Aromatherapy

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<h1 id="firstHeading" lang="en">Aromatherapy</h1>

<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>

<div id="jump-to-nav"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#mw-navigation"> </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#p-search"> </a>Aromatherapy is a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> that uses volatile plant materials, known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oils" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a>, and other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a person's mind, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_function" title="Cognitive function">cognitive function</a> or health.</div>

Some essential oils such as tea tree<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-1">[1]</a> have demonstrated anti-microbial effects, but there is still a lack of clinical evidence demonstrating efficacy against bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. Evidence for the efficacy of aromatherapy in treating medical conditions remains poor, with a particular lack of studies employing rigorous methodology,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-2">[2]</a> but some evidence exists that essential oils may have therapeutic potential.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </div>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#History">1 History</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Modes_of_application">2 Modes of application</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Materials">3 Materials</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Theory">4 Theory</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Choice_and_purchase">5 Choice and purchase</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Popular_uses">6 Popular uses</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Efficacy">7 Efficacy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#Safety_concerns">8 Safety concerns</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#References">10 References</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#External_links">11 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2>History[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</h2>

Many such oils are described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, along with beliefs of the time regarding their healing properties, in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a>, written in the first century.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Distilled essential oils have been employed as medicines since the invention of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> in the eleventh century,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-5">[5]</a> when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> isolated essential oils using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-Marlene-6">[6]</a>

The concept of aromatherapy was first mooted by a small number of European scientists and doctors, in about[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">weasel words</a>] 1907[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In 1937, the word first appeared in print in a French book on the subject: Aromathérapie: Les Huiles Essentielles, Hormones Végétales by <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Maurice_Gattefoss%C3%A9" title="fr:René-Maurice Gattefossé">René-Maurice Gattefossé</a>, a chemist. An English version was published in 1993.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1910, Gattefossé burned a hand very badly and later claimed he treated it effectively with lavender oil.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

A French surgeon, <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Valnet" title="fr:Jean Valnet">Jean Valnet</a>, pioneered the medicinal uses of essential oils, which he used as antiseptics in the treatment of wounded soldiers during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<h2>Modes of application[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modes of application">edit</a>]</h2>

The modes of application of aromatherapy include:

<ul>

<li>Aerial diffusion: for environmental fragrancing or aerial disinfection</li>

<li>Direct inhalation: for respiratory disinfection, decongestion, expectoration as well as psychological effects</li>

<li>Topical applications: for general <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_salts" title="Bath salts">baths</a>, compresses, therapeutic skin care<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Materials[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials">edit</a>]</h2>

Some of the materials employed include:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oils</a>: Fragrant oils extracted from plants chiefly through steam <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> oil) or expression (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a> oil). However, the term is also occasionally used to describe fragrant oils extracted from plant material by any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_extraction" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>. This material includes incense reed diffusers.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_(substance)" title="Absolute (substance)">Absolutes</a>: Fragrant oils extracted primarily from flowers or delicate plant tissues through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a> extraction (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> absolute). The term is also used to describe oils extracted from fragrant butters, concretes, and enfleurage pommades using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_oil" title="Carrier oil">Carrier oils</a>: Typically oily plant base <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triacylglyceride" title="Triacylglyceride">triacylglycerides</a> that dilute essential oils for use on the skin (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">sweet almond</a> oil).</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_distillate" title="Herbal distillate">Herbal distillates</a> or hydrosols: The aqueous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> of the distillation process (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewater" title="Rosewater">rosewater</a>). There are many herbs that make herbal distillates and they have culinary uses, medicinal uses and skin care uses[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Common herbal distillates are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">chamomile</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">lemon balm</a>.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusions</a>: Aqueous extracts of various plant material (e.g., infusion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">chamomile</a>).</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoncide" title="Phytoncide">Phytoncides</a>: Various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> from plants that kill <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe" title="Microbe">microbes</a>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpene</a>-based fragrant oils and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfuric</a> compounds from plants in the genus "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a>" are phytoncides[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], though the latter are likely less commonly used in aromatherapy due to their disagreeable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odors</a>.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer" title="Vaporizer">Vaporizer</a> (Volatized) raw herbs: Typically higher oil content plant based materials dried, crushed, and heated to extract and inhale the aromatic oil vapors in a direct inhalation modality.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Theory[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a>]</h2>

