The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System

At 7 minutes of 1075.

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Tabulating machine

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1790-Today United States Census
1861-Today MIT
1882? After the 1880 census was complete, he quit his job for a teaching position at MIT -following Walker, who had recently been appointed president.
1900 United States Census
Calculating machines of the World War 2
Computers and the CIA/NSA/Intelligence Links
Computers during World War 2
Data
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Debt bondage in the United States
Debt bondage/Debt slavery
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Herman Hollerith
History of computers
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progress with technological development
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Surveillance in the United States
Tabulating machine
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Terrorism in the United States
United States Census Computer Links
US Brevet Brig Gen Francis Amasa Walker

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"[T]he precondition for every deportation was accurate knowledge of how many Jews in a particular district fitted the racial and demographic descriptions in Berlin's quotas," write David Martin Luebke and Sybil Milton in "Locating the Victim,"...
"Indeed, the Third Reich would open startling statistical venues for Hollerith machines never before instituted-perhaps never before even imagined," wrote Edwin Black in IBM and the Holocaust, his pioneering 2001 expose of the forgotten...
"Indeed, until J. C. R. Licklider and ARPA developed interactive computing systems, tabulators and punch cards were the principal means by which militaries, government agencies, and corporations wrote programs and worked with complex data sets."
"The trouble was that if, for example, you wanted any statistics regarding Chinamen, you would have to run miles of paper to count a few Chinamen," Hollerith later explained in a letter.
1890 In March 1890, Hollerith's machines were installed at the Inter-Ocean Building on Ninth Street in Washington, D.C., not far from the White House.
1910-1949 Dehomag (IBM)
1911-Today IBM (NYSE: IBM)
1941 By the time the U.S. officially entered the war in 1941, IBM's German subsidiary had grown to employ 10,000 people and served 300 different German government agencies.
1957 Grace Hopper created y2k with the Hollerith tabulator
1980s "IBM tabulators remained in operation through the 1980s."
2018 OneZero - The Racist Origins of America's Tech Industry
And Hollerith's tabulator technology was a vital weapon "epoch-making" invention-without which this fight would be lost.
Demand for Hollerith tabulators was so robust that IBM was forced to open a new factory in Berlin to crank out all the new machines.
Despite the long list of questions and requirements for calculating a whole slew of new stats, including birth, unemployment, and causes of death divided up by race, the basic population count was completed in just six weeks.
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S Census Bureau hauled out the punch cards from the 1940 census and reprocessed them to produce block-by-block population lists on Japanese-Americans in a half-dozen states, including California.
Hollerith tabulators were a big hit all over the world. But one country was particularly enamored with them: Nazi Germany.
Insurance companies relied on them for accounting and calculating actuary tables.
It was the first census to include a complete count of Native Americans living on tribal lands. It asked for data on unemployment history, fertility rates, citizenship status, criminal history, literacy, and English language proficiency.
It wasn't just the speed that set Hollerith's invention apart. It was its ability to mine and sift through data and even combine multiple data points.
It would take a full four years to finish tabulating and editing all other categories of data and release the reports. It was an amazing improvement over the previous census, which took nearly a decade.
Many believed that Hollerith's technology would lead to a better and more efficient, more harmonious world.
Meanwhile, immigration from European countries was constrained by hard limits based on the 1890 census-the first census processed by Hollerith technology.
Monolith (Space Odyssey)
NAZI Hollerith Tabulator(IBM) Links
Nowhere was this as obvious as the Social Security Administration, one of the signature programs of the New Deal.
One leading American statistician predicted it would usher in an age of "universal justice" and "make international wars impossible."
Overnight, Hollerith's tabulator technology had transformed census taking from a simple head count into something that looked very much like a crude form of mass surveillance.
Perhaps most important was the racial dimension. The census collected stats on native and foreign-born Americans and broke them into multiple racial categories: white, colored, Chinese, Japanese and "civilized Indian" (i.e., a Native American...
Railroads used them to route freight and work out schedules.
Shipping schedules, train timetables, complex banking data, actuary tables, social welfare programs, and government budgets were all proliferating faster than humans could keep track of them. Information was king, and data processing was in constant demand
Simon Newton Dexter North, a longtime wool industry lobbyist who would head the 1900 census, was also dazzled by the power of Hollerith's tabulators.
Sold under IBM's brand name, Hollerith's technology would power civilian governments, militaries, and corporations around the world, crunching numbers into the Cold War and all the way to the dawn of the internet in the 1960s.
Such fine-grained analysis on a mass scale was completely unprecedented, and it made Hollerith's machines an immediate hit with the United States' race-obsessed political class.
That the census simultaneously played a central role in the development of the computer age more than 130 years ago makes it doubly relevant, offering a glimpse into how computers, surveillance, and racist government policies have been linked from...
The 1890 census-the nation's 11th-as the most ambitious yet. It contained 35 questions, 10 more than the previous census, on a whole range of data: literacy levels, sizes of household, professions, the value of a family's property, and...
The census needed to improve drastically. What it needed was a talented inventor, someone young and ambitious who would be able to come up with a method to automate tabulation and data analysis. Someone like Herman Hollerith.
The dark and ugly history of the census makes it a uniquely telling weathervane of race politics in America.
The Internet
The Nazi Party Treasury, the SS, the War Ministry, the Reichsbank, the Reichspost, the Armaments Ministry, the Navy, Army and Air Force, and the Reich Statistical Office-the list of IBM's clients went on and on.
The world did not simply use Hollerith's tabulators, it became addicted to them and was shaped by them.
When the U.S. entered the war, IBM's Hollerith tech became a vital part of the Allied military effort.
Willy Heidinger, an acquaintance of Hollerith, licensed all of Hollerith's The Tabulating Machine Company patents in 1910, and created Dehomag in Germany.

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