Fuel

<p>Oil as fuel

 </p>

<h3 >Biodiesel feedstocks</h3>

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<th ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils" >Plant oils</a></th>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean" >Soybeans</a> are used as a source of biodiesel</td>

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<th colspan="2" >Types</th>

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<td ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_fats_and_oils" title="Vegetable fats and oils" >Vegetable fats</a></td>

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<td ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maceration_(food)" title="Maceration (food)" >Macerated</a></td>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil" >Drying oil</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint" >Oil paint</a></td>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil" >Cooking oil</a></td>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_used_as_fuel" title="Vegetable oil used as fuel" class="mw-redirect" >Fuel</a> - <strong class="selflink">Biodiesel</strong></td>

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<th colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acids" title="Fatty acids" class="mw-redirect" >Components</a></th>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat" >Saturated fat</a></td>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat" >Monounsaturated fat</a></td>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat" >Polyunsaturated fat</a></td>

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<td colspan="2" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat" >Trans fat</a></td>

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<p >A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include:</p>

<ul >

<li >Virgin oil feedstock – rapeseed and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil" >soybean oils</a> are most commonly used, soybean oil alone accounting for about ninety percent of all fuel stocks in the US. It also can be obtained from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thlaspi_arvense" title="Thlaspi arvense" >field pennycress</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha" title="Jatropha" >jatropha</a> and other crops such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant" >mustard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojoba" title="Jojoba" >jojoba</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" title="Flax" >flax</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower" title="Sunflower" >sunflower</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil" >palm oil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut" >coconut</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp" >hemp</a> (see<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils#Oils_used_for_biofuel" title="List of vegetable oils" >list of vegetable oils for biofuel</a> for more information);</li>

<li ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_vegetable_oil" title="Waste vegetable oil" class="mw-redirect" >Waste vegetable oil</a> (WVO);</li>

<li >Animal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat" >fats</a> including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow" >tallow</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lard" title="Lard" >lard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease" >yellow grease</a>, chicken fat,<sup id="cite_ref-ChickenFat_52-0" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-ChickenFat-52" >[53]</a></sup> and the by-products of the production of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acids" title="Omega-3 fatty acids" class="mw-redirect" >Omega-3 fatty acids</a> from fish oil.</li>

<li ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel" >Algae</a>, which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture" >can be grown</a> using waste materials such as sewage<sup id="cite_ref-Kiong_53-0" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-Kiong-53" >[54]</a></sup> and without displacing land currently used for food production.</li>

<li >Oil from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte" >halophytes</a> such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use_.28contemporary.29" title="Salicornia" >Salicornia bigelovii</a></i>, which can be grown using saltwater in coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown, with yields equal to the yields of soybeans and other oilseeds grown using freshwater irrigation<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn1998_54-0" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-Glenn1998-54" >[55]</a></sup></li>

</ul>

<p >Many advocates suggest that waste vegetable oil is the best source of oil to produce biodiesel, but since the available supply is drastically less than the amount of petroleum-based fuel that is burned for transportation and home heating in the world, this local solution could not scale to the current rate of consumption.</p>

<p>

Animal fats are a by-product of meat production and cooking. Although it would not be efficient to raise animals (or catch fish) simply for their fat, use of the by-product adds value to the livestock industry (hogs, cattle, poultry). Today, multi-feedstock biodiesel facilities are producing high quality animal-fat based biodiesel.<sup id="cite_ref-NRA1_0-1" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-NRA1-0" >[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AusBiofuels_1-1" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-AusBiofuels-1" >[2]</a></sup> Currently, a 5-million dollar plant is being built in the USA, with the intent of producing 11.4 million litres (3 million gallons) biodiesel from some of the estimated 1 billion kg (2.2 billion pounds) of chicken fat<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-55" >[56]</a></sup> produced annually at the local Tyson poultry plant.<sup id="cite_ref-ChickenFat_52-1" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-ChickenFat-52" >[53]</a></sup> Similarly, some small-scale biodiesel factories use waste fish oil as feedstock.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-56" >[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-57" >[58]</a></sup> An EU-funded project (ENERFISH) suggests that at a Vietnamese plant to produce biodiesel from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish" >catfish</a> (basa, also known as pangasius), an output of 13 tons/day of biodiesel can be produced from 81 tons of fish waste (in turn resulting from 130 tons of fish). This project utilises the biodiesel to fuel a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration" >CHP</a> unit in the fish processing plant, mainly to power the fish freezing plant.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel#cite_note-58" >[59]</a></sup></p>