George Jackson

<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output">Soledad Brothers were three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">African-American</a> inmates charged with the murder of a white prison guard, John Vincent Mills, at California's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_Training_Facility" title="Correctional Training Facility" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Soledad Prison</a> on January 16, 1970.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-beavercountytimes-1970-01-17-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson(Black_Panther)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jackson (Black Panther)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George Jackson</a>, Fleeta Drumgo, and John Clutchette were alleged to have murdered Mills in retaliation for the shooting deaths of three black prisoners during a prison fight in the exercise yard three days prior by another guard, Opie G. Miller.<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" /></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Soledad_Prison" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1Soledad Prison</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Prison_yard_riot" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2Prison yard riot</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Soledad_Brothers_Defense_Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3Soledad Brothers Defense Committee</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Jonathan_Jackson's_attempt_to_free_the_Soledad_Brothers" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4Jonathan Jackson's attempt to free the Soledad Brothers</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#San_Quentin_Six" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5San Quentin Six</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Trial" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6Trial</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9Further reading</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Soledad Prison[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Soledad Prison" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson(Black_Panther)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jackson (Black Panther)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George Jackson</a> met W. L. Nolen through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Black Panther Party</a> in Soledad State Prison in 1969. They were transferred together to the O Wing, along with Drumgo and Clutchette, which was considered the worst part of the adjustment center of which Max Row is a part. According to Jackson, in the O Wing "the strongest hold out no more than a couple of weeks. It destroys the logical processes of the mind, a man's thoughts become completely disorganized. The noise, madness streaming from every throat, frustrated sounds from the bars, metallic sounds from the walls, the steel trays, the iron beds bolted to the wall, the hollow sounds from a cast-iron sink or toilet. The smells, the human waste thrown at us, unwashed bodies, the rotten food. When a white con leaves here he's ruined for life. No black leaves Max Row walking. Either he leaves on the meat wagon or he leaves crawling licking at the pig's feet."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Jackson-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a>In Jackson's letters from the prison he describes the attitude of the staff toward the convicts as both defensive and hostile, apparently out of pure malevolence. His account of life at the prison was used by the Soledad Brothers Defense Committee.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Prison yard riot[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prison yard riot" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2>On January 13, 1970, 14 black inmates and 2 white inmates from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">maximum-security</a> section of Soledad Prison were released into a recreation yard. It had been several months since they were last released into the yard.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-The_Day-January_7,1985-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> The black prisoners were ordered to the far end of the yard, while the white prisoners remained near the center of the yard.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> Officer Opie G. Miller, an expert <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksman" title="Marksman" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">marksman</a> armed with a rifle, watched over the inmates from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">guard tower</a> 13 feet (4 m) above the yard.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_fight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fist fight" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">fist fight</a> ensued and Miller opened fire on the prisoners below. No <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warning_shot" title="Warning shot" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">warning shot</a> was fired. Three black inmates were killed in the shooting: W.L. Nolen and Cleveland Edwards died in the yard, while Alvin Miller died in the prison hospital a few hours later. A white inmate, Billy D. Harris, was wounded in the groin by Miller's fourth shot, and ended up losing a testicle.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> In a letter from June 10, 1970, George Jackson described the scene as seeing three of his brothers having been "murdered [...] by a pig shooting from 30 feet above their heads with a military rifle." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Jackson-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a>Following the incident, thirteen black prisoners began a hunger strike in the hopes of securing an investigation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-bulletin-1970-01-15-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a> On January 16, 1970, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey County" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Monterey County</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">grand jury</a> convened, then exonerated Miller in the deaths of Nolen, Edwards, and Miller with a ruling of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">justifiable homicide</a>". No black inmates were permitted to testify, including those who had been in the recreation yard during the shooting. In Soledad Prison, inmates heard the grand jury's ruling on the prison radio.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> Thirty minutes later, John V. Mills was found dying in another maximum-security wing of the prison, having been beaten and thrown from a third-floor tier of Y Wing, George Jackson's cellblock, to the television room below. On February 14, 1970, after an investigation into Mills' death by prison officials, George Lester Jackson, Fleeta Drumgo and John Wesley Clutchette were indicted by the Monterey County grand jury for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-degree_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="First-degree murder" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">first-degree murder</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Soledad Brothers Defense Committee[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soledad Brothers Defense Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2>The Soledad Brothers Defense Committee was formed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Stender" title="Fay Stender" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Fay Stender</a> to assist in publicizing the case and raising funds to defend Jackson, Drumgo, and Clutchette. Among the several celebrities, writers, and left-wing political activists that supported the SBDC and their cause were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Julian Bond</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kay Boyle</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Marlon Brando</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jane Fonda</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tom