The History of Terrorism
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1192 Liber Censuum (book)
1790-Today United States Census
1897? A few years earlier, Russian Czar Nicholas II issued an imperial decree ordering his ministers to carry out the Russian Empire's first countrywide census.
Censuses by country
Governments counted people for two main reasons: raising state revenue and waging war. They needed to know who and what to tax, and they needed to know how many fighting-age men could be mobilized.
It was the U.S. Constitution that added a third and novel reason for counting people: representational democracy.
Most American colonies kept population records, too.