| Alberta | A province in western Canada, mentioned as a destination where Andrew is going bike riding in Banff. | 260901 |
| Amsterdam | A major city in the Dutch Republic (modern-day Netherlands) that served as a refuge for dissenting thinkers and religious refugees, and the birthplace of Baruch Spinoza in 1632. | 260901 |
| Banff | A town and mountain national park located in Alberta, Canada, noted in the lecture as an awe-inspiring natural wonder. | 260901 |
| Belgium | A modern European nation, historically corresponding to Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, and Luxembourg—the Spanish Netherlands reoccupied by Spain during the Eighty Years' War. | 260901 |
| Dutch Republic | A confederacy of northern Netherlands provinces (including Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Friesland) that declared independence from Spain and became a haven of religious tolerance and free thought. | 260901 |
| Granada | The last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, which fell to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, prompting the expulsion or forced conversion of Jews and Muslims. | 260901 |
| Hamburg | A prominent German port city where Uriel da Costa migrated in 1614, openly converted to Judaism, and was eventually excommunicated by Jewish leaders. | 260901 |
| Iberian Peninsula | A region in southwestern Europe (comprising Spain and Portugal) that was historically divided into Christian and Muslim kingdoms before being unified under Christian rule. | 260901 |
| Lisbon | The capital city of Portugal, which suffered a devastating earthquake in the generation after Spinoza, famously prompting thinkers to challenge Leibniz's optimism. | 260901 |
| Niagara Falls | A massive group of waterfalls on the border of Canada and the United States, referenced as an awe-inspiring natural wonder visited by the speaker's family. | 260901 |
| Portugal | A nation on the Iberian Peninsula, original home of Spinoza's ancestors who converted under duress to become "New Christians" while secretly practicing crypto-Judaism. | 260901 |
| Spain | A major European power that fought the Eighty Years' War to keep the Netherlands under Habsburg rule, and whose monarchs enforced religious conformity through the Inquisition. | 260901 |
| Venetian Republic | A historic maritime republic in northern Italy whose Jewish leaders joined those of Hamburg in excommunicating Uriel da Costa for his challenges to rabbinic tradition. | 260901 |