12 Religious Studies Terms

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Term Sets

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12.01 Doctrines & Concepts
12.02 Institutions, Roles & Rituals
12.03 Movements, Sects & Traditions
12.04 Textual, Historical & Critical Terms
Abrahamic religions Religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) that trace their origin back to the patriarch Abraham and traditionally worship a transcendent, creator God.
Abrahamic religions Religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) that trace their origin back to the patriarch Abraham and traditionally worship a transcendent, creator God.
Annulment (Declaratio Nullitatis) Canonical finding that a sacramental marriage never existed from its inception due to a foundational canonical impediment or defect of consent.
Asceticism Severe self-discipline and avoidance of worldly and sexual indulgence for religious devotion, prevalent in early Christianity.
Banns of Marriage Mandatory church announcements made on three successive Sundays to uncover impediments before solemnization.
Calvinism A major branch of Protestant theology that spread in the Low Countries during the 16th century, leading to iconoclasm and conflict with the Catholic Habsburg rulers.
Calvinism A major branch of Protestant theology that spread in the Low Countries during the 16th century, leading to iconoclasm and conflict with the Catholic Habsburg rulers.
Canon Law Ecclesiastical legal statutes governing the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, including marriage, divorce, and consanguinity.
Celibacy The state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; mandated for Latin Catholic clergy and elevated in early Christian monasticism.
College of Cardinals The body of senior prelates serving as advisors to the Pope and electors in papal conclaves.
Consanguinity & Affinity Canonical impediments barring marriage between blood relatives or in-laws within prohibited degrees.
Consanguinity Bans & Genetic Diversity Ecclesiastical prohibitions on cousin marriage that historically promoted widespread exogamy and reduced inherited recessive genetic disorders across Europe.
Crypto-Judaism The secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing another faith. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions actively hunted down Conversos suspected of this practice.
Crypto-Judaism The secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing another faith. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions actively hunted down Conversos suspected of this practice.
Double Tradition Material (approx. 200–230 verses) shared by Matthew and Luke that does not appear in Mark.
Doublet Two parallel versions of the same core saying appearing within the same gospel text.
Ecumenical Council A general conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to settle church doctrine and canon law.
Elective vs. Hereditary Monarchy Constitutional governance model where the sovereign is chosen by an electoral college (Cardinals) rather than dynastic succession.
Form Criticism Method of biblical criticism classifying units of scripture by literary pattern and tracing them to their original setting in life (Sitz im Leben).
Holy See (Sancta Sedes) The episcopal jurisdiction and sovereign diplomatic entity of the Bishop of Rome in international law.
Iconoclast A person who destroys religious images or opposes their veneration. The lecture mentions Calvinist iconoclasts destroying religious statues in Holland.
Iconoclast A person who destroys religious images or opposes their veneration. The lecture mentions Calvinist iconoclasts destroying religious statues in Holland.
Inquisition An ecclesiastical tribunal established by the Catholic Church (specifically the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions in the lecture) to hunt down and punish heresy and crypto-Judaism.
Inquisition An ecclesiastical tribunal established by the Catholic Church (specifically the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions in the lecture) to hunt down and punish heresy and crypto-Judaism.
Levirate Marriage (Yibbum) Ancient Hebrew religious duty obligating a brother to wed his deceased brother's childless widow.
Literary Stratigraphy Analytical dissection of literary layers within an ancient text to uncover chronological stages of composition.
Markan Priority The scholarly consensus that the Gospel of Mark was the earliest narrative gospel and served as a primary source for Matthew and Luke.
Monotheism The belief in a single, supreme, transcendent personal God who created the universe, contrasted in the lecture with Spinoza's radical monism.
Monotheism The belief in a single, supreme, transcendent personal God who created the universe, contrasted in the lecture with Spinoza's radical monism.
Papacy The office, dignity, and jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome as supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church.
Papal Conclave The solemn assembly of cardinal electors held under lock and key in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope.
Papal Infallibility (Ex Cathedra) The dogma that the Pope is divinely protected from error when formally defining doctrine on faith and morals.
Papal Monarchy vs. Conciliarism The constitutional debate over whether ultimate church authority resides in an absolute monarchical pope or an ecumenical council.
Pentarchy The late Roman imperial ecclesiological system recognizing five supreme patriarchates: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem.
Protestant Reformation The 16th-century religious, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, initiating new branches of Christianity like Calvinism.
Protestant Reformation The 16th-century religious, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, initiating new branches of Christianity like Calvinism.
Quelle (Q Source) German noun meaning 'source'; technical designation for the hypothetical synoptic sayings source.
Rabbinic Judaism Mainstream Judaism based on both the written Torah and rabbinic commentaries, whose legalistic and ritualistic focus was challenged by Uriel da Costa.
Rabbinic Judaism Mainstream Judaism based on both the written Torah and rabbinic commentaries, whose legalistic and ritualistic focus was challenged by Uriel da Costa.
Redaction Criticism The method of textual analysis examining how biblical authors edited and reshaped their sources.
Sacrament of Holy Matrimony One of the Seven Sacraments in Catholicism and Orthodoxy, conferring divine grace upon the baptized marital union.
Second Temple Judaism The historical phase of Judaism (c. 515 BCE to 70 CE) during which theological ideas like the afterlife and the immortality of the soul first developed.
Second Temple Judaism The historical phase of Judaism (c. 515 BCE to 70 CE) during which theological ideas like the afterlife and the immortality of the soul first developed.
Secularization of Marriage Protestant and modern legal transformation treating marriage as a civil contract under state jurisdiction rather than a sacred ecclesiastical mystery.
Source Criticism The literary investigation identifying written sources utilized by authors in compiling composite texts.
Special Luke (L) Material unique to the Gospel of Luke (e.g., Parable of the Good Samaritan, Prodigal Son, Walk to Emmaus).
Special Matthew (M) Material unique to the Gospel of Matthew (e.g., the visit of the Magi, Parable of the Ten Virgins).
Supernatural Beings
Synoptic Gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke; so called because their shared structure allows them to be 'seen together'.
Synoptic Problem The literary-critical investigation into the verbatim agreements, structure, and origins of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
Temporal vs. Spiritual Jurisdiction The historical tension between a bishop's religious pastoral authority and sovereign territorial political power over states.
Textual Criticism of Synoptic Variants The scientific collation and statistical comparison of Greek manuscript readings across the Synoptic Gospels.
Theology The systematic study of the nature of the divine, religious doctrines, and beliefs. The lecture specifically focuses on Spinoza's theology.
Theology The systematic study of the nature of the divine, religious doctrines, and beliefs. The lecture specifically focuses on Spinoza's theology.
Transcendent God A theological concept of God as being entirely separate from and existing outside of the physical cosmos, a view held by orthodox Abrahamic traditions and rejected by Spinoza.
Transcendent God A theological concept of God as being entirely separate from and existing outside of the physical cosmos, a view held by orthodox Abrahamic traditions and rejected by Spinoza.
Triple Tradition Material common to all three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke), based on Markan Priority.
Two Swords Doctrine The political-theological theory based on Luke 22:38 asserting God gave two swords to the Church: spiritual authority (held by popes) and temporal authority (delegated to kings).
Two-Source Hypothesis The consensus model asserting Matthew and Luke independently drew upon Mark and the sayings source Q.
Vestal Virgins Roman priestesses sworn to 30-year vows of chastity who guarded the sacred hearth of Vesta; classical prototype of ritual purity.

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