Cultural
<p >When <b>Culture</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language" class="mw-redirect" >Latin</a>: <i><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cultura" class="extiw" title="wikt:cultura" >cultura</a></i>, lit. "cultivation")<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural#cite_note-0" >[1]</a></sup> first began to take its current usage by Europeans in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century (having had earlier antecedents elsewhere), it connoted a process of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cultivation" title="Plant cultivation" class="mw-redirect" >cultivation</a> or improvement, as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture" >agriculture</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture" >horticulture</a>. In the nineteenth century, it came to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education" >education</a>, and then to the fulfillment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism" >national aspirations or ideals</a>. In the mid-nineteenth century, some scientists used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity. For the German<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpositivist" title="Nonpositivist" class="mw-redirect" >nonpositivist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist" title="Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" >sociologist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel" >Georg Simmel</a>, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification" >objectified</a> in the course of history".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural#cite_note-1" >[2]</a></sup>
In the twentieth century, "culture" emerged as a concept central to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology" >anthropology</a>, encompassing all human phenomena that are not purely results of human genetics. Specifically, the term "culture" in American anthropology had two meanings: (1) the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol" >symbols</a>, and to act imaginatively and creatively; and (2) the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.
A distinction is current between the physical artifacts created by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" title="Society" >society</a>, its so-called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture" >material culture</a> and everything else<sup id="cite_ref-Macionis.2C_Gerber_2010_53_2-0" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural#cite_note-Macionis.2C_Gerber_2010_53-2" >[3]</a></sup>, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".</p>