Years normalized with `en` dashes

These work almost everywhere you type. On Windows,

If you have a NumPad, you can use the ALT code:

to connect ranges (to mean “to” or “through”)
- numbers: chapters 3–5
- dates: June–August; October 3–6; Jane Doe (1931–2005)
- page numbers: 33–36
- game scores: 21–7
- court decisions and legislative votes: a 5–4 decision; a 54–46 vote
when a number range is unfinished for an ongoing publication: The Letters of John Doe (2015–)
to indicate a living person: John Doe (1950–)
to indicate a connection or a contrast between two things and as a substitute for the word “versus”: the liberal⁠–conservative debate
in a geographical reference as a substitute for the word “to” or to indicate connection: a Paris–Madrid train
when connecting a multi-word proper noun to anything else: a World War II–era film; a Los Angeles–based consulting firm; the San Francisco–San Diego route
when connecting a compound adjective in which one or both of the elements are hyphenated, multi-word, or open compound: ex–foreign minister; mother-of-the-bride–created
with campus locations, if that’s the university’s preference: the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
to separate the names of two or more people used as a compound modifier: Epstein–Barr virus (named for two people). (Note: This is a “new” rule added to the 18th edition of CMOS.)

In American usage with CMOS as your style guide, don’t use a spaced en dash in place of an em dash as a form of punctuation.
If the dash makes the sentence look or sound awkward, rewrite the sentence.
Don’t use an en dash to indicate a negative number. Use a minus symbol.
Likewise, use a minus symbol, not an en dash, in a mathematical context. A minus symbol has a different width and vertical position.
Don’t use an en dash when the number or word is preceded by “from” or “between.”
- correct: The temperature is 32–40°F; incorrect: the temperature is between 32–40°F
- correct: The restaurant is open 11–8; incorrect: the restaurant is open from 11–8

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