Bipolar Disorder
<p><b>Posttraumatic stress disorder</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup> (<b>PTSD</b>) is a severe <a title="Anxiety disorder" href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder">anxiety disorder</a> that can develop after exposure to any event that results in <a title="Psychological trauma" href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma">psychological trauma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM4-2">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-surgeon42_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surgeon42-3">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunet-4">[3]</a></sup> </p>
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This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to one's own or someone else's physical, sexual, or psychological integrity,<sup id="cite_ref-DSM4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM4-2">[1]</a></sup> overwhelming the individual's <a title="Coping (psychology)" href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)">ability to cope</a>. </p>
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As an effect of <a title="Psychological trauma" href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma">psychological trauma</a>, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly seen post traumatic stress (also known as <a title="Acute stress reaction" href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction">acute stress response</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rothschild_2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild_2000-5">[4]</a></sup> </p>
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Diagnostic symptoms for PTSD include re-experiencing the original trauma(s) through <a title="Flashback (psychology)" href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychology)">flashbacks</a> or <a title="Nightmare" href="/wiki/Nightmare">nightmares</a>, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and increased <a title="Arousal" href="/wiki/Arousal">arousal</a>—such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, <a title="Anger" href="/wiki/Anger">anger</a>, and <a title="Hypervigilance" href="/wiki/Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>. </p>
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Formal diagnostic criteria (both <a class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV-TR" href="/wiki/DSM-IV-TR">DSM-IV-TR</a> and <a title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems" href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems">ICD-10</a>) require that the symptoms last more than one month and cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM4-2">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icd10-2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icd10-2007-6">[5]</a></sup></p>