Milgram (1963) Response to authority*

Milgram's behavioural Study of Obedience

1. Theory of Obedience

Obedience is a psychological mechanism connecting individual actions to authority.
It involves abdicating individual judgment in response to external social pressure.
Key components of obedience include being ordered, influenced by superior authority, and maintaining social power structures.
Obedience is essential for societal survival and serves various productive functions.

2. Background

Historical events, like WWII atrocities, highlight the power of obedience to authority.
Obedience can override ethical training, leading individuals to adopt an agentic state.
The study aims to explore obedience's extent, even when conflicting with moral codes.

3. Research Method

The study is considered a controlled observation.
Conducted in a Yale University laboratory for controlled conditions.
Data gathered through direct observation, tape recordings, and one-way mirror observations.
Prior estimates of obedience levels were obtained from 14 Yale seniors.

4. Sample

40 male participants aged 20-50, diverse in occupation.
Recruited through newspaper ads and direct mail.
Paid $4.50 for participation.

5. Procedure

Participants assigned the role of "teacher" and confederate as "learner."
Learner simulated responses, including protests, as shock intensity increased.
Experiment ended when participants refused to continue or reached 450 volts.
Extensive debriefing followed each session.

6. Key Findings

All participants continued to 300 volts; 65% proceeded to 450 volts.
Signs of extreme stress observed in many participants.
Various explanations proposed for high obedience levels, including situational factors and the credibility of the study.

7. Possible Conclusions

Ordinary individuals can commit inhumane acts under authority.
Obedience to legitimate authority can override moral beliefs.
Situational factors influence obedience levels.
Individual differences, such as personality, play a role in obedience.