externality
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mebbe belated 519</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">triggered by un rept 1 mill species at risk</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">aha 619 nexus of related concepts externality, metaphor, unintended conseq, story, metaphor...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>aha: externality/economics is a TERMINISTIC SCREEN that removed nature</b> (including ecosystems services which is our life support system that nature provides FOR FREE)<b> but also EJ:</b> poor ppl of color are hurt 1st aND worst by toxins, had the least to do with production (well except dangerous jobs and living near danger) and benefits; meritocracy libtard models says if they were smart and capable they would make more money and move away.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">related to:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>aha: application of the wrong/too simple metaphor as diagnosis --> cure</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">my classic eg urban renewal</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">another dangerous metaphor is run gov't like a biz, which presumably means rational, metrics, maybe an eye towards boosting economy=prosperity = well-being, Mitt R ran on this [truman dismissed as storekeeper [failed] but accidental prz ~ wallace]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">trump and by assoc kushner as rational planner, but also good DEALMAKER [transactional metaphor, maybe realated // invisible hand magic mkt BS?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">note related: a story can embed/embody a metaphor</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/04/how-a-basic-economic-principle-could-derail-our-ability-to-combat-the-coronavirus/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.alternet.org/2020/04/how-a-basic-economic-principle-could-derail-our-ability-to-combat-the-coronavirus/</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>How a basic economic principle could derail our ability to combat the coronavirus</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Written by Leigh Osofsky, The Conversation April 7, 2020</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by Leigh Osofsky, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A series of recent protests by the workers preparing and delivering our essential foods and other goods highlights a key risk to our ability to combat the coronavirus.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Some employees at an Amazon warehouse and Instacart “shoppers” briefly walked off the job on March 30, citing inadequate health protections and compensation. And Whole Foods workers organized a national “sick out” protest to pressure the grocery chain for hazard pay and more protections.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">With most Americans sheltering in place, these workers are among the millions of individuals who face heightened risks as they continue to do their jobs keeping our refrigerators and pantries stocked during the pandemic. But because of an economic theory I study known as “positive externalities,” most of them aren’t being adequately compensated for it.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Creating positive externalities</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A positive externality is created when someone’s private behavior leads to broader social benefits. Common examples include when someone buys a hybrid car, gets vaccinated or stops smoking. In each of these examples, someone’s private behavior reduces risks for everyone.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">A negative externality, </span>on the other hand, is when private behavior leads to a public harm, such as pollution from a factory.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>By delivering food and other supplies, workers at Instacart, Whole Foods and hundreds of other companies are reducing the need for people to congregate and thus lowering the systemic risk of COVID-19 for everyone.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>This is an essential public health benefit at a critical time in the pandemic. Without them, it would be much harder to fulfill government stay-in-place orders and slow the spread of COVID-19.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>But in general they perform jobs that pay relatively little, and the workers say they lack basic protective gear such as hand sanitizer and masks that would keep them safe</b>.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Paying for an externality</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Unfortunately, the free market isn’t very good at dealing with positive externalities like this – or compensating those who bear the cost. As a result, there’s a risk the people creating the public benefit will not provide enough of it.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is easiest to understand by way of example.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Imagine a “shopper” for Instacart – the app-based food delivery platform – delivers groceries to someone with COVID-19. It begins as a private transaction: The worker gets paid, and the sick customer gets food delivered in a time of need. But there is an additional benefit to the rest of us – the positive externality – from the delivery. Everyone is safer because the sick consumer doesn’t have to go to the grocery store.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Then there is the extra cost. The Instacart worker faces a heightened health risk by spending more time outside of home and delivering groceries to the sick customer. While the customer may pay a higher tip as a measure of her gratitude, it is unlikely to be enough to take into account the value of the broader benefit to society or the concentrated risk that the Instacart worker faces in producing this benefit.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And that means the undercompensated worker may decide it’s in her interest to stop putting herself at risk – and stop delivering food.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Now consider that this is happening countless times and in countless ways across the country as millions of workers keep putting themselves at risk so that others can stay at home.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Who should pay the workers enough to compensate them for their extra risk and ensure we all continue to enjoy this broad public benefit?