Aromatherapy is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oils" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a>. Other stated uses include pain and anxiety reduction, enhancement of energy and short-term memory, relaxation, hair loss prevention, and reduction of eczema-induced itching.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

Two basic mechanisms are offered to explain the purported effects. One is the influence of aroma on the brain, especially the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The other is the direct pharmacological effects of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oils" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-14">[14]</a> While precise knowledge of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a> between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of aromatherapy remains unproven. However, some preliminary clinical studies of aromatherapy in combination with other techniques show positive effects. Aromatherapy does not cure conditions, but it is suggested that it helps the body to find a natural way to cure itself and improve immune response.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Aromatherapy tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] and a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> fraud at worst.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<h2>Choice and purchase[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Choice and purchase">edit</a>]</h2>

Oils with standardized content of components (marked FCC, for Food Chemical Codex) are required[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to contain a specified amount of certain aroma chemicals that normally occur in the oil.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is no law that the chemicals cannot be added in synthetic form to meet the criteria established by the FCC for that oil.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For instance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass" title="Lemongrass">lemongrass</a> essential oil must contain 75% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehyde</a>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to meet the FCC profile for that oil, but that aldehyde can come from a chemical refinery instead of from lemongrass. To say that FCC oils are "food grade" makes them seem natural when they are not necessarily so.

Undiluted essential oils suitable for aromatherapy are termed 'therapeutic grade', but there are no established and agreed standards for this category. The market for essential oils is dominated by the food, perfume, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, so aromatherapists have little choice but to buy the best of whatever oils are available.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

Analysis using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_liquid_chromatography" title="Gas liquid chromatography">gas liquid chromatography</a> (GLC) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> (MS) establishes the quality of essential oils. These techniques are able to measure the levels of components to a few parts per billion. This does not make it possible to determine whether each component is natural or whether a poor oil has been 'improved' by the addition of synthetic aromachemicals, but the latter is often signaled by the minor impurities present. For example, linalool made in plants will be accompanied by a small amount of hydro-linalool, whilst synthetic linalool has traces of dihydro-linalool.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

<h2>Popular uses[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular uses">edit</a>]</h2>

<ul>

<li>Lemon oil is said to be uplifting and to relieve stress. In a Japanese study, lemon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> in vapour form has been found to reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" title="Stress (medicine)">stress</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-aromatherapy-18">[18]</a> Research at The Ohio State University indicates that Lemon oil aroma may enhance one's mood, and help with relaxation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a> oil<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Peppermint</a> oil is often used to deter ants, by applying a few drops on their trail.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender" title="Lavender">Lavender</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">Jasmine</a>, Chamomile and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Peppermint</a> are used for anti-stress, anti-anxiety and as an anti-depressant.</li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_oil" title="Sage oil">Sage oil</a> has been suggested to boost short-term memory performance in many using it as a dietary supplement.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Efficacy[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Efficacy">edit</a>]</h2>

Some benefits that have been linked to aromatherapy, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, may arise from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect" title="Placebo effect">placebo effect</a> rather than from any actual physiological effect. The consensus among most medical professionals is that while some aromas have demonstrated effects on mood and relaxation and may have related benefits for patients, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the claims made for aromatherapy.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-acs-23">[23]</a> Scientific research on the cause and effects of aromatherapy is limited, although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> testing has revealed some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral</a> effects.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-25">[25]</a> There is no evidence of any long-term results from an aromatherapy massage other than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> achieved from a pleasant-smelling massage.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A few double blind studies in the field of clinical psychology relating to the treatment of severe dementia have been published.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Essential oils have a demonstrated efficacy in dental mouthwash products.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

Aromatherapy has been promoted for its ability to fight cancer; however, according to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that aromatherapy is effective in preventing or treating cancer".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-acs-23">[23]</a>

<h2>Safety concerns[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Safety concerns">edit</a>]</h2>

