Memory GCSE*

Key Concepts

• Stages of Information Processing:
  • Input
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
  • Output
• Types of Forgetting:
  • Decay
  • Displacement
  • Retrieval Failure (lack of cues)
• Structure and Functions of the Brain in Memory Formation:
  • Neurological damage and its impact on memory
  • Role of the hippocampus in anterograde amnesia
  • Role of the frontal lobe in retrograde amnesia
  • Role of the cerebellum in procedural memory

Theories/Explanations

• The Multi-store Model of Memory:
  • Structure and process
    • Sensory store, short-term memory, and long-term memory
  • Differences between stores:
    • Duration
    • Capacity
    • Types of encoding
  • Criticisms of the model
    • Rehearsal versus meaning in memory
• The Theory of Reconstructive Memory:
  • Structure and process
    • Concept of schemas
    • Role of experience and expectation
    • Process of confabulation
    • Distortion and effect of leading questions
  • Criticisms of the theory
    • Reductionism/holism debate

Research Studies

• Multi-store Model of Memory Research Study:
  • Example: Wilson, Kopelman, and Kapur (2008) - "Prominent and Persistent Loss of Past Awareness in Amnesia: Delusion, Impaired Consciousness or Coping Strategy" (the Clive Wearing study)
• Reconstructive Memory Research Study:
  • Braun, Ellis, and Loftus (2002) - Study on "How Advertising Can Change Our Memories of the Past"

Application

• Techniques Used for Recall:
  • Use of cues, repetition, and avoiding overload in advertisements
  • Use of autobiographical advertising
  • Development of neuropsychology for measuring different memory functions, including the Wechsler Memory Scale