Part 3
<p>A Response to "Death of Environmentalism": Part III: Environmental Justice and Protest </p><p>
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</p><p>by Ken Ward </p><p>
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</p><p>Environmentalism as a Human Right </p><p>
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</p><p>Efforts to subsume environmentalism under a progressive banner have been debilitating and our
leadership and organizations bear defensive scars from these encounters. The conflict arises in
various forms, but the underlying argument is that the environmental problem statement should be
defined in anthropocentric terms. When environmentalism is reduced in scope to mean "harm done
to humankind," it can be added to the list of benefits and burdens that are unequally distributed in
our society and fit comfortably into the agenda of the left. Environmentalism as a challenge to the
entire human enterprise becomes redefined as one more "right" -- the right not to be afflicted with
pollution on the basis of race or class. </p><p>
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</p><p>In and of itself, a human-rights plank is a strong contribution to the environ-mental platform and an
intelligent bridge with progressivism.[1] A problem is created only when the argument is made that
environmental justice is more important than other environmental concerns. By framing
environmental issues as mainly about public health, and by defining the injured as primarily the
poor and people of color, the broad vision of environmentalism as a new ethos for understanding the
world, our own destructiveness, and the search for a new way to live harmoniously is lost.
Environmentalism becomes just one more slice of the pie. </p><p>
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</p><p>The left/liberal challenge to environmentalism has taken several forms. One charge is that
environmentalists tend to be preoccupied with eco-threats in wild and pristine places and to
overlook the damage caused by industrialism in places like St. James Parish, Louisiana -- toxic
dumping grounds sited in poor areas and communities of color. Organizationally, green groups
were challenged to achieve diversity within largely all-white staffs. Most environmental organizations
accepted the criticism, reviewed recruiting and staffing policies, and added environmental justice
issues to their program agenda. </p><p>
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</p><p>Greenpeace USA went the farthest and attempted to rework its entire agenda. Campaigning that
had relied on mobility and speed was encumbered with drawn-out processes that gave virtual veto
power to local groups. The mix of campaigns that had built the organization's membership was
largely jettisoned to focus on issues with a significant environmental justice components.
Greenpeace stopped being newsworthy and lost huge numbers of members as the issues shifted. </p><p>
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</p><p>There were other factors in the decline, both internal and in the changing climate of the times, but
there is no doubt that the Greenpeace tailspin was accelerated by the attempt to rewrite the
American green agenda. If any other organization had suffered such a trajectory it would have been
painful, but hardly a tragedy for environmental organizing overall. The significant reduction in the
power and voice of Greenpeace, however, shifted the entire playing field and reduced the power of
all our institutional players. </p><p>
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</p><p>The Critical Role of Protest </p><p>
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</p><p>Protest is often assumed to be the last resort of the powerless. Actually, protest requires intricate
planning, is resource intensive, calls on specialized skills, and is most often employed by larger
organizations with resources. The reduced role of Greenpeace, the originator of environmental
protest, which maintained the most sophisticated direct-action capacity, meant a steady reduction
in environmental protest from the early 90s to today. Efforts to reverse the trend through outfits like
the Ruckus Society have not averted an overall decline, and have had the unintended result of de-
linking protest from a national environmental agenda. The net effect has been a diminution in power
for all environmental organizations. </p><p>
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</p><p>That there is a relationship between protest and power has been long observed[2] and is supported
by world events like the mass protests in the Ukraine and Lebanon that won bloodless regime
changes just this year,[3] -- but there has been little direct evidence. </p><p>
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</p><p>A recent, comprehensive study conducted by Jon Agnone at the University of Washington directly
establishes that link.[4] Agnone compared levels of public opinion, institutional advocacy, and
protest on environmental issues, with rates of environmental legislation adopted over a 40-year
period. Angnone found that: </p><p>
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</p><p> * The level of protest was the only factor that can be statistically linked to passage of
environmental legislation. </p><p> Institutional advocacy tracks passage of legislation, but is not statistically significant. </p><p> Public opinion on environmental issues alone is not a predictor of the passage of laws favorable
to the environment. Shifts in the level of public opinion do influence passage of legislation, but only
when accompanied by protest. </p><p>
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</p><p>There are certainly more questions to ask and we hope that supporting studies will be conducted.
The implications of the this study, however, are enormous. It is worth quoting at length from
Agnone's conclusion: </p><p>
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</p><p> First and foremost, these results point to the importance of dramatic events models of policy
influence, particularly the importance of protest in securing gains in federal environmental policy.
Protest is more important to securing policy gains than is institutional movement activity, and this
effect is stable even when public opinion is taken into account. When examined both as the sole
predictor and with protest in the same model, public opinion on environmental issues is not a valid
predictor of federal environmental policy. </p><p>
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</p><p> While inconsistent with what democratic theorists predict, the results are not completely
unexpected. For example, while Page and Shapiro (1983) did not specifically examine public
opinion on the environment, they did find that some policy arenas (nearly half) are not responsive to
shifts in public opinion; it would appear that environmental issues is one of these unresponsive
arenas. </p><p>
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</p><p> On the other hand, positive shifts in public opinion on environmental issues do have an impact
on policy when accompanied by high levels of environmental movement protest activity. Thus,
greater counts of federal environmental laws passed will be found when both public opinion and
protest amplify the effect of one another.[5] </p><p>
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</p><p>It appears that protest plays a far more complicated and critical role in successful environmental
action in the U.S. than is generally perceived. Why this should be so is open to speculation. One
possibility is that protest serves as a key indicator of the relative importance of environmental
concerns for both supporters and decisionmakers. When people are out in the streets -- or in the
zodiacs -- it sends a message that something isn't just wrong, but really wrong. </p><p>
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</p><p>This analysis points toward the decline in protest as a key factor in the slippage of our power as a
movement. We cannot be absolutely certain that more protest will equal more power, but it is the
only variable that has undergone a marked reduction and over which we have control. I think it
follows that rebuilding and integrating protest into our national agenda must be a concern for all
environmental leaders, not just the leadership and staff at Greenpeace and the Ruckus Society
trainers. </p><p>
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</p><p>This is a terrifically tough time for the task. The high-security, post-9/11 atmosphere presents one
level of difficulty, but it is also clear that repressing legitimate environmental protest is a matter of
priority for the Bush administration. Corporate targets of protests are responding with mounting
harshness as well. Cranking up the potential costs to both individuals and organizations has had a
dampening affect on already low rates of protest. </p><p>
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</p><p>Direct action, civil disobedience, and even rallies, all of which have a long and honorable lineage as
legitimate forms of expression, now often draw strong criminal and and sometimes civil legal
responses. Where public opinion will not permit outright shut down of expression, as for example at
the major party conventions in 2004, tight measures to isolate protest are routinely employed. The
City of Boston, completely controlled by liberal Democrats, built a large-scale version of a WWF
steel challenge cage to pen protesters away from the delegates. </p><p>
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</p><p>To understand where we need to go, we need to accept that when we stopped protesting, we
stopped winning. </p>