In addition, there are potential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine#Criticism" title="Alternative medicine">safety concerns</a>. Because essential oils are highly concentrated they can irritate the skin when used in undiluted form.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Therefore, they are normally diluted with a carrier oil for topical application, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojoba_oil" title="Jojoba oil">jojoba oil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototoxicity" title="Phototoxicity">Phototoxic</a> reactions may occur with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> peel oils such as lemon or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Also, many essential oils have chemical components that are<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">sensitisers</a> (meaning that they will, after a number of uses, cause reactions on the skin, and more so in the rest of the body). Some of the chemical allergies could even be caused by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, if the original plants are cultivated.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-iufh-32">[32]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-vhet-33">[33]</a> Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, with cats being particularly prone.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Two common oils, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender" title="Lavender">lavender</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca_alternifolia" title="Melaleuca alternifolia">tea tree</a>, have been implicated in causing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecomastia" title="Gynaecomastia">gynaecomastia</a>, an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys, although the report which cites this potential issue is based on observations of only three boys, and two of those boys were significantly above average in weight for their age, thus already prone to gynaecomastia.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A child hormone specialist at the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> claimed "... these oils can mimic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>" and "people should be a little bit careful about using these products."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The study has been criticised on many different levels by many authorities. The Aromatherapy Trade Council of the UK has issued a rebuttal.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Australian Tea Tree Association, a group that promotes the interests of Australian tea tree oil producers, exporters and manufacturers issued a letter that questioned the study and called on the New England Journal of Medicine for a retraction (ATTIA).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The New England Journal of Medicine has so far not replied and has not retracted the study.

As with any bioactive substance, an essential oil that may be safe for the general public could still pose hazards for pregnant and lactating women.

While some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, licensed aromatherapy professionals do not recommend self prescription due the highly toxic nature of some essential oils. Some very common oils like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> are extremely toxic when taken internally. Doses as low as one teaspoon have been reported to cause clinically significant symptoms and severe poisoning can occur after ingestion of 4 to 5 ml.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A few reported cases of toxic reactions like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> damage and seizures have occurred after ingestion of sage, hyssop, thuja, and cedar.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Accidental ingestion may happen when oils are not kept out of reach of children.

Oils both ingested and applied to the skin can potentially have negative interaction with conventional medicine. For example, the topical use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a> heavy oils like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Birch" title="Sweet Birch">Sweet Birch</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a>may cause hemorrhaging in users taking the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a>.

Adulterated oils may also pose problems depending on the type of substance used.

In early 2014, a cat received <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical burns</a> after he spilled the liquid from a reed diffuser.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromachologist" title="Aromachologist">Aromachologist</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ineffective_cancer_treatments" title="List of ineffective cancer treatments">List of ineffective cancer treatments</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>References[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2>