Hayden</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kunstler" title="William Kunstler" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">William Kunstler</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mitford" title="Jessica Mitford" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jessica Mitford</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Linus Pauling</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pete Seeger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Benjamin Spock</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Angela Davis</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Andrews-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Bernstein-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[7]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-The_Tuscaloosa_News-October_18,1970-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a> In June 1970, California State Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Dymally" title="Mervyn Dymally" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mervyn Dymally</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="California Legislative Black Caucus" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">California Legislative Black Caucus</a> pursued an investigation of Soledad Prison and released a report that tried to legitimize the committee and give it some credibility. Public reaction was mixed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-books.google.com-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a> By the middle of that month, Davis was leading the movement.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-books.google.com-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a> Stender also arranged the publication of Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, which was to contain various letters written by Jackson while in prison detailing his time spent in the prison throughout the trial.<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Jonathan Jackson's attempt to free the Soledad Brothers[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jonathan Jackson's attempt to free the Soledad Brothers" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County_courthouse_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marin County courthouse incident" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Marin County courthouse incident</a></div>On August 7, 1970, George Jackson's seventeen-year-old brother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_P.Jackson" title="Jonathan P. Jackson" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jonathan</a> held up a courtroom during the trial of prisoner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McClain" class="mw-redirect" title="James McClain" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">James McClain</a>, charged at the time with the attempted stabbing of a Soledad guard at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County_Civic_Center" title="Marin County Civic Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Marin County Civic Center</a>. Jonathan Jackson, after having armed McClain, temporarily freed three San Quentin prisoners, and took Superior Court Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Haley" title="Harold Haley" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Harold Haley</a>, Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas, and three women on the jury hostage to secure the freedom of the "Soledad Brothers". Jackson, McClain, Haley, and a prisoner named William Christmas were killed as they attempted to drive away from the courthouse. Haley died due to the discharge of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">sawed-off shotgun</a> that had been fastened to his neck with adhesive tape by the abductors. Thomas, prisoner Ruchell Magee, and one of the jurors were wounded.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-time-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[10]</a> Two days after his brother's death, in George Jackson's last letter in his collection of letters written while in prison, he wrote a letter to his deceased brother, signing it:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">Cold and calm though.
'All right, gentlemen, I'm taking over now.' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[nb 1]</a>
Revolution, George"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Jackson-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></blockquote><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Angela Davis</a>, who purchased the guns used in the escape attempt, was later tried on several charges in connection with the escape. A jury found her not guilty on murder, kidnapping, and criminal conspiracy charges.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">San Quentin Six[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: San Quentin Six" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_Six" title="San Quentin Six" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Quentin Six</a></div>On August 21, 1971, days before his trial in the guard's killing, the 29-year-old Jackson allegedly launched a riot at San Quentin with a 9 mm <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">pistol</a>. There is controversy over the course of events that led to Jackson's obtaining of the firearm. Prison officials alleged that Stephen Bingham, the attorney who replaced Fay Stender<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[nb 2]</a> as Jackson's attorney, visited Jackson. Bingham was alleged to have smuggled Jackson a pistol and an Afro wig. He was purported to have given a wig to Jackson within in which to hide the gun. However, Bingham was found not guilty of this charge in an ensuing trial in 1986. Prison officials had claimed that as Jackson was attempting to leave his meeting with Bingham, a gun protruded from a wig he was wearing and Jackson was asked to show the object. With a gun in hand, Jackson released an entire floor of prisoners from the maximum-security wing, allegedly saying, "This is it, gentlemen, the Dragon has come!" In the ensuing melee, three guards were killed, as were two prisoners suspected of being snitches, before George Jackson rushed out into the yard where he was shot and killed by a guard. Other people involved in the case believe Jackson's death was a setup by prison authorities, who conspired to supply Jackson with a gun, in the hopes that he would be killed in the ensuing melee, allegedly because they saw his power as a threat to their control and authority. Inconsistencies in the stories, although common among eyewitnesses in many crimes, fueled the controversy and helped to set off an uprising at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica_Correctional_Facility" title="Attica Correctional Facility" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Attica Correctional Facility</a> in New York three weeks later. Bingham's acquittal in 1986 on charges that he smuggled Jackson a gun and a wig, and was thereby responsible for the escape attempt and murders, occurred after he emerged from hiding for 13 years in order to stand trial.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[13]</a><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Trial[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trial" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco</a>, proceedings were held in the Department 21 courtroom on the third floor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Justice#San_Francisco" title="Hall of Justice" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hall of Justice</a>, the same courtroom in which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruchell_Magee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruchell Magee" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ruchell Magee</a> would later be tried on charges related to the murder of Judge Haley.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_18,1972-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[15]</a> Spectators, including the press, were separated from the proceedings by a $15,000 floor-to-ceiling barrier constructed of metal, wood, and bullet-proof glass.