Aluminum

<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">From Wikipedia:  Aluminium</a> has no biological role and its classification into toxic metals is controversial. Significant toxic effects and accumulation to tissues have been observed in renally impaired patients.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_metal#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> However, individuals with healthy kidneys can be exposed to large amounts of aluminium with no ill effects. Thus, aluminium is not considered dangerous to persons with normal elimination capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_metal#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup></p>

<p>

<b>Aluminium</b> or <b>aluminum</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Different_spellings_for_different_pronunciations" title="American and British English spelling differences">US English</a>) is a silvery white member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">boron group</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>. It has the symbol <b>Al</b>, and its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>), and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_abundance" title="Element abundance" class="mw-redirect">most abundant metal</a>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_%28geology%29" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> The chief <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> of aluminium is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>.

Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and for its ability to resist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> due to the phenomenon of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation" title="Passivation">passivation</a>. Structural components made from aluminium and its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">alloys</a> are vital to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry and are important in other areas of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium salts are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, it is well tolerated by plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-Ullmann-4">[5]</a></sup> Because of their prevalence, potential biological roles, beneficial and otherwise, aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.

 </p>

<h3>Recycling</h3>

Aluminium <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_code" title="Recycling code" class="mw-redirect">recycling code</a></div>

</div>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium recycling</a></div>

<p>Aluminium is theoretically 100% recyclable without any loss of its natural qualities. According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Stocks_in_Society_report" title="Metal Stocks in Society report">Metal Stocks in Society report</a>, the global per capita stock of aluminium in use in society (i.e. in cars, buildings, electronics etc.) is 80 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (350–500 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (35 kg per capita). Knowing the per capita stocks and their approximate lifespans is important for planning recycling.

Recovery of the metal via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> has become an important facet of the aluminium industry. Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage_can" title="Beverage can">beverage cans</a> brought it to the public awareness.

Recycling involves melting the scrap, a process that requires only 5% of the energy used to produce aluminium from ore, though a significant part (up to 15% of the input material) is lost as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dross" title="Dross">dross</a> (ash-like oxide).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup> The dross can undergo a further process to extract aluminium.

In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> aluminium experiences high rates of recycling, ranging from 42% of beverage cans, 85% of construction materials and 95% of transport vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup>

Recycled aluminium is known as secondary aluminium, but maintains the same physical properties as primary aluminium. Secondary aluminium is produced in a wide range of formats and is employed in 80% of alloy injections. Another important use is for extrusion.

White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium that can be extracted industrially.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup> The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material. This waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>), which spontaneously ignites on contact with air;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup> contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. </p>

<p>

Despite these difficulties, the waste has found use as a filler in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt" title="Asphalt">asphalt</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.  See Bridges Deteriation of.............<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"> </sup>

<h2>Health concerns</h2>

<div >

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

<div >

</div>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="80pt"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_diamond" title="Fire diamond" class="mw-redirect">Fire diamond</a> for aluminium shot</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

</div>

<p>Despite its natural abundance, aluminium has no known function in biology. It is remarkably nontoxic, aluminium sulfate having an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50" class="mw-redirect">LD50</a> of 6207 mg/kg (oral, mouse), which corresponds to 500 grams for a 80 kg person.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-Ullmann-4">[5]</a></sup> Despite the extremely low acute toxicity, the health effects of aluminium are of interest in view of the widespread occurrence of the element in the environment and in commerce.

Some toxicity can be traced to deposition in bone and the central nervous system, which is particularly increased in patients with reduced renal function. Because aluminium competes with calcium for absorption, increased amounts of dietary aluminium may contribute to the reduced skeletal mineralization (osteopenia) observed in preterm infants and infants with growth retardation. In very high doses, aluminium can cause <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a>, and is associated with altered function of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier" title="Blood-brain barrier">blood-brain barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-65">[66]</a></sup> A small percentage of people are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> to aluminium and experience <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive</a> disorders, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorants</a> or antacids. In those without allergies, aluminium is not as toxic as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals" class="mw-redirect">heavy metals</a>, but there is evidence of some toxicity if it is consumed in excessive amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-66">[67]</a></sup> Although the use of aluminium <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookware" title="Cookware" class="mw-redirect">cookware</a> has not been shown to lead to aluminium toxicity in general, excessive consumption of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a> containing aluminium compounds and excessive use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants provide more significant exposure levels. Studies have shown that consumption of acidic foods or liquids with aluminium significantly increases aluminium absorption,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-67">[68]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltol" title="Maltol">maltol</a> has been shown to increase the accumulation of aluminium in nervous and osseus tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-68">[69]</a></sup> Furthermore, aluminium increases <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>-related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> in human <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> cells cultured in the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-69">[70]</a></sup> The estrogen-like effects of these salts have led to their classification as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloestrogen" title="Metalloestrogen">metalloestrogen</a>.

The effects of aluminium in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiperspirant" title="Antiperspirant" class="mw-redirect">antiperspirants</a> has been examined over the course of decades with little evidence of skin irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-Ullmann-4">[5]</a></sup> Nonetheless, its occurrence in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiperspirants" title="Antiperspirants" class="mw-redirect">antiperspirants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyes" title="Dyes" class="mw-redirect">dyes</a> (such as aluminium <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_pigment" title="Lake pigment">lake</a>), and food additives is controversial in some quarters. Although there is little evidence that normal exposure to aluminium presents a risk to healthy adults,<sup id="cite_ref-gitelman_70-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-gitelman-70">[71]</a></sup> some studies point to risks associated with increased exposure to the metal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-71">[72]</a></sup> Aluminium in food may be absorbed more than aluminium from water.<sup id="cite_ref-Yokel2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-Yokel2008-72">[73]</a></sup> Some researchers have expressed concerns that the aluminium in antiperspirants may increase the risk of breast cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-Exley2007_73-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-Exley2007-73">[74]</a></sup> and aluminium has controversially been implicated as a factor in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferreira2008_74-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-Ferreira2008-74">[75]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelford_water_pollution_incident" title="Camelford water pollution incident">Camelford water pollution incident</a> involved a number of people consuming <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a>. Investigations of the long-term health effects are still ongoing, but elevated brain aluminium concentrations have been found in post-mortem examinations of victims, and further research to determine if there is a link with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy" title="Cerebral amyloid angiopathy">cerebral amyloid angiopathy</a> has been commissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-75">[76]</a></sup>

According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alzheimer%27s_Society" title="The Alzheimer's Society" class="mw-redirect">The Alzheimer's Society</a>, the overwhelming medical and scientific opinion is that studies have not convincingly demonstrated a causal relationship between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-alzheimersSociety_76-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-alzheimersSociety-76">[77]</a></sup> Nevertheless, some studies, such as those on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAQUID_cohort" title="PAQUID cohort">PAQUID cohort</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-paquid_77-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-paquid-77">[78]</a></sup> cite aluminium exposure as a risk factor for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>. Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senile_plaques" title="Senile plaques">brain plaques</a> have been found to contain increased levels of the metal.<sup id="cite_ref-yumoto_78-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-yumoto-78">[79]</a></sup> Research in this area has been inconclusive; aluminium accumulation may be a consequence of the disease rather than a causal agent. In any event, if there is any toxicity of aluminium, it must be via a very specific mechanism, since total human exposure to the element in the form of naturally occurring clay in soil and dust is enormously large over a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-79">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-80">[81]</a></sup> Scientific consensus does not yet exist about whether aluminium exposure could directly increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-alzheimersSociety_76-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-alzheimersSociety-76">[77]</a></sup></p>

<h2>Effect on plants</h2>

<p>Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acid soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, the concentration in acid soils of toxic Al<sup>3+</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation" title="Cation" class="mw-redirect">cations</a> increases and disturbs root growth and function.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-81">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-82">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-83">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-84">[85]</a></sup>

Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ions" title="Hydrogen ions" class="mw-redirect">hydrogen ions</a>. The acidity of the soil is therefore a result of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of aluminium compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-85">[86]</a></sup> This concept of "corrected lime potential"<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-86">[87]</a></sup> to define the degree of base saturation in soils became the basis for procedures now used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_testing" title="Soil testing" class="mw-redirect">soil testing</a> laboratories to determine the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_lime" title="Agricultural lime">lime</a> requirement"<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-87">[88]</a></sup> of soils.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-88">[89]</a></sup>

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> to allow aluminium tolerance is such that the aluminium induces a release of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> that bind to the harmful aluminium <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cations" title="Cations" class="mw-redirect">cations</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism. The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat. It was shown that sorghum's aluminium tolerance is controlled by a single gene, as for wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium#cite_note-89">[90]</a></sup> This is not the case in all plants.</p>

<ul>

<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium:_The_Thirteenth_Element" title="Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element">Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element</a></i></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aluminum_Association" title="The Aluminum Association">The Aluminum Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_battery" title="Aluminium battery" class="mw-redirect">Aluminium battery</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage_can" title="Beverage can">Beverage can</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_edge_staining" title="Panel edge staining">Panel edge staining</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_History_of_Aluminium_%28IHA%29" title="Institute for the History of Aluminium (IHA)" class="mw-redirect">Institute for the History of Aluminium (IHA)</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_production" title="List of countries by aluminium production">List of countries by aluminium production</a></li>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_industry_in_Russia" title="Aluminium industry in Russia" class="mw-redirect">Aluminium industry in Russia</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<tr>

<td width="175pt"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Books</a></b>

View or order collections of articles</td>

<td>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Aluminium" title="Book:Aluminium">Aluminium</a></b></i></td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Period_3_elements" title="Book:Period 3 elements">Period 3 elements</a></b></i></td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Boron_group" title="Book:Boron group">Boron group</a></b></i></td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Chemical_elements_%28sorted_alphabetically%29" title="Book:Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)">Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)</a></b></i></td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Chemical_elements_%28sorted_by_number%29" title="Book:Chemical elements (sorted by number)">Chemical elements (sorted by number)</a></b></i></td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<hr />

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="175pt"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Portals</a></b>

Access related topics</td>

<td>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></b></i></td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<hr />

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="175pt">Find out more on Wikipedia's

<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Sister projects</a></b></td>

<td>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aluminium">Images and media</a>

from Commons</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/aluminium">Definitions</a>

from Wiktionary</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Aluminum">Textbooks</a>

from Wikibooks</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<tr>

<td align="left" width="125pt"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aluminium_atom">Learning resources</a>

from Wikiversity</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hydroxide</a></li>

</ul>