<div>

<ol>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-1">Jump up^{</a> Carson}, C. F.; Hammer, K. A.; Riley, T. V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360273">"Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: A Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties"</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 (1): 50–62.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.19.1.50-62.2006">10.1128/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360273">1360273</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418522">16418522</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-2">Jump up^{</a>&nbsp};van der Watt, Gillian; Janca, Aleksandar (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://pubs.e-contentmanagement.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.673.30.1.69">"Aromatherapy in nursing and mental health care"</a>. Contemporary Nurse 30 (1): 69–75. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:10.5555/conu.673.30.1.69 (inactive 21 February 2013).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19072192">19072192</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-3">Jump up^{</a> Edris}, Amr E. (2007). "Pharmaceutical and therapeutic Potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review". Phytotherapy Research 21 (4): 308–23. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fptr.2072">10.1002/ptr.2072</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17199238">17199238</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-4">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides, Pedanius</a>; Goodyer, John (trans.) (1959). Gunther, R.T., ed. The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides. New York: Hafner Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3570794">3570794</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-5">Jump up^{</a> Forbes}, R.J. (1970). A short history of the art of distillation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2559231">2559231</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marlene-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-Marlene_6-0">Jump up^{</a> Ericksen}, Marlene (2000). Healing With Aromatherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 9. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-658-00382-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-658-00382-8">0-658-00382-8</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-7">Jump up^{</a> Gattefossé}, R.-M.; Tisserand, R. (1993). Gattefossé's aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: C.W. Daniel. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85207-236-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85207-236-8">0-85207-236-8</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-8">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/aromatherapy-000347.htm">"Aromatherapy"</a>. University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-9">Jump up^{</a> Valnet}, J.; Tisserand, R. (1990). The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-398-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-398-9">0-89281-398-9</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-10">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plaisirsboutique.com/brand-john-masters-organics.irc">"Organic Bath Oil"</a>. Plaisirs. Retrieved 11 October 2011.</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-11">Jump up^{</a> Kingston}, Jennifer A. (28 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/fashion/29skin.html">"Nostrums: Aromatherapy Rarely Stands Up to Testing"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2010.</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-12">Jump up^{</a> Nagourney}, Eric (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/health/research/11nost.html">"Skin Deep: In Competition for your Nose"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2010.</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-13">Jump up^{</a> Mathrani}, Vandana (17 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1887">"The Power of Smell"</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELF" title="Wikipedia:V">self-published source?</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-14">Jump up^{</a> Prabuseenivasan}, Seenivasan; Jayakumar, Manickkam; Ignacimuthu, Savarimuthu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693916">"In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils"</a>. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6: 39.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6882-6-39">10.1186/1472-6882-6-39</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693916">1693916</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17134518">17134518</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-15">Jump up^{</a>&nbsp};Kim HJ (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.kan.or.kr/new/kor/sub3/sub3_1.php?start=view&year=2007&issue=4&volume=37&spage=603">"향기요법 마사지가 폐경여성의 복부비만과 신체상에 미치는 영향" [Effect of aromatherapy massage on abdominal fat and body image in post-menopausal women]</a>. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi (in Korean) 37 (4): 603–12. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615482">17615482</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-16">Jump up^{</a> Rho}, Kook-Hee; Han, Sun-Hee; Kim, Keum-Soon; Lee, Myeong Soo (2006). "Effects of Aromatherapy Massage on Anxiety and Self-Esteem in Korean Elderly Women: A Pilot Study". International Journal of Neuroscience 116 (12): 1447–55. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00207450500514268">10.1080/00207450500514268</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145679">17145679</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-17">Jump up^{</a> Barrett}, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.srmhp.org/archives/aromatherapy.html">"Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents"</a>. Science & Pseudoscience Review in Mental Health. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-aromatherapy-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-aromatherapy_18-0">Jump up^{</a> Komiya}, Migiwa; Takeuchi, Takashi; Harada, Etsumori (2006). "Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice". Behavioural Brain Research 172 (2): 240–9.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2006.05.006">10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.006</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780969">16780969</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-19">Jump up^{</a> Kiecolt-Glaser}, Janice K.; Graham, Jennifer E.; Malarkey, William B.; Porter, Kyle; Lemeshow, Stanley; Glaser, Ronald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278291">"Olfactory influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine, and immune function"</a>.Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 (3): 328–39. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2007.11.015">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.015</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278291">2278291</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18178322">18178322</a>. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/aromathe.htm">Lay summary</a> – Ohio State University Research (3 March 2008).</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-20">Jump up^{</a> Schelz}, Zsuzsanna; Molnar, Joseph; Hohmann, Judit (2006). "Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils". Fitoterapia 77 (4): 279–85. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2006.03.013">10.1016/j.fitote.2006.03.013</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690225">16690225</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-21">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.experience-essential-oils.com/natural-ant-killer.html">http://www.experience-essential-oils.com/natural-ant-killer.html</a>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-22">Jump up^{</a>&nbsp};Melissa Hantman (11 November 2003). "Spicing Up Your Memory". Psychology Today.</li>

