3. Physical Foundations

• Living Organisms Exist in a Dynamic Steady State, Never at Equilibrium with Their Surroundings

• Organisms Transform Energy and Matter from Their Surroundings

• Creating and Maintaining Order Requires Work and Energy

• BOX 1-3 Entropy: Things Fall Apart

• Energy Coupling Links Reactions in Biology

• Keq and ΔG° Are Measures of a Reaction’s Tendency to Proceed Spontaneously

• Enzymes Promote Sequences of Chemical Reactions

• Metabolism Is Regulated to Achieve Balance and Economy