Greek Noun Cases

There are five CASES in Greek, the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. In English, readers rely on the order in which words appear in a sentence to indicate the grammatical function of each word. In Ancient Greek, their case tells the reader the grammatical function of each word in the sentence.

• The nominative is used as the subject of the sentence and also as the object of sentences with the verb 'to be'.
• The genitive expresses the relationships between nouns and can usually be translated along with the English word 'of' or 'from'.
• The dative is is used for three purposes:
  1. as the indirect object of a verb
  2. how or with what something is done.
  3. relationships of place where and time when -- these relationships can be expressed by the English prepositions to or for, with or by, and in or at.
• The accusative is the direct object of a transitive verb
• The vocative is for exclamations and emphatic address.

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A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object to receive the action.

Example:

Correct: The speaker discussed different marketing strategies in the video.

Incorrect: The speaker discussed in the video.

The verb "discuss" requires an object ("different marketing strategies"). It is necessary to state what the speaker discussed.

An intransitive verb does not take an object. Using an object immediately after an intransitive verb will create an incorrect sentence. However, there may be other information after the verb, such as one or more prepositional phrases or an adverb.

Example

Correct: The students arrived at the residency in Houston.

Incorrect: The students arrived Houston.

The second sentence is incorrect because the verb cannot take an object.