Rhetoric
<p><b >Rhetoric</b> is the art of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse" >discourse</a>, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-0" >[1]</a></sup> As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-1" >[2]</a></sup> Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-2" >[3]</a></sup> Rhetorics typically provide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics" title="Heuristics" class="mw-redirect" >heuristics</a> for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos" >logos</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos" >pathos</a>, and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos" >ethos</a>. The five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio" >invention</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio" >arrangement</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio" >style</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria" >memory</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronuntiatio" title="Pronuntiatio" >delivery</a>. Along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar" >grammar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic" >logic</a> (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic" >dialectic</a> - see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella" >Martianus Capella</a>), rhetoric is one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(education)" title="Trivium (education)" >three ancient arts of discourse</a>. From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece" >ancient Greece</a> to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-3" >[4]</a></sup> The word is derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language" >Greek</a> ῥητορικός (<i >rhētorikós</i>), "oratorical",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-4" >[5]</a></sup> from ῥήτωρ (<i >rhḗtōr</i>), "public speaker",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-5" >[6]</a></sup> related to ῥῆμα (<i >rhêma</i>), "that which is said or spoken, word, saying",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-6" >[7]</a></sup> and ultimately derived from the verb λέγω (<i >legō</i>), "to speak, say".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#cite_note-7" >[8]</a></sup></p>