| Abrahamic religions | Religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) that trace their origin back to the patriarch Abraham and traditionally worship a transcendent, creator God. | 260901 |
| Calvinism | A major branch of Protestant theology that spread in the Low Countries during the 16th century, leading to iconoclasm and conflict with the Catholic Habsburg rulers. | 260901 |
| Consubstantiation | A theological doctrine regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, where the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the substance of Christ's body and blood. | 260901 |
| Crypto-Judaism | The secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing another faith. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions actively hunted down Conversos suspected of this practice. | 260901 |
| Iconoclast | A person who destroys religious images or opposes their veneration. The lecture mentions Calvinist iconoclasts destroying religious statues in Holland. | 260901 |
| Inquisition | An ecclesiastical tribunal established by the Catholic Church (specifically the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions in the lecture) to hunt down and punish heresy and crypto-Judaism. | 260901 |
| Monotheism | The belief in a single, supreme, transcendent personal God who created the universe, contrasted in the lecture with Spinoza's radical monism. | 260901 |
| Protestant Reformation | The 16th-century religious, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, initiating new branches of Christianity like Calvinism. | 260901 |
| Rabbinic Judaism | Mainstream Judaism based on both the written Torah and rabbinic commentaries, whose legalistic and ritualistic focus was challenged by Uriel da Costa. | 260901 |
| Second Temple Judaism | The historical phase of Judaism (c. 515 BCE to 70 CE) during which theological ideas like the afterlife and the immortality of the soul first developed. | 260901 |
| Theology | The systematic study of the nature of the divine, religious doctrines, and beliefs. The lecture specifically focuses on Spinoza's theology. | 260901 |
| Transcendent God | A theological concept of God as being entirely separate from and existing outside of the physical cosmos, a view held by orthodox Abrahamic traditions and rejected by Spinoza. | 260901 |
| Transubstantiation | The Catholic theological doctrine that the bread and wine offered in the Eucharist are completely changed in substance into the actual body and blood of Christ. | 260901 |