KUBARK Manual

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Finally, in 1963, the CIA synthesized this decade of mind- control research

in its “KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation” manual, which

emphasized the implications of Hebb’s work for eff ective interrogation. Citing

“experiments conducted at McGill University,” this report explained that

sensory deprivation was eff ective because “the calculated provision of stimuli

during interrogation tends to make the regressed subject view the interrogator

as a father- fi gure . . . strengthening . . . the subject’s tendencies toward

compliance.”

The compilation of this report, combined with the CIA inspector general’s

discovery of legal problems in the mind- control research, produced a

radical reduction in funding from the agency and other national security

sources, creating a crisis in the ranks of Canadian psychology. “Departments

of psychology in Canadian universities are now about to starve to death for

lack of research support,” reported Dr. C. R. Myers, of the country’s Defense

Research Board, in 1964. Noting the critical role of U.S. defense funds in

sustaining this fi eld, Dr. Myers concluded: “There appears to be no other scientifi

c discipline in Canada that is so dependent for research support on U.S.

sources.”</p>