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[nb 3]</a> Throughout the trial, there were attempts to annul the proceedings on technicalities. There were complaints on behalf of the defendants that they were not informed of the scheduled court hearing, specifically in a letter from George Jackson on June 13, 1970. They also claimed the court report stated that 1-48 pages of the testimony were recorded and they were only given 1-46 pages of testimony.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Jackson-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a> After Jackson's death, on March 27, 1972, the two surviving Soledad Brothers—Clutchette and Drumgo—were acquitted by a San Francisco jury of the original charges of murdering a prison guard on the grounds that the state had failed to completely prove its case.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[16]</a><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Notes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px;"><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }The final words Jonathan Jackson used in the San Rafael courthouse.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-Jackson-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }Eight years after George Jackson's death, Fay Stender was shot in 1979, allegedly by a member of the Black Guerilla Family for not supporting Jackson's militarist politics. She suffered severe injuries that led to her paralysis. Stender committed suicide in May, 1980.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[12]</a></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }The barrier was also reported to be soundproof, thereby requiring a public address system so that spectators could hear the proceedings.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_note-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a></li></ol></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-beavercountytimes-1970-01-17-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-beavercountytimes-1970-01-17_1-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8bAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M7MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3630,3871188&dq" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Prison Guard Is Beaten to Death"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_County_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver County Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Beaver County Times</a>. January 17, 1970. Retrieved August 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beaver+County+Times&rft.atitle=Prison+Guard+Is+Beaten+to+Death&rft.date=1970-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D8bAiAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DM7MFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3630%2C3871188%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Jackson-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Jackson_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Jackson_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Jackson_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Jackson_2-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Jackson_2-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFJackson1970" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson(Black_Panther)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jackson (Black Panther)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jackson, George</a> (1970). Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson. Toronto, Canada: Longmans Canada Limited. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0698103474" title="Special:BookSources/978-0698103474" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><bdi>978-0698103474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soledad+Brother%3A+The+Prison+Letters+of+George+Jackson&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Longmans+Canada+Limited&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0698103474&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-The_Day-January_7,1985-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-The_Day-January_7,1985_3-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFHatfield1985" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hatfield, Lary (January 7, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RDlSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RzYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4907%2C1089678" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Last vestiges of radical movement will go on trial in Bingham case"</a>. The Day. New London, Connecticut: The Day Publishing Company. pp. 1–4. Retrieved July 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Day&rft.atitle=Last+vestiges+of+radical+movement+will+go+on+trial+in+Bingham+case&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1985-01-07&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Lary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DRDlSAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DRzYNAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4907%252C1089678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Aptheker-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Aptheker_4-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Aptheker_4-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Aptheker_4-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Aptheker_4-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Aptheker_4-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">e</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Aptheker_4-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFAptheker1969" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aptheker, Bettina (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9vwr6g8cMC" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8597-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8597-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><bdi>0-8014-8597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morning+Breaks%3A+The+Trial+of+Angela+Davis&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-8014-8597-5&rft.aulast=Aptheker&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyA9vwr6g8cMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-bulletin-1970-01-15-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-bulletin-1970-01-15_5-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zKQSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HPcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1453,3541718&dq=miller+guard&hl=en" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Negro Prisoners Begin Hunger Strike in Bid for Investigation"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulletin(Bend)" title="The Bulletin (Bend)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The Bulletin</a>. January 15, 1970. Retrieved August 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Negro+Prisoners+Begin+Hunger+Strike+in+Bid+for+Investigation&rft.date=1970-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DzKQSAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DHPcDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1453%2C3541718%26dq%3Dmiller%2Bguard%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Andrews-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Andrews_6-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFAndrews1999" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Andrews" title="Lori Andrews" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Andrews, Lori</a> (1999) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKmKSuzduK8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">Black Power, White Blood: The Life and Times of Johnny Spain</a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 130. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566397506" title="Special:BookSources/9781566397506" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><bdi>9781566397506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Power%2C+White+Blood%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Johnny+Spain&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781566397506&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKmKSuzduK8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_atb%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Bernstein-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-Bernstein_7-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFBernstein2010" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bernstein, Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3yRlKxxDtkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"The Age of Jackson: George Jackson and the Radical Critique of Incarceration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3yRlKxxDtkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">America is the Prison: Arts and Politics in Prison in the 1970s</a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807871171" title="Special:BookSources/9780807871171" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><bdi>9780807871171</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Jackson%3A+George+Jackson+and+the+Radical+Critique+of+Incarceration&rft.btitle=America+is+the+Prison%3A+Arts+and+Politics+in+Prison+in+the+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780807871171&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3yRlKxxDtkC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPA51%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-The_Tuscaloosa_News-October_18,1970-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-The_Tuscaloosa_News-October_18,1970_8-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFScott1970" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Scott, Austin (October 18, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oCgeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NbkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7115%2C3538937" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"New Rebellion Brewing Inside Nation's Prisons"</a>. The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. AP. Retrieved July 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=New+Rebellion+Brewing+Inside+Nation%27s+Prisons&rft.date=1970-10-18&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DoCgeAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DNbkEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7115%252C3538937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-books.google.com-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-books.google.com_9-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-books.google.com_9-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAptheker,B.1999" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aptheker, B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/morningbreakstri00apth" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg"); padding-right: 13px;">The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801485978" title="Special:BookSources/9780801485978" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><bdi>9780801485978</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morning+Breaks%3A+The+Trial+of+Angela+Davis&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780801485978&rft.au=Aptheker%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmorningbreakstri00apth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-time-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-time_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation magazine cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909547-1,00.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Justice: A Bad Week for the Good Guys"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">TIME</a>. August 1970. Retrieved June 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Justice%3A+A+Bad+Week+for+the+Good+Guys&rft.date=1970-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C909547-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }Caldwell. Earl. "Angela Davis Acquitted on All Charges", The New York Times, June 5, 1972.</li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }James, Joy. Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion. New York, New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 86-87; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742520271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742520271" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">978-0742520271</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-15" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=auhVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6900%2C6635723" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"People In The News: Ex-fugitive finally feels free, retains his political activism"</a>. The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. June 28, 1987. p. 2A. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=People+In+The+News%3A+Ex-fugitive+finally+feels+free%2C+retains+his+political+activism&rft.pages=2A&rft.date=1987-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DauhVAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DeOEDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6900%252C6635723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971_16-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971_16-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_29,1971_16-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFStreeter1971" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Streeter, Harold V. (August 29, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20%20Files/San%20Quentin/San%20Quentin%20097.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">"'Soledad Brothers' Conflict Incites 11 Violent Deaths"</a> (PDF). San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Retrieved July 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=%27Soledad+Brothers%27+Conflict+Incites+11+Violent+Deaths&rft.date=1971-08-29&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=Harold+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk.hood.edu%2FCollection%2FWhite%2520%2520Files%2FSan%2520Quentin%2FSan%2520Quentin%2520097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_18,1972-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-San_Francisco_Examiner-August_18,1972_17-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFStreeter1972" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Streeter, Harold V. (August 18, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20%20Files/San%20Quentin/San%20Quentin%20748.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">"Magee Trial – Dullsville Revisited"</a> (pdf). San Francisco, California. Retrieved July 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Magee+Trial+%E2%80%93+Dullsville+Revisited&rft.date=1972-08-18&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=Harold+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk.hood.edu%2FCollection%2FWhite%2520%2520Files%2FSan%2520Quentin%2FSan%2520Quentin%2520748.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoledad+Brothers" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">^{</a> }"Acquit Soledad Brothers", Pacific Stars and Stripes, March 29, 1972, p. 1</li></ol></div></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Further reading[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soledad_Brothers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson (1970). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-230-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-230-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1-55652-230-4</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Min S Yee. The Melancholy History of Soledad Prison; In Which a Utopian Scheme Turns Bedlam (1973). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-129800-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-129800-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">0-06-129800-X</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Category:History of the United States (1964–1980)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Quantified_groups_of_defendants" title="Category:Quantified groups of defendants" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Quantified groups of defendants</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_California" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of California" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Prisoners and detainees of California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th_century_American_trials" title="Category:20th century American trