madison Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">383 Madison Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Center" title="Chase Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Center</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Field</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Amarillo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Amarillo)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Amarillo)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Chase Tower (Chicago)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Chicago)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Dallas)" title="Chase Tower (Dallas)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Dallas)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(El_Paso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (El Paso)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (El Paso)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Englewood,_Colorado)" title="Chase Tower (Englewood, Colorado)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Englewood, Colorado)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Indianapolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Indianapolis)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Indianapolis)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Milwaukee)" title="Chase Tower (Milwaukee)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Milwaukee)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Oklahoma_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Phoenix)" title="Chase Tower (Phoenix)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Phoenix)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Rochester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Rochester)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Rochester)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chater_House" title="Chater House" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chater House</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Square" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Indiana Michigan Power Center (Fort Wayne)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_(Houston)" title="JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Center" title="McCoy Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">McCoy Center</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Liberty_Street" title="28 Liberty Street" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">One Chase Manhattan Plaza</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Qube_(Detroit)" title="The Qube (Detroit)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">The Qube (Detroit)</a></li></ul>	<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125_London_Wall" title="125 London Wall" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">125 London Wall</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/245_Park_Avenue" title="245 Park Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">245 Park Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Bank_Street" title="25 Bank Street" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">25 Bank Street</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/270_Park_Avenue" title="270 Park Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">270 Park Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/277_Park_Avenue" title="277 Park Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">277 Park Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue" title="383 Madison Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">383 Madison Avenue</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Center" title="Chase Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Center</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Field</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Amarillo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Amarillo)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Amarillo)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Chase Tower (Chicago)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Chicago)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Dallas)" title="Chase Tower (Dallas)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Dallas)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(El_Paso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (El Paso)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (El Paso)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Englewood,_Colorado)" title="Chase Tower (Englewood, Colorado)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Englewood, Colorado)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Indianapolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Indianapolis)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Indianapolis)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Milwaukee)" title="Chase Tower (Milwaukee)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Milwaukee)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Oklahoma_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Phoenix)" title="Chase Tower (Phoenix)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Phoenix)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Rochester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Rochester)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chase Tower (Rochester)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chater_House" title="Chater House" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chater House</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Square" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Indiana Michigan Power Center (Fort Wayne)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_(Houston)" title="JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Center" title="McCoy Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">McCoy Center</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Liberty_Street" title="28 Liberty Street" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">One Chase Manhattan Plaza</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Qube_(Detroit)" title="The Qube (Detroit)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">The Qube (Detroit)</a></li></ul>
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https://insideclimatenews.org/news/2210**2015**/Exxon-Sowed-Doubt-about-Climate-Science-for-Decades-by-Stressing-Uncertainty

as he wrapped up nine years as the federal government's chief scientist for global warming research, Michael MacCracken lashed out at ExxonMobil for opposing the advance of climate science.

His own great-grandfather, he told the Exxon board, had been John D. Rockefeller's legal counsel a century earlier. "What I rather imagine he would say is that you are on the wrong side of history, and you need to find a way to change your position," he wrote.

Addressed to chairman Lee Raymond on the letterhead of the United States Global Change Research Program, :{his:(style="background-color:#ffff66;"):}::{ September 2002 letter:(style="background-color:#ffcc66;"):}: was not just forceful, but unusually personal.

No wonder: in the opening days of the oil-friendly Bush-Cheney administration, Exxon's chief lobbyist had written the new head of the White House environmental council demanding that MacCracken be fired for "political and scientific bias."

Exxon was also attacking other officials in the U.S. government and at the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), MacCracken wrote, interfering with their work behind the scenes and distorting it in public.

Exxon wanted scientists who disputed the mainstream science on climate change to oversee Washington's work with the IPCC, the authoritative body that defines the scientific consensus on global warming, documents written by an Exxon lobbyist and one of its scientists show. The company persuaded the White House to block the reappointment of the IPCC chairman,[ROBERT ----] a World Bank scientist. Exxon's top climate researcher, Brian Flannery, was pushing the White House for a wholesale revision of federal climate science. The company wanted a new strategy to focus on the uncertainties.

MacCracken had a long history of collaboration with Exxon researchers. He knew that during the 1970s and 1980s, well before the general public understood the risks of global warming, the company's researchers had worked at the cutting edge of climate change science. He had edited and even co-authored some of their reports. So he found it galling that Exxon was now leading a concerted effort to sow confusionabout fossil fuels, carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect."To call ExxonMobil's position out of the mainstream is thus a gross understatement," MacCracken wrote. "To be in opposition to the key scientific findings is rather appalling for such an established and scientific organization."

Exxon had turned a colleague into its enemy.

It was a vivid example of Exxon's undermining of mainstream science and embrace of denial and misinformation, which became most pronounced after President George W. Bush took office. The campaign climaxed when Bush pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol in 2001.Taking the U.S. out of the international climate change treaty was Exxon's key goal, and the reason for its persistent emphasis on the uncertainty of climate science.

This in-depth series by InsideClimate News has explored Exxon's early engagement with climate research more than 35 years ago – and its subsequent use of scientific uncertainty as a shield against forceful action on global warming. The series is based on Exxon documents, interviews, and other evidence from an eight-month investigation.

"What happened was an incredible disconnect in people trained in physical science and engineering," recalled Martin Hoffert, a New York University professor who collaborated with Exxon's team as its early computer modeling confirmed the emerging scientific consensus on global warming. "It's an untold story of how we got to the point where climate change has become a threat to the world."

The Uncertainty Agenda

As the Bush-Cheney administration arrived in the White House in 2001, ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM) now had partners for a climate uncertainty strategy.

Just weeks after Bush was sworn in, Exxon's top lobbyist Randy Randol sent the White House a memo complaining that "Clinton/Gore carry-overs with aggressive agendas" were still playing a role at the IPCC as it prepared its next assessment of the climate science consensus.

MacCracken and three colleagues should be replaced, or at least kept out of "any decisional activities," he wrote. Meanwhile, U.S. input to the IPCC should be delayed.

Further, two scientists highly critical of the prevailing consensus should be enlisted: John Christy of the University of Alabama should take the science lead and Richard Lindzen of MIT should review U.S. submissions to the IPCC.

Exxon had been circulating a proposal to fundamentally overhaul MacCracken's global change research program, by emphasizing the uncertainties of climate science.

The timing was not coincidental because the administration, as required by law, was about to lay out a new federal climate research strategy. Exxon and its allies wanted the work done during the Clinton-Gore years to be marginalized.

In March 2002, Flannery, Exxon's science strategy and programs manager, contacted John H. Marburger, the president's incoming assistant for science and technology, to pitch the company's favored approach of emphasizing the uncertainty. Earlier discussions, he asserted, "have not sought to place the uncertainty in the context of why it is important to public policy."

Exxon's position paper, attached to his letter, took a dig at the work of the IPCC.

"A major frustration to many is the all-too-apparent bias of IPCC to downplay the significance of scientific uncertainty and gaps," the memo said.