<li id="cite_note-acs-23">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-acs_23-0">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-acs_23-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/aromatherapy">"Aromatherapy"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. November 2008. Retrieved September 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-24">Jump up^{</a> Kalemba}, D.; Kunicka, A. (2003). "Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils". Current Medicinal Chemistry 10 (10): 813–29. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867033457719">10.2174/0929867033457719</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12678685">12678685</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-25">Jump up^{</a> Reichling}, Jürgen; Schnitzler, Paul; Suschke, Ulrike; Saller, Reinhard (2009). "Essential Oils of Aromatic Plants with Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Cytotoxic Properties – an Overview". Forschende Komplementärmedizin 16 (2): 79–80. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000207196">10.1159/000207196</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19420953">19420953</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-26">Jump up^{</a> Soden}, Katie; Vincent, Karen; Craske, Stephen; Lucas, Caroline; Ashley, Sue (2004). "A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting". Palliative Medicine 18 (2): 87–92.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1191%2F0269216304pm874oa">10.1191/0269216304pm874oa</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046404">15046404</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-27">Jump up^{</a> Ballard}, Clive G.; O'Brien, John T.; Reichelt, Katharina; Perry, Elaine K. (2002). "Aromatherapy as a Safe and Effective Treatment for the Management of Agitation in Severe Dementia". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63 (7): 553–8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.v63n0703">10.4088/JCP.v63n0703</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143909">12143909</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-28">Jump up^{</a> Holmes}, Clive; Hopkins, Vivienne; Hensford, Christine; MacLaughlin, Vanessa; Wilkinson, David; Rosenvinge, Henry (2002). "Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: A placebo controlled study". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 (4): 305–8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgps.593">10.1002/gps.593</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11994882">11994882</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-29">Jump up^{</a> Stoeken}, Judith E.; Paraskevas, Spiros; Van Der Weijden, Godefridus A. (2007). "The Long-Term Effect of a Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Systematic Review". Journal of Periodontology 78 (7): 1218–28. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1902%2Fjop.2007.060269">10.1902/jop.2007.060269</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17608576">17608576</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-30">Jump up^{</a> Grassman}, J; Elstner, E F (1973). "Essential Oils". In Caballero, Benjamin; Trugo, Luiz C; Finglas, Paul M.Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (2nd ed.). Academic Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-227055-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-227055-X">0-12-227055-X</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-31">Jump up^{</a> Cather}, JC; MacKnet, MR; Menter, MA (2000). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312240">"Hyperpigmented macules and streaks"</a>. Proceedings(Baylor University Medical Center) 13 (4): 405–6. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312240">1312240</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389350">16389350</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-iufh-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-iufh_32-0">Jump up^{</a> Edwards}, J.; Bienvenu, F.E. (1999). Australasian Plant Pathology 28 (3): 212. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071%2FAP99036">10.1071/AP99036</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-vhet-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-vhet_33-0">Jump up^{</a> Adamovic}, D.S. et al.. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.actahort.org/books/249/249_8.htm">"Variability of herbicide efficiency and their effect upon yield and quality of peppermint (Mentha X Piperital L.)"</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-34">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.thelavendercat.com/3201/index.html">The Lavender Cat – Cats and Essential Oil Safety</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-35">Jump up^{</a> Bischoff}, K.; Guale, F. (1998). "Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in Three Purebred Cats". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10 (2): 208–10. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F104063879801000223">10.1177/104063879801000223</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9576358">9576358</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-36">Jump up^{</a> Henley}, Derek V.; Lipson, Natasha; Korach, Kenneth S.; Bloch, Clifford A. (2007). "Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils". New England Journal of Medicine 356 (5): 479–85.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa064725">10.1056/NEJMoa064725</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267908">17267908</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-37">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6318043.stm">"Oils make male breasts develop"</a>. BBC News (London). 1 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070829142021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6318043.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-09.</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-38">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.a-t-c.org.uk/pages/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPage&sec=6&page=189">'NEITHER LAVENDER OIL NOR TEA TREE OIL CAN BE LINKED TO BREAST GROWTH IN YOUNG BOYS'</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-39">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teatree.org.au/read_more.php?id=2">'ATTIA refutes gynecomastia link'</a>, Article Date: 21 February 2007</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-40">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim031.htm#SectionTitle:7.2%20%20Toxicity">Eucalyptus oil (PIM 031)</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-41">Jump up^{</a> Millet}, Y.; Jouglard, J.; Steinmetz, M. D.; Tognetti, P.; Joanny, P.; Arditti, J. (1981). "Toxicity of Some Essential Plant Oils. Clinical and Experimental Study". Clinical Toxicology 18 (12): 1485–98.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F15563658108990357">10.3109/15563658108990357</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7333081">7333081</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy#cite_ref-42">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.snopes.com/critters/crusader/reeddiffuser.asp">Spilled Reed Diffuser Harms Cat.</a> Snopes.</li>

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<h2>External links[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatherapy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032645/">Aromatherapy and Essential Oils</a> – health professional and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032518/">patient</a> PDQ (Physician Data Query) summaries from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>.</li>

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Aromatherapy

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