Decabromodiphenyl ether
Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a type of flame retardant used in various products, including thermoset resin plastics, textiles, and adhesives[1]. It is a member of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) group and has been commercialized since the 1970s[3].
Uses and Production
DecaBDE is used to protect products and materials from the risk of fire, including electronic equipment, furniture cushions, upholstery textiles, carpet backings, mattresses, vehicles, aircraft, and building materials[4]. The annual demand worldwide was estimated at 56,100 tonnes in 2001, with the Americas, Asia, and Europe being the main consumers[3]. As of 2007, the main manufacturers of decaBDE were Albemarle in the U.S., Chemtura in the U.S., ICL-IP in Israel, and Tosoh Corporation in Japan[3].
Environmental and Health Concerns
DecaBDE has been found to pose serious risks to human health, wildlife, and the environment[4]. It can be released during manufacturing, use, or disposal of products containing it and persists in the environment, degrading into other toxic chemicals over time[4]. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced the 'decaBDE Phase-Out Initiative' in 2009 to eliminate its production, importation, and sale by 2013, encouraging a shift to 'greener' alternatives[4]. The European Union's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) has prohibited the use of decaBDE in electronics and electrical equipment since July 2006[4].
Regulations and Restrictions
Several states in the U.S. have passed legislation to ban decaBDE for certain uses[4]. The EPA has identified decaBDE as a chemical of concern and has taken steps to restrict its use[5]. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants added decaBDE to Annex A in 2017, requiring treaty members to take measures to eliminate its production and use[3].
Workplace Exposure and Safety
No occupational exposure limits have been established for decaBDE, but it may pose a health risk[2]. Inhaling decaBDE can irritate the nose and throat, and high exposure may affect the liver[2]. Repeated exposure may affect thyroid function and enlarge the thyroid gland (goiter)[2]. DecaBDE may be a carcinogen in humans, and all contact should be reduced to the lowest possible level[2].
Conclusion
Decabromodiphenyl ether is a widely used flame retardant, but its production and use are being phased out due to environmental and health concerns. It is important for manufacturers, users, and regulators to be aware of the risks associated with decaBDE and to explore safer alternatives.
Citations:
[1] https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/childenvhealth/docs/pclist/decabde.pdf
[2] https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0598.pdf
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decabromodiphenyl_ether
[4] https://www.intertek.com/assuris/restricted-substances/regulatory/decabde/
[5] https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-08/documents/decabde_-_use_information_-_8-7-17-clean.pdf