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Instacart and other companies, of course, are the ones paying these workers, along with fees or tips paid by consumers. The surging demand for these companies’ services suggests they should be able to afford to offer higher wages and provide the kinds of protective gear like masks and hand sanitizer that the workers need.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Some companies are doing that. Target, Amazon and Whole Foods have said they will provide their workers temporary “hazard pay.” And Instacart responded to the protest by providing its gig workers with health and safety kits.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>A government response</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>But a few companies stepping up to compensate their own workers slightly more isn’t enough to compensate the workers for the great benefits they are providing to the public at large.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In economics, widely shared public benefits such as large parks and clean lakes tend to require public – that is government – support. Similarly, the production of a good that is costly but has a large positive externality, like the efforts of all these workers, needs a government response.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Essentially, the government could compensate these workers for the benefits to the public through something like a hazard subsidy and a supply of protective gear, thereby ensuring an ample supply of these workers and the services they provide during this time of crisis.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To be sure, this isn’t a perfect solution. For instance, absent some sort of market forces dictating how much the government subsidizes, the government may pay too much. And there would be questions about which workers are truly essential to creating the public health benefits and should receive the higher pay – should liquor employees be included?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But in a time in which the government is already offering large, unqualified aid packages to the public, such costs are not insurmountable. To get close to the right solution, I believe we first need to recognize how these workers create a large public benefit for us all.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[You need to understand the coronavirus pandemic, and we can help. Read The Conversation’s newsletter.]The Conversation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Leigh Osofsky, Professor of Law, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/06/palestinians-dismiss-economic-portion-of-kushner-plan-as-dead-on-arrival/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.alternet.org/<b>2019/06</b>/palestinians-dismiss-economic-portion-of-kushner-plan-as-dead-on-arrival/</font></a></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Palestinians dismiss economic portion of Kushner plan as dead-on-arrival</b></font></p></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>AHA! THE SOLUTION IS TO RESTORE THE COMMONS</b></font></p><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>AHA: REDUCTIONISM KILLS/ ENSLAVES/ EXTRACTS</b></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>VS SYSTEMS HEAL, CONNECT, FREE</b></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>I/THOU VS I/IT ME v WE</b></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">triggerd by</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">wicked smart henry g</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/05/our-culture-of-ignorance-has-made-possible-the-rise-of-a-terrible-new-political-blend-neoliberal-fascism/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.alternet.org/2019/05/our-culture-of-ignorance-has-made-possible-the-rise-of-a-terrible-new-political-blend-neoliberal-fascism/</font></a></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>aha: application of the wrong/too simple metaphor as diagnosis --> cure</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">my classic eg urban renewal</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>another dangerous metaphor is run gov't like a biz,</b> which presumably means rational, metrics, ALSO EXTERNALITY AS TERMINISTIC SCREEN maybe an eye towards boosting economy=prosperity = well-being, Mitt R ran on this [truman dismissed as storekeeper [failed] but accidental prz ~ wallace]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">trump and by assoc kushner as rational planner, but also good DEALMAKER [transactional metaphor, maybe realated // invisible hand magic mkt BS?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">note related: a story can embed/embody a metaphor</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/06/palestinians-dismiss-economic-portion-of-kushner-plan-as-dead-on-arrival/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.alternet.org/<b>2019/06</b>/palestinians-dismiss-economic-portion-of-kushner-plan-as-dead-on-arrival/</font></a></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Palestinians dismiss economic portion of Kushner plan as dead-on-arrival</b></font></p></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">aha see BS fallback: not real, too costly to fix</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">find recent art'l doing nothing costs more</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><header style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 165px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative;"><div class="article--header" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; float: none; line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/coral-reefs-provide-flood-protection-worth-1-8-billion-every-year-its-time-to-protect-them-116636" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Coral reefs provide flood protection worth $1.8 billion every year – it’s time to protect them</font></a></h2><p class="byline" style="margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 2px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; line-height: 1.2; clear: both;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-beck-125697" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Michael Beck</a>, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">University of California, Santa Cruz</em></font></span></p></div></header><div class="content" data-raw="" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 165px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A new report shows that coral reefs reduce damage from floods across the United States and its trust territories by more than $1.8 billion every year – and pinpoints that value state by state.</font></span></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>