Thyroid hormones

From: Traumatic Brain Injury, Panhypopituitarism and Hormonal Evaluations as a Standard of Care
<a href="http://www.nevadaosteopathic.org/attachments/article/33/Clearfield%20Panhypopituitarism%20and%20TBI.pdf">http://www.nevadaosteopathic.org/attachments/article/33/Clearfield%20Panhypopituitarism%20and%20TBI.pdf</a>

Cognition-Think Thyroid
• Among those with MCI, Total T3 levels are inversely associated with cognitive performance across all domains.
• Those with relatively high T-T3 levels showed little impairment in memory as well as in visuospatial and executive functions.
• Those with TT3 levels at or below the lower boundary of the normal range performed comparably to healthy controls.

Thyroid Hormones Are Associated with Poorer Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2010;30:205–211 a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal , Sweden; b Depts of Neurology and Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, N.Y. , USA

Cognition
Pregnenolone sulfate regulates neurotransmission in the hippocampus- Learning and memory.
Neurosteroids in the Hippocampus: Neuronal Plasticity and Memory Schumacher M. Stress 1997 Oct;2(1):65-78
Pregnenolone correlates with cognitive performance improved with replacement

Pregnenolone increases Acetylcholine in:

Amygdala, cerebral cortex and hippocampus
Pregnenolone sulfate and aging of cognitive functions: behavioral, neurochemical, and morphological investigations. Horm Behav 2001 Sep;40(2):215-7 Mayo W; INSERM U259, Institut Francois Magendie, Rue Camille Saint-Saens, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.

Cognition
• Beneficial changes in cognition occur in hypogonadal men using T replacement levels and DHT treatment
• Changes in cognition can be reliably measured during a relative steady-state dose level.
• Testostosterone, estradiol and IGF-1 have independent and selective effects on cognition

Cognitive changes associated with supplementation of testosterone or DHT in mildly hypogonadal men: apreliminary report. J Androl 2003 Jul-Aug;24(4):568-76. Cherrier MM; Craft S; Matsumoto AH Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.

Cognition
• 17-alpha-estradiol is found to be neuroprotective, after an ischemic stroke and oxidative stress, and in Alzheimer's disease; and influences spatial memory and Hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity.
17-alpha-estradiol: a brain-active estrogen? Endocrinology 2005 Sep;146(9):3843-50. Toran-Allerand CD; et al. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building, Room 1615, New York, New York 10032, USA

Hormones for Cognition Improvement
1. Pregnenolone
2. Thyroid
3. Testosterone
4. Estradiol

Fatigue
• Prevalence of fatigue does not appear to change over time, in a study of individuals with TBI living in the community
• 68% reported fatigue at 2 years post-injury
• At 5 years post-injury 73%, reported problems with fatigue.
Fatigue after TBI: Association with neuroendocrine abnormalities. Brain Injury, June 2007; 21(6): 559–566. Tamara Bushnik, Jeffrey Englander, & Laurence Katznelson. Rehabilitation Research Center, PM&R, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA, and Pituitary Center, Depts. of Neurosurgery and Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.

Narcolepsy
• Chronic, daytime sleepiness is a major, disabling symptom in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
• Loss of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the wake-promoting neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin) causes the severe sleepiness of narcolepsy,
• The partial loss of these cells may contribute to the sleepiness of Parkinson’s disease and other disorders.
• This study found that the number of hypocretin neurons is significantly reduced in patients with severe TBI.
• Constant fatigue is the #1 symptom across TBI.

Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons with traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol . 2009 October ; 66(4): 555–559. Christian R. Baumann1, Claudio L. Bassetti L., Philipp O. Valko, Johannes Haybaeck, Morten Keller, Erika Clark, Reto Stocker4, Markus Tolnay, and Thomas E. Scammell. Dept. of Neurology, Dept. of Neuropathology, Dept. of Forensic Medicine, and Dept. of Surgical Intensive Care, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dept. of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA

Pregnenolone increases Acetylcholine in:

Hormones for Cognition Improvement
1. Pregnenolone
2. Thyroid
3. Testosterone
4. Estradiol

T4 only not recomnded