Farnesol

Farnesol is a natural 15-carbon organic compound classified as an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol[2]. It is a colorless liquid under standard conditions, hydrophobic, and insoluble in water but miscible with oils[2]. Farnesol is produced from 5-carbon isoprene compounds in both plants and animals and is a key building block for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and steroids[2].

Uses

Farnesol is present in various essential oils, such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam, and tolu[2]. It is used in perfumery to enhance the scent of sweet, floral perfumes by acting as a co-solvent that regulates the volatility of the odorants, particularly in lilac perfumes[2]. Farnesol is also a natural pesticide for mites and serves as a pheromone for several other insects[2]. Additionally, it was listed as one of 599 additives to cigarettes in a 1994 report by five top cigarette companies, indicating its use as a flavoring ingredient[2].

Cosmetics and Perfumery

In cosmetics, farnesol is used as a deodorant, but its use in perfumery is subject to restrictions due to the potential for some individuals to become sensitized to it[2]. Perfumers describe farnesol as having a delicate, fresh green floral odor reminiscent of muguet, with a sweet-oily quality that develops slowly[3]. It is used in a wide range of perfumes, including those with muguet, sweet-pea, jasmine, honeysuckle, mimosa, and floral notes, as well as in lilac, oriental, woody, and fruit flavors[3].

Biological Function and Research

Farnesol has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. It is used by the fungus Candida albicans as a quorum sensing molecule that inhibits filamentation[2]. Research has also explored farnesol as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease, as it blocks the detrimental effects of PARIS protein accumulation in cells and mice models[2].

Safety and Regulations

Farnesol is associated with allergies and contact dermatitis, and its use in products is subject to restrictions and guidelines to ensure safety[4]. The Environmental Working Group (EWG) rates farnesol as having moderate use restrictions and high concerns for allergies and immunotoxicity, although its score can vary depending on the product and adherence to safety guidelines[4].

Citations:

[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31958255/

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesol

[3] https://www.perfumersworld.com/view.php?pro_id=3LW00187

[4] https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/702402-FARNESOL/

[5] https://pellwall.com/en-us/products/farnesol