A Seat at the Table

Exxon had not always been so at odds with the prevailing science.

Since the late 1970s, Exxon scientists had been telling top executives that the most likely cause of climate change was carbon pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels, and that it was important to get a grip on the problem quickly. Exxon Research & Engineering had launched innovative ocean research from aboard the company's biggest supertanker, the Esso Atlantic.ER&E's modeling experts, by the early 1980s, had confirmed the consensus among outside scientists about the climate's sensitivity to carbon dioxide.

"The facts are that we identified the potential risks of climate change and have taken the issue very seriously," said Ken Cohen, Exxon's vice president of public and government affairs, in a press release on October 21 addressing the ICN reports. "We embarked on decades of research in collaboration with many parties."

Exxon has declined to answer specific questions from InsideClimate News.

[grfx dialogue]

A 1980 memo proposed an ambitious public-relations plan aimed at "achieving national recognition of our CO2 Greenhouse research program."

"It is significant to Exxon since future public decisions aimed at controlling the build-up of atmospheric CO2 could impose limits on fossil fuel combustion," said the memo. "It is significant to all humanity since, although the CO2 Greenhouse Effect is not today widely perceived as a threat, the popular media are giving increased attention to doom-saying theories about dramatic climate changes and melting polar icecaps."

Most of all, Exxon wanted a seat at the policy-making table, and the credibility of its research had earned that. In 1979, David Slade, manager of carbon dioxide research at the Energy Department, called it "a model for research contributions from the corporate sector."

Sen. Gary Hart, a Colorado Democrat, invited Henry Shaw, an early Exxon scientist, to join the policy deliberations. He was the only industry representative invited to an October 1980 conference of the National Commission on Air Quality, newly set up by Congress, to discuss "whether potential consequences of increased carbon dioxide levels warrant development of policies to mitigate adverse effects."

Shaw's bosses agreed that he should attend, "both to be informed as to what actions or proposals that result and to bring objective thinking and information to the meeting," Harold Weinberg, Shaw's boss in Exxon Research and Engineering, wrote in a memo. But first, he said, Shaw needed to be briefed by public affairs executives "on possible hidden agenda and individual biases of which we may not already be aware."

When Shaw gave feedback to the commission in December, he noted the uncertainties about carbon dioxide and climate change.At the same time, he wrote that it was "important" to place CO2 on the nation's public policy agenda,as the commission was recommending, and supported the panel's suggestion that it was "timely to consider ways of reducing CO2 emissions now."

He also backed a recommendation that the U.S. "seek to develop discussions on national and international policies."

In late spring of 1981, Flannery was one of the few industry representatives at a large gathering of accomplished scientists at Harper's Ferry, W. Va., for a Department of Energy "Workshop on First Detection of Carbon Dioxide Effects." He sat on a panel with NASA's James Hansen, who was about to publish a landmark study in Science magazine warning of significant warming even if controls were placed on carbon emissions.

The workshop's proceedings would declare that "scientists are agreed" that carbon dioxide was building up in the atmosphere, that the effects "are well known" and "will bring about an increase in the mean global temperature," and that it is "commonly accepted" that warming "will affect the biosphere through a change in climate."

Working with Hoffert, Flannery wrote a highly technical 50-page chapter to a 1985 Energy Department report. Their modeling projected up to 6 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the 21st century unless emissions of greenhouse gases were curtailed.[grfx]

the influential government report said the models provided a "firm basis" for this kind of projection, and that "we are already committed to some of this warming as a result of emissions over the last several decades."

The Harper's Ferry conference was chaired by MacCracken; he also edited the warming report. He recalled recently that "the underlying push was for a level of understanding that was convincing enough to let policymakers become aware of what the issue was that society faced."

As Hoffert put it in a recent interview, in those days at Exxon "there were no divisions, no agendas. We were coming together as scientists to address issues of vital importance to the world."

Fork in the Road

In 1988, James Hansen told Congress that there was now enough warming to declare that the greenhouse effect had arrived. Also that year, the United Nations set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

It was a moment that Exxon's climate experts had been forecasting for a decade: that as warming became unmistakable, governments would move to control it.

Looking backward, one Exxon document from the early 1990s reflects a trail of research into global warming stretching back "long before the issue achieved its current prominence."

An internal compendium of the company's environmental record, on file in the official ExxonMobil historical archives at the University of Texas-Austin, acknowledged the uncertainties that have always faced climate researchers, but it didn't downplay the risks.

"Fossil fuel use dominates as the source of man-made emissions of carbon dioxide," said one section of the encyclopedic review. "Current scientific understanding demonstrates the potential for climate change to produce serious impacts."

"For Exxon and the petroleum industry, potential enhancement of the greenhouse effect and the possibility of adverse climate are of particular and fundamental concern," it said.

Drilling for Uncertainty

The IPCC published its first report in 1990. Despite the scientific gaps, the panel warned that unrestrained emissions from burning fossil fuels would surely warm the planet in the century ahead. The conclusion, the IPCC said after intense deliberations, was "certain." It prescribed deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to stave off a crisis in the coming decades.

At this crucial juncture, Exxon pivoted toward uncertainty and away from the global scientific consensus.

At the IPCC's final session to draft its summary for policymakers, Exxon's Flannery was in the room as an observer. He took the microphone to challenge both the certainty and the remedy. None of the other scientists agreed with Flannery, and the IPCC brushed off Exxon's advice to water down the report, according to Jeremy Leggett's eyewitness account in his book, The Carbon War.

At a conference in June 1991, MacCracken joined a panel chaired by Flannery to work together on a climate change project involving geo-engineering.

The contact, according to MacCracken, led to an unexpected solicitation from the oil lobby in Washington. Will Ollison, a science adviser at the American Petroleum Institute, in a fax marked urgent, asked MacCracken, then at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, to write a paper highlighting the scientific uncertainties surrounding global warming.

The API, where Exxon held enormous sway, wanted him to write up the complex nuances in plain English – with an emphasis on the unknown, not the known.

Ollison said the IPCC's 1990 report "may not have adequately addressed alternative views."

"A review of these alternative projections would be useful in illustrating the uncertainties inherent in the 'consensus' views expressed in the IPCC report," Ollison wrote.

MacCracken rejected the task as "fruitless."

"I would caution you about too readily accepting whatever the naysayers put forth as a means of achieving balance," MacCracken wrote back.

Flannery, for his part, continued to emphasize uncertainty. And so did Exxon's new chairman and chief executive, Lee Raymond, who spoke of it repeatedly in public.

"Currently, the scientific evidence is inconclusive as to whether human activities are having a significant effect on the global climate," Raymond claimed in a speech delivered in 1996 to the Economic Club of Detroit.

"Many people, politicians and the public alike, believe that global warming is a rock-solid certainty," he said the next year in a speech in Beijing."But it's not."

Addressing the World Petroleum Congress, which was meeting just before the conclusion of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, Raymond even disputed that the planet was warming at all. "The earth is cooler today than it was 20 years ago," he said.

That was false. Authoritative climate agencies declared 1997 the warmest year ever measured. Decade by decade, the warming has continued, in line with the climate models.

But Raymond, turning his back on Exxon researchers and their state-of-the-art work, mocked those climate models.

"1990's models were predicting temperature increases of two to five degrees Celsius by the year 2100. Last year's models say one to three degrees. Where to next year?"

"It is highly unlikely," he said, "that the temperature in the middle of the next century will be significantly affected whether policies are enacted now or 20 years from now."

The Doubt Industry

Exxon and its allies had been working hard to spread this dilatory message.

First, they set up the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), a lobbying partnership of leading oil and automobile companies dedicated to defeating controls on carbon pollution.

"As major corporations with a high level of internal scientific and technical expertise, they were aware of and in a position to understand the available scientific data," recounts an essay on corporate responsibility for climate change published last month in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change.

[grfx]

"From 1989 to 2002, the GCC led an aggressive lobbying and advertising campaign aimed at achieving these goals by sowing doubt about the integrity of the IPCC and the scientific evidence that heat-trapping emissions from burning fossil fuels drive global warming," says the article, by Harvard climate science historian Naomi Oreskes and two co-authors.

Then, in 1998 Exxon also helped create the Global Climate Science Team, an effort involving Randy Randol, the company's top lobbyist, and Joe Walker, a public relations representative for API.

Their memo, leaked to The New York Times, asserted that it is "not known for sure whether (a) climate change actually is occurring, or (b) if it is, whether humans really have any influence on it." Opponents of the Kyoto treaty, it complained, "have done little to build a case against precipitous action on climate change based on the scientific uncertainty."

The memo declared: "Victory will be achieved when average citizens 'understand' (recognize) uncertainties in climate science," and when "recognition of uncertainty becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom.'"

Exxon wholeheartedly embraced that theme. For example, an advertisement called "Unsettled Science" that ran in major papers in the spring of 2000, prompted one scientist to complain that it had distorted his work by suggesting it supported the notion that global warming was just a natural cycle. "It's a shame," Lloyd Keigwin later told the Wall Street Journal. "The implication is that these data show that we don't need to worry about global warming."

Another ad, one of a series placed in The New York Times, cast aspersions on scientists who "believe they can predict changes in climate decades from now."

Then, in the heat of the 2000 presidential race between climate champion Al Gore and erstwhile oilman George W. Bush, Exxon placed an ad in the Washington Post accusing MacCracken's office of putting the "political cart before a scientific horse."

Blowing the Whistle

The collaboration between Exxon, its surrogates, and the Bush administration to emphasize uncertainty and stave off action came to light in 2005. A whistleblower named Rick Piltz disclosed that Philip Cooney, an oil lobbyist who had become chief of staff at the White House environmental council, had been heavily editing the work of government researchers. Cooney resigned, and was hired by Exxon.

But the clashes continued between the scientific establishment and Exxon's purveyors of uncertainty.

The Royal Society of the United Kingdom, for centuries a renowned arbiter of science, harshly criticized Exxon in 2006 for publishing "very misleading" statements about the IPCC's Third Assessment Report. The IPCC found that most of the observed warming of the planet in the late 20th century was probably caused by humans.[CEI ebell ctr-slap?]

The Society's communications manager Bob Wardreminded Exxon pointedly that one of its own scientists had contributed to the IPCC chapter in question.

The Royal Society said it had no problem with Exxon funding scientific research, but "we do have concerns about ExxonMobil's funding of lobby groups that seek to misrepresent the scientific evidence relating to climate change."

Ward said Exxon was funding at least 39 organizations "featuring information on their websites that misrepresented the science on climate change, by outright denial of the evidence that greenhouse gases are driving climate change, or by overstating the amount and significance of uncertainty in knowledge."

appendix b]

exxon's uncertainty campaign was detailed in three exhaustive reports published in 2007 by the Union of Concerned Scientists and the Government Accountability Project.

At a Congressional hearing in 2007, Harvard scientist James McCarthy, who was a member of the UCS board and the newly elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, declared: "The Bush administration and a network of Exxon-funded, ExxonMobil funded organizations have sought to distort, manipulate and suppress climate science so as to confuse the American public about the urgency of the global warming problem, and thus, forestall a strong policy response."

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12/1 Donald Trump is considering Lee Raymond and ExxonMobil's Rex Tillerson to be secretary of state- CNBC, citing NBC

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srcwtch

AEI Casting Doubt on Global Warming

In February 2007, The Guardian (UK) reported that AEI was offering scientists and economists $10,000 each, "to undermine a major climate change report" from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). AEI asked for "articles that emphasise the shortcomings" of the IPCC report, which "is widely regarded as the most comprehensive review yet of climate change science." AEI visiting scholar Kenneth Green made the $10,000 offer "to scientists in Britain, the US and elsewhere," in a letter describing the IPCC as "resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent."^[19]

The Guardian reported further that AEI "has received more than $1.6m from ExxonMobil, and more than 20 of its staff have worked as consultants to the Bush administration. Lee Raymond, a former head of ExxonMobil, is the vice-chairman of AEI's board of trustees," added The Guardian.^[19]

Since the time of that report, AEI has continued to receive money from Exxon Mobil — a total of at least $1,520,000.^[20]

AEI and the head of its energy studies department, Benjamin Zycher, have faced criticism for distorting scientific findings on global warming from Jeffrey Sachs, a leading environmental studies scholar, Columbia University professor, economist, and UN advisor. Zycher had once criticized Sachs for misconstruing the IPCC conclusions on global warming; however, Sachs responded, "It is Zycher who distorts, misrepresents, or simply ignores the IPCC conclusions."^[21]

Sachs went on to write:

"It is time for Zycher and, indeed, the American Enterprise Institute, to come clean. The AEI, despite its roster of distinguished academics, has failed to be constructive in the climate debate. It's time that the AEI puts forward a strategy to achieve the globally agreed objective of avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."^[21]

Support for "Regime Change" in Iraq

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busted kert d grnpeace:

Another thing the ICN stories had me reflecting on wasLee Raymond's intransigence and bombast, something I personally witnessed and cataloged in the late 1990s and early 2000s.  I always considered him a true science denier, head in the sand, stubborn to the end, believing what he said and maybe just misled or selectively grabbing misinformation to validate his own denial.  To know now that he must have been briefed by Exxon scientists, his own staff, means he chose the path of willful ignorance and makes him even more the villain.  I can't wait to see him deposed.

http://insideclimatenews.org/news/25012016/years-after-exxon-secrets-kert-davies-applauds-new-spotlight-old-nemesis

==

desmog

DeSmog UKepic history post portrays Lee Raymond, the Texan captain who steered the Exxon ship against the rising tide of climate science.

In 1997, BP’s British boss, John Brown, stunned the world by endorsing the science of climate change and calling for government regulation to reduce carbon emissions. Exxon’s Lee Raymond (pictured), however, was an entirely different beast: brash, bullish and brutal.

This real life J.R. Ewing came from working class stock all the way from the Great Plains and fought his way to the top of the oil giant Exxon.

Raymond lived in a 8,642-square-foot, five-bedroom brick-façade home in Dallas, had around-the-clock access to the Exxon fleet of nine corporate planes for personal and work trips, and enjoyed the protection of an armed bodyguard and chauffeur who was a former New York police officer.

‘Oil and Gas Purist’

According to Steve Coll, the author of the award-winning *Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power*, Raymond ruled the company with a “drill sergeant-inspired ethos” and he “considered himself unabashedly to be a ‘free-market capitalist’ and resisted government intervention and regulation instinctively.”

Raymond was also an “oil and gas purist” and, in taking over the company, ended the brief flirtation with environmentalism that had taken place under the former chairman Clifton Garvin, who had installed solar panels to heat his home's swimming pool.

“It seemed the worst thing an Exxon manager could be in Raymond’s eyes was dishonest, but the second-worst thing was to be stupid,” according to one senior colleague. “‘Stupid shits’ was one of the direct phrases by which he conveyed his judgements.”

Raymond simply believed that “the scientists on the other side are wrong”. This formed the core of his speech before theFifteenth World Petroleum Congress hosted in Beijing by the People's Republic of China in October 1997. This took place just six months after BP’s Browne declared his conversion to the climate cause.

Fossil Fuel Development

The captain steering the Exxon ship, however, refused to see danger ahead and defiantly told the international delegates that climate change was not, in fact, taking place.

He used the speech to express his sincere concerns about the poorest in society and concerns that developing countries would be denied the opportunity to experience wealth and growth if they were not allowed to use fossil fuels unabatedly.

“Energy use and economic growth are inextricably linked,” he told the people of China. “The countries with the highest economic growth and the highest standards of living are also those with the highest energy use per capita. Today, most of that energy, both in Asia and the world as a whole comes from fossil fuels – about 85 percent.

“I know there are some people who argue that we should drastically curtail our use of fossil fuels for environmental reasons … my belief is that such proposals are neither prudent or practical … their use is essential both for economic growth and for the elimination of poverty, which is itself a worse polluter.”

Climate Science

Much of the speech was dedicated to attacking the climate science as often holding up straw men such as apparent claims of certainty about the impacts of and threat from global warming.

Raymond relied on many of the attacks first set out by the climate deniers du jour, including FredSinger, Patrick Michaelsand Richard Lindzen, along with other coal and oil-funded scientists. “Many people, politicians and public alike, believe that global warming is a rock-solid certainty, but it’s not,” he said.

He argued that changes in the climate were merely natural variability, that human-produced carbon makes only a small contribution to the greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, and thatclimate models are “notoriously inaccurate”.

“The case for so called global warming is far from airtight,” he argued. “You might think that all this uncertainty would give political leaders pause. Unfortunately, it hasn't.”

Free Market Approach

The American business leader called on China to follow “the free market approach”. He said climate mitigation would inevitably involve taxation and regulation, and “all of us would suffer from these proposals … I hope the governments of this region will work with us to resist policies that could strangle economic growth”.

The speech drew to a close with a quote from the Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu: “Govern a great nation as you would cook a small fish – do not overdo it.”

The Beijing speech was perfectly timed to undermine the Clinton administration and its negotiating position at Kyoto. It also provided the hymn sheet for Exxon-funded sceptics to sing from during the next 20 years.

Next up, theDeSmog UKepic history series recalls the moment when leaders from around the globe agreed to limit emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.

@brendanmontague

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history: http://www.desmog.uk/2015/04/16/how-exxonmobil-reacted-when-environmentalists-crashed-its-first-annual-meeting-18-years-ago

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The Guardian reported that after the IPCC released its February 2007 report, the American Enterprise Institute offered British, American and other scientists $10,000, plus travel expenses to publish articles critical of the assessment. The institute, which had received more than $US 1.6 million from Exxon and whose vice-chairman of trustees was former head of Exxon Lee Raymond,sent letters that The Guardian said "attack theUN's panel as 'resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent and prone to summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work' and ask for essays that 'thoughtfully explore the limitations of climate model outputs'." More than 20 AEI employees worked as consultants to theGeorge W. Bush administration.^[45] Despite her initial conviction that with "the overwhelming science out there, the deniers' days were numbered," Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer said that when she learned of the AEI's offer, "I realized there was a movement behind this that just wasn't giving up."^[10]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial

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---

For a decade, now, I’ve been a reporter on climate science. And one of my earliest stories was a Mother Jones cover, exposing ExxonMobil’s funding of think tanks that support climate denialism. The piece was actually nominated for a National Magazine Award. It got around.

With this article and others, I contributed a great deal to a narrative that others, notably Greenpeace and this blog, were also forging: Climate science was under attack by corporate interests; leading the charge was ExxonMobil.

As it turns out, if anything that story now appears more accurate than we knew at the time. But there’s a crucial caveat to it—it may not be so accurate any longer, due to changes at the top of the company.

How do we know this? Simple: We read New Yorker writer and Pulitzer Prize winning investigative reporter Steve Coll’s new book *Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power*. I just reviewed this lengthy work in the journal Democracy. You can read the full review here, but I want to summarize the key salient points regarding climate change (the book covers much more than that) below.

Throughout the First Half of the 2000s, ExxonMobil Was Perhaps Even Worse than We Knew.

Coll paints an ExxonMobil run by a domineering climate denier, CEO Lee Raymond, who was in tight with Dick Cheney and quite sure he was right about the issue. Moreover, Coll reports,Raymond felt extremely burned by environmentalists over the ExxonValdez, and that carried over into his approach to the climate issue. As I write in my review:

In 1997, as the Kyoto Protocol loomed, Raymond spent “thirty-three paragraphs of [a] seventy-eight-paragraph speech” in Beijing denying global warming. Trained as a chemist, Raymond was that paradoxical but statistically common phenomenon: a highly intelligent conservative whose intellectual gifts seemed to make him even more dogged and inflexible than conservatives who are less knowledgeable or educated. At a 2000 shareholder meeting, Raymond even cited an oft-debunked “petition,” allegedly signed by 17,000 scientists skeptical of global warming, to back up his case. Just one tiny problem: The petition’s signatures “included those of pop musicians such as the Spice Girls and James Brown,” notes Coll wryly.

And Raymond enforced his denialist view throughout the corporation. “They had come to the conclusion that the whole debate around global warming was kind of ahoax,” says one of Coll’s inside sources. “Nobody inside Exxon dared question that.”

Coll goes on to depict ExxonMobil’s funding of a climate denial echo chamber as one of its most problematic actions.Of the oil majors, no company was so steadfast on this as ExxonMobil, and from Coll, we learn that much of this must be traced to Raymond.

But Rex Tillerson Isn’t Lee Raymond.But here’s the thing. Coll suggests that within ExxonMobil, not everybody liked being known as such an environmental bad guy. Eventually, and for many reasons, the company's board wanted a change of leadership. And Raymond’s successor Rex Tillerson, in Coll’s account, comes off as a very different dude. As I write:

Enter Rex Tillerson, a man who, in comparison to Raymond, comes across as a milquetoast. About the most interesting thing that Coll has to tell us about him (and it doesn’t at all seem like Coll’s fault) is that he was an Eagle Scout, and fond of drawing not-so-deep lessons from the scouting view of the world. Tillerson had distinguished himself making overseas deals for the company. Like Raymond, he was born a Christian in the heartland; his youthful reading of Atlas Shruggedfurther suggests an ideology similar to Raymond’s. Yet Tillerson lacked Raymond’s fire and domineering nature—and his flair.

But that’s exactly what ExxonMobil needed; it was time for a change. “We never set out for the company to be public enemy number one,” Tillerson tells Coll.

Tillerson, Coll reports, came in in 2006 and ordered a review of the company’s entire position on climate change, including its funding of controversial think tanks. There was never a stark shift of position, apparently because nobody wanted to directly repudiate Raymond. But there were changes nonetheless, Coll reports, writing about a meeting in 2006 with environmental groups:

The nonprofit leaders asked Cohen [head of ExxonMobil’s public affairs] about the funding he had provided to groups such as the Competitive Enterprise Institute and The Heartland Institute that had so stridently attacked the validity of mainstream climate science. Cohen told them that as part of ExxonMobil’s review of its options on climate policy, the corporation had decided to pull funding from the most controversial groups. The disclosure was the beginning of a quiet campaign to clarify that ExxonMobil had altered some of its public policy funding—without quite admitting that what it had done earlier was wrong or misguided. (p. 345-346)

And the slow change progressed from there. A little known fact is that in 2009, Tillerson actually took a public stand in favor of a carbon tax—the same view espoused by James Hansen.

That’s not to say ExxonMobil is not a conservative company, politically. That’s not to say it doesn’t still fund some conservative organizations that may have troubling climate related positions. However, according to Coll, it really has changed substantially under Tillerson.

Do you buy into Coll’s account? If so, then there’s a lesson for those of us who care about combating climate denial. Namely, it seems very important to publicly criticize, as much as possible, corporations that attack science--so that they become very widely known for this behavior. You may not see them change right away, but if there’s enough of an outcry, you can bet that it is being noticed from within--and upsetting some very important, powerful, and pragmatic businessmen.

Tags:

Lee Raymond

steve coll

private empire

sw stub:

Biographical Information

"Mr. Raymond was Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of ExxonMobil from 1999 until he retired in December 2005. ExxonMobil's principal business is energy, involving exploration for and production of crude oil and natural gas, manufacture of petroleum and petrochemical products, and transportation and sale of crude oil, natural gas, petroleum and petrochemical products. He had been Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Exxon Corporation from 1993 until its merger with Mobil Oil Corporation in 1999, having begun his career in 1963 with Exxon. He was a director of Exxon Mobil Corporation (1984-2005).

"Mr. Raymond graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1960 and received a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in Chemical Engineering in 1963. He is a director of the Business Council for International Understanding, a Trustee of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, a Trustee of the Mayo Clinic, a member of the Innovations in Medicine Leadership Council of UT Southwestern Medical Center, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a member and past Chairman of the National Petroleum Council. Mr. Raymond serves on an advisory panel to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co."^[1]

Affiliations

• Director, JP Morgan Chase
• Vice Chair, American Enterprise Institute

Resources and articles

Related Sourcewatch

References

1. ↑ JP Morgan Board, organizational web page, accessed September 24, 2012.

Categories: 

• Stubs
• United States

coll:

raymond blames disaster on refusal/delay in dispersnats  disputed p 10 p 12 not enough or gear to deliver

claims spent 2.1 billion$ in 1989

john browne boho p 16

raymond by the book evokes fear; exxon split up standard oil 1911 (merger later rejoined 2?)

very effective lobby; post cold war, corps gain relative power v state p 20 longer time horizon than pols

big on risk analysis, and had metric so drove safety problems towards zero , hired ex Secret  serv for exec protection p 30

after valdezpop rank drop from 6 to 100; accting operators got therapy b/c of abuse 33 from customers

put up 300M$ to pay off claims, w/o asking legal release paid off nearly all proved claims by 1994 but refused on punitive...

Ch 3 GW:

LR knew cheney 20 yrs, hunt; halli and exxon did deals, AEI retreats lynne

exxon had good access to clinton admin, tho gore pres made nervous; 

secret task forcedid not meet long and results came out fast, which suggests pre-cooked, but output could rapidly be put into action thru exec

order, policy and law 69, one goal open ANWR

LR says exxon not US co thus no obligation to act patriotically  71

Wash DC hq liason to WH, but also embassies and API 72 2001  $6mil lobby, but almost all inhouse? 73

pal of dingell, hillary ok, durbin and schumer not ok; clifton garvin ceo JC era flirted w. solar, seen as mistake now by co 76

144 glaciers mon 1900 to 80, 2 grew) 77 1962 Humble (ur) ad said each day enough power to melt 7 mill tons glacier 77

NAS got exxon attn; hired flannery, got LNC lab guy, published by IPCC 79 LR 1st ceo phd, so thot he could read the sci (plus experts saying

geology is long time and we have only short data?, thus extrap tricky) 79 LR shut down green efforts 80

Rio B1 agreed, not binding but pledge to reduce to 1990 by 2000; 3 yrs later ipcc says likely human, LR re-elected 1995 assess; LR urged dev

countries to oppose US on kyoto incl chinese commie; agw becomes taboo at exxon 85

exxon and api join GCC as barrier; GrP says really effective at blocking legis , ~ and in UK went after BP 85;got API action plan;had spent

millions on disinfo since 60's (who had?) current budget 7.9$M on PR to beat kyoto 85: sow doubt, media coverage balanced; find hacks.

exxon public affairs cheif Kenneth P Cohen worked  w/ Walt Buchholz (PR exxon chem), heartland, CEI (sued BC admin on climate review, claimed sci  

unreliable) p 86 Annapolis, backed bogus books

perhaps learning from tobacco blowback, exxon and api did not create or promulgate ("malic distort inhouse) what they knew to be lies, more  

nuanced doubt? 87

LR used oregon pet

...

LR pal of greenspan, echoes talking pts 201

browne rebrand bp1990's p 224 had a sm solar co drivable from DC for PR foto

LR on bd AEI lynn cheney

don nelsonpal hagel, led fight ~ kyoto 301; LR pal of nelson, LR wanted to be outside chairman of AEI, but nelson warned him that AEI might not

play along with exxon POV both went to WH hubbard mtg, VP energy aid hutto set up exxon brienfings for staffers and even Nat Sec Council 305

(Cohenhad done studies how to give info to elites 305 "informed influentials

all scen said biz as usual (solar only up tp 2%, but regulation cd be black swan 310; predicted co2 up 30% 2005 -30 311

LR plays down anti kytoto $, just gotta speak up so bad errors not made .

...

exxon thinks of dumping gas station b/c they don't make that much $ but offer only way to boycott 316 get low profile like dupont

last yr LR record profit 36.1 billion; mlt cap LR years 1993 to 2005 80 to 360b$ 318

katrina 1800 kia and 11b$

ted stevens AL resisted Boxer call to make ceo's raise hands a la tobacco 320

LR lied to Lautenberg when he asked if exxon in secret task force(he had met f2f to discuss mission w/ DC and spoke w/ spencer abraham during  320-1

after 1999 merger in top 3 but 1; LR retires worth 400m$ 327

omfg:

Bush Names Exxon Chief to Chart America’s Energy Future

Even for an administration dedicated to putting industry lobbyists in charge of the very agencies they have devoted their careers to undermining (coal and oil lobbyist J. Stephen Griles as Deputy Secretary of the Interior is one of dozens of examples), President Bush has recently outdone himself. He has named Lee Raymond, the retired chief of ExxonMobil, to head a key study to help America chart a cleaner course for our energy needs. Raymond currently chairs the National Petroleum Council (NPC), one of the most powerful lobbies in Washington.

Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman says the study will address the supply and demand of oil as well as “…assess the potential contribution of conservation, efficiency, alternative energy sources, and technology advances” and determine “the potential long term impact of alternative energies that are plentiful, affordable, reliable and transportable.”

Energy Department Under Secretary David Garman, added that the NPC is “well qualified to provide a balanced and informed perspective on strategies and action affecting the energy future for both the U.S. and for every country on earth.”

Environmentalists are outraged about the appointment of Lee Raymond. During his long tenure at ExxonMobil, the company spent $19 million on front groups designed to discredit the science on global warming. It also resisted funding clean energy alternatives and lobbied aggressively to drill in the Arctic Refuge.

In a Wall Street Journal article on June 14, 2005, Mr. Raymond said, “it’s yet to be shown how much of this [global warming] is really related to the activities of man.”

ExxonMobil is considered a rogue company even among its peers. It vocally opposes U.S. energy independence and presses for deeper reliance on oil producing nations such as Saudi Arabia, where the company has sunk heavy investments. Critics argue that Mr. Raymond’s legacy is todeny that oil dependence is a problem.

ExxonMobil is the only major oil giant callingrenewable energy an “uneconomical” investment. Known for abruptly shutting off the microphone at shareholder’s meetings when opposition is voiced, Mr. Raymond has the reputation of an impatient, authoritarian leader who shows no qualms about publicly belittling those who disagree with him.

The Exxpose Exxon coalition, a collaborative effort of many of the nation’s largest environmental and public advocacy organizations representing millions of Americans, called on Secretary Bodman “to remove the Global Oil and Gas Study from the purview of Raymond and the NPC. “

“This issue is too vital to be handed over to a company and an industry that have demonstrated again and again that they will maximize profits at the expense of our national security, the environment, and U.S. consumers,” they argued. The coalition recommended the study be given to an independent body such as the National Academy of Sciences.

“Putting Lee Raymond in charge of solving U.S. energy problems is like putting Jack Abramoff in charge of solving corruption,” said Shawnee Hoover, campaign director for the Exxpose Exxon Coalition.

Take Action - Tell Secretary Bodman Not to Let Exxon Chart America's Energy Future.

References:

Exxpose Exxon Backgrounder, http://www.ExxposeExxon.com 

Undersecretary Garman, Presentation with notes, 6/21/06,http://www.npc.org

Remarks for Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman, U.S. Department of Energy, 6/21/06. http://www.energy.gov/print/3764.htm

Permanent link to this article

http://web.archive.org/web/20080404151259/http://www.bushgreenwatch.org/mt_archives/000323.php

frontline:?

In some ways, it’s kind of a no-brainer that Exxon would go after climate science on a very superficial level. It’s sort of in their self-interest to keep government away from fossil fuels, right? Is that how it began?

Well, there were a lot of corporations, including oil companies, that objected to the Kyoto accords in 1997. But most of them lobbied against the treaty on economic and fairness grounds that would cost the economy of the United States too much for the benefits promised, and also that it wasn’t fair that developing societies would be left out of the bargain.

But Exxon did something that I think was fairly radical, which was that they chose to go after the science. And I think that was more the results of the personal conviction of the chief executive, Lee Raymond, than it really was an expression of their rational business needs.

After all, ExxonMobil was an oil and gas company. Gas was not problematic under climate change regulation. Oil was not as problematic as coal. They were an enormous corporation with rich profits. They could have survived Kyoto. They could have survived a price cap on carbon. They could survive on that. But they chose not only to oppose the treaty, but to attack the science.

So they could have in a sense written a check for what Kyoto called for, and instead not only went after the treaty but every scientific basis or even thinking about climate change as a threat to the world.

Lee Raymond — who had a doctoral degree in chemical engineering and who had a personal conviction that he understood the science well enough to reach a judgment about it — decided that the science was wrong.

He believed that it was a hoax, in effect, that the earth was not warming at all. … So he not only went after the treaty bargain, but funded, often in the early years surreptitiously, campaigns to attack the science that were carried out by nonscientific groups, often by free-market ideologues, … this out of an organization, ExxonMobil, that is in fact quite dependent on scientists and science. In time, perhaps we will understand what the internal reaction among scientists within ExxonMobil was to this campaigning, because there’s some evidence thatwithin ExxonMobil, there was studygoing on about how global warming could affect oil discovery, for example.

So on the one hand, the chief executive was saying there is no global warming, and on the other hand, scientific departments of ExxonMobil were looking into how, if there was global warming, ExxonMobil could profit from it. …

What sort of tools were at the disposal of Exxon to really go after the science? After all, isn’t science science?

Well, money to fund campaigns raising doubts. I mean, science is science, but science is based on doubts. Science is based on arguments. Science is based on honest dissent. There is hardly a branch of science where you can’t identify a single scientist who doesn’t have an opposing view. In fact, scientists are trained to question and doubt. [perversion)

In the case of climate science in the late 1990s, the consensus was still forming around how confident scientists could be about the cause, the contribution of human industrial activity to warming, what the risks over what period of time would actually turn out to be.

Here in 2012, we have a much clearer sense of what the modeling warns us about than was available in 1997. And so ExxonMobil was able to exploit genuine divisions that were still present in a global scientific community.

Those divisions were narrowing; they were closing. They would vanish within five to seven years. But ExxonMobil drove a wedge into that debate, exploited the dissent that is an aid to science and used this to create doubts in the public mind about whether the science was legitimate.

“ExxonMobil drove a wedge into that debate, exploited the dissent that is an aid to science and used this to create doubts in the public mind about whether the science was legitimate.”

After all, this is a kind of science that is very difficult for any ordinary American to evaluate on his or her [own], and we all know that weather is uncertain. We all watch the weather forecast every night and watch the weathermen who are presumably trained meteorologists and [who] get it wrong over and over and over again.

So here comes a campaign suggesting that this very consequential weather forecast might turn out to be wrong. Well, there’s an intuitive way in which Americans are going to take that up, especially if it’s propounded in a clever way that emphasizes what’s uncertain and what’s unknown. …

And the moment they concede that uncertainty, who’s poised to take advantage of that?

Well, ExxonMobil and the rest of the fossil fuel industry can rightfully say, “Scientists themselves are uncertain about exactly how warming will unfold.” And then you can go further, as Lee Raymond did. …

Lee Raymond, the chief executive of ExxonMobil, said at a shareholders’ meeting around 2000, “I’m not convinced that the earth is warming at all.” In fact, he said publicly that he feared that an ice age was more likely than an age of catastrophic warming.

And called it a hoax?

I’m not sure that he used the word “hoax,” but he in effect said, “I don’t believe there is convincing evidence that the earth’s temperature is going up in a meaningful trend.” At that point, by the late 1990s, there was really no doubt in the scientific community that the earth was warming.

The only remaining controversy at that time in the late 1990s was how confident scientists could be that industrial activity was an important or the most important forcing mechanism in the warming that everyone agreed was occurring. But Lee Raymond didn’t even concede that the warming was occurring. …

Describe this sort of freedom-fighter group that Exxon funded that would basically take on not only the science, but also the politics of what climate science was driving.

The most radical of these groups were free-market advocates, some of them medium-sized by Washington standards, some of them quite small and almost purpose-built to campaign against climate science.

They were often led by non-scientists, economists or public policy advocates. And they were specialists in communicating to members of Congress, to opinion makers, to Republican activists and to the public about matters of public policy.

So they essentially developed a campaign, a kind of multiphase, self-conscious communications campaign to try to put across the arguments that they felt most strongly about. This included tax on the Kyoto accords treaty on economic-unfairness grounds.But they also included campaigning against the science itself.

And how much money are we talking about? What kind of resources did Exxon and others bring to the table?

Well, multimillions of dollars were spent on this. And the records suggest that much of the oil industry’s contribution to this funding was routed through the American Petroleum Institute, which is where the oil companies individually often do the lobbying that’s most likely to be controversial, because then they have the shield of an industrywide group.

Within API, ExxonMobil is by far the biggest player. Dues and in effect voting power are allocated on the basis of corporate size. And so Exxon, as the largest corporation, was the big fish. And also Lee Raymond, the chairman and chief executive, was the one who really drove this agenda. We have minutes and records of the American Petroleum Institute from this period that made clear that Exxon really took over this campaign and drove the funding and the strategy in the years after Kyoto.

In addition, there were other participants from the coal industry and from other ideological and industry groups that supported this work. But the oil industry-led work involved spending millions of dollars per year over a number of years following the enactment of the Kyoto accords, in particular in 1997.

… Did Exxon rely on scientists to make their argument in anything?

Sure. They, like the campaigners, built petitions of various kinds of scientists who agreed with this critique. Now, there was a particular petition that was circulated at this time that turned out to be highly flawed and contained the names of pop singers and other phony signatures that really didn’t have any scientific background.

But there were a handful of credited scientists at mainstream universities and other organizations, some of them qualified in the relevant fields, who expressed doubts about the conventional wisdom at that time in global warming and climate science.

And although they were a very small minority of the total number of scientists working in this area, they were prepared to be forceful in their dissent. And science, of course, has often thrived on the lonely dissenter. So ExxonMobil rallied to these individuals who were, in its mind, bravely defying the United Nations and the conventional wisdom of the liberal environmental elites and called attention and provided funding to these dissidents, and then used their messages, their scientific credentials and their arguments to campaign before the public to raise questions about the credibility of what was becoming more and more a consensus science.

Aside from this handful of dissenters, though, was the argument driven by ExxonMobil made mostly by nonscientists?

A lot of these groups were run by economists, litigators, lawyers and public policy specialists, people who specialized in getting a message out, not people who were scientists. This was a Washington campaign. This was about influencing the media. This was about creating a false controversy really in proportion to the dissent versus the majority.

The effect of the campaign was to persuade many people in the media that this was an even-sided debate; that there were people who thought global warming was going on and an equal number roughly who thought it wasn’t, and that, therefore, by the conventions of impartial journalism, every story that covered legislation or other controversies around global warming should equally quote from both sides of the debate. That was a goal, an explicit goal that was written down as part of this campaign.

Let’s create doubt; let’s create a sense of a balanced debate and make sure that these lines of skepticism and dissent become routinely a part of public discussion about climate science. And, in fact, they succeeded at that.

This group may not have been scientists, but they were really good at this sort of thing.

Well, some of them actually came out of campaigning on behalf of the tobacco industry in the 1960s, which was a campaign that over a period of 10 or 15 years managed to prolong the period in which the American public believed that there might not be much danger in smoking.

Even though the tobacco companies internally knew as long ago as the 1950s that smoking was quite dangerous to human health, it really wasn’t until the 1970s or later that the evidence that this was no longer a debatable subject became part of a political consensus in the United States.

And that delay period before lawsuits and other factors caused the tobacco industry to be held accountable for the misinformation that it had communicated to the smoking public, that was the product of a similar communications campaign. …

So replace human body with climate and carcinogen with carbon, and you pretty much have the tobacco industry debate upgraded for climate science in the 21st century?

These are complex systems. How can we be certain what factors are going on? Even observing change over time is a very complicated endeavor. And listen to the scientists themselves; they’ll tell you they don’t know the answer to every question.

Since there’s so much uncertainty, therefore, we should be very cautious about undertaking costly restrictions or regulations inhibiting human freedom and all of the rest of the arguments that go along with that. Yes, there is a similarity.

When did this success in terms of messaging become a PR problem on some level for Exxon?

Well, environmental groups, scientists and later members of Congress became aware of this campaigning, because it was right out in the open. And some of the groups that were carrying it out looked by their nature to be underqualified to be entering into a politically important debate about science and public policy.

So investigations began. Greenpeace conducted some of them; Union of Concerned Scientists conducted some of them.Other important environmental groups in Washington started looking underneath the hood. …

And gradually, these mostly nonprofit groups and some journalists were able to describe by 2003, 2004, pretty thoroughly before the public, that these groups were certainly well funded by the oil industry, if not in some respect an instrument of oil industry lobbying.

Of course, these groups all said: “Hey, we believe this on our own. We are independent libertarians or free-market groups. We will have these convictions whether ExxonMobil was providing us with hundreds of thousands of dollars, and we are not.”

Maybe that’s so. But in any event, they were amplified in their messaging by the amount of resources they could tap from industry during this time.

At ExxonMobil shareholder meetings, some of these activists and dissenters started turning up to protest ExxonMobil’s funding of such groups. And initially, there was just a kind of public argument with Lee Raymond defiantly on the stage putting up his slides of scientists that agreed with him and telling shareholders: “I don’t even think the earth is warning at all. You people are wrong.”

But the more these investigations went on, the more the dissent about ExxonMobil’s fairly radical decision to attack the science began to attract really mainstream dissenters among the shareholder community as well as the environmental community. And now the people turning up at ExxonMobil shareholder meetings were a little bit less predictable.

The Rockefeller family split in half. And members of the Rockefeller family — from which ExxonMobil is descended from the Rockefeller Standard Oil Trust — they turned up at the shareholder meetings to say: “We think you are tarnishing the legacy of our great-great-great-grandfather. We think a respectable American corporation of your size, the largest corporation owned by shareholders headquartered in the United States, ought to act a little more responsively about matters of public science and public safety.” …

So that kind of dissent started to attract attention. And I think it bothered the board of ExxonMobil as the years went on. I think it bothered senior management.

I think they felt that they had been a little bit exposed by Lee Raymond’s personal convictions about this beyond where their business interests lay, because really, if the Congress in the United States in 2004 had imposed a $20-a-ton price on carbon-based fuels as one response to mitigate global warming, … that price, if it had been enacted, would have affected ExxonMobil’s business prospects hardly at all. They were a very profitable, durable oil and gas company. The price on carbon would have advantaged natural gas over coal, just as it would now. Half of ExxonMobil’s oil and gas holdings around the world are natural gas, so in a sense they could even have been winners.

Yes, it would have been a little more expensive for them to sell oil and operate some of their refineries in the United States. But none of that would have damaged ExxonMobil’s business in some existential way, … which made their actions attacking the science, in my judgment, all the more radical.

… What was their perception of the liability at the end of the day?

Well, there are different kinds of liability that I think they feared. I think the most severe liability that they feared — although it never has materialized — was comparable to the liability that ultimately bankrupted many tobacco companies, which was, there was a movement in the environmental industry to litigate against ExxonMobil for funding this campaign against climate science.

The idea was that they might be held liable for essentially undermining the available information to the public and the Congress.

Perpetuating an idea that was, number one, false, and number two, undermined public health?

That’s right. And there was a movement to try to identify victims of global warming who might try to hold ExxonMobil accountable. And of course, if such litigation were permitted to go forward, then lawyers for these victims, whoever they might be — residents of an island that was destined to come underwater if the sea levels rose, for example — they would be able to access internal records of ExxonMobil, much as happened in the tobacco industry. And perhaps that would reveal that ExxonMobil, for example, had internal scientists telling them all along global warming is real even while the corporation was campaigning against the science.

So they were very concerned about those kinds of big-ticket liability lawsuits, the kind that went after the asbestos industry, the kind that went after the tobacco industry, because when those kinds of lawsuits succeed, then an industry and a corporation can be in real peril. …

ExxonMobil’s most profitable business is at the wellhead, where they discover oil, pump it out of the ground, sell it wholesale to some user inside the corporate family or outside. That kind of activity, offshore, Nigeria, in Russia, all around the world, [was] not likely to be so affected by American greenhouse gas regulation.

Where they had some expenses that they would have to [incur] was mostly in the refinery operations, these giant factorylike plants where crude oil is converted into gasoline or precursors for the chemical industry or aviation fuel or other products.

Now, those are polluting, hot-running, very complicated industry plants that would be subject to these either prices in a cap-and-trade system or regulation if the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] declared them to be polluters.

But in truth, ExxonMobil’s profits, circa $40 billion these days, are durable against any such regulation or carbon pricing. First of all, these refining operations represent a small percentage of their profit making. In fact, they are the most difficult aspect of their business, the least profitable.

Secondly, they are, by and large, wholesalers. So even if they have to incur incremental costs in order to comply with these regulations, they’ll be able to pass those prices down to the ultimate consumer. It’s not clear that the rates of profitability are jeopardized at all.

So in a business sense, not only was it to some extent irrational to act so radically on the subject of climate science, but, you know, also as Lee Raymond’s successor, as Chief Executive Rex Tillerson later acknowledged, it actually hurt ExxonMobil, because what they want is price stability. They want a world that is consistent across 20 or 30 or 40 years, because their whole business model is based on very expensive long-term investments. What messes up their business model is volatility, things that are unexpected. And one of the sources of volatility in the future is, they don’t know how climate is going to be regulated.

So there were many other oil companies that thought it would be smarter to get ahead of this problem, create support for a stable system, even if it was a little more expensive for them, that would at least create a degree of certainty over 20 or 30 years about what kind of environment they were operating in. But ExxonMobil went a different way.

So at what point did they get out?

At the end of 2005, Lee Raymond retired, and he was succeeded by a man named Rex Tillerson, who continues to run ExxonMobil today as chairman and chief executive. Now, Tillerson has acknowledged that when he came in he wanted to change ExxonMobil’s communications strategy around climate and other controversial issues. He has acknowledged that he thought the company had a problem.

Now, when he started to change, he did two things. First, they reviewed some of these free-market groups that they had been funding, and they cut funding to the most radical among them, especially the smaller, sort of purpose-built groups that were just concentrating on attacking climate science. And then they tried to recalibrate, reposition ExxonMobil’s thinking about global warming.

http://www.democracynow.org/2012/5/7/exxonmobils_dirty_secrets_from_indonesia_to

Steve Coll, President of the New America Foundation and a staff writer at The New Yorker. His most recent book is called, “Private Empire: Exxon Mobil and American Power.” Previously, he was managing editor of the Washington Post and has also been a reporter, foreign correspondent and editor at the paper. He was awarded his second Pulitzer Prize for the book, “Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the C.I.A., Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to Sept. 10, 2001.” He is also author of “The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century.”

ex ceo  lee raymond is exception pal of dick cheney(both Midwest, neighbors, hunt pals); exxon rel to gov't complex, but exxon sees itself as sovereign w/ own economic and for policy, sorta like france.

Exxon's funding of climate skeptics

Through 2005, under Lee Raymond

A study by the US Union of Concerned Scientists reports that ExxonMobil funded 29 climate change denial groups in 2004 alone. Since 1990, the report says, the company has spent more than $19 million funding groups that promote their views through publications and Web sites that are not peer reviewed by the scientific community. 

[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2612021&page=1

See exxonsecrets.org for fact-sheets on funding recipients.

Between 1995 and 2005, Exxon Mobil spent $16 million to "bankroll more than 40 groups to quell the claims of global warming." ^[14]

During 2002, ExxonMobil donated $5.6 million to public policy organizations which share its agenda, either on climate change denial or general extreme free marketadvocacy. These included: [2]

• Acton Institute, ($30,000)
• American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research ($200,000)
• Atlas Economic Research Foundation ($50,000)
• Cato Institute ($30,000)
• Center for Strategic and International Studies ($145,000)
• Committee for Economic Development ($75,000)
• Competitive Enterprise Institute ($405,000)
• Foundation for American Communications ($175,000)
• Frontiers of Freedom ($233,000)
• George C. Marshall Foundation (90,000) (did they mean George C. Marshall Institute? in the PDF, it is "Foundation")
• Reason Foundation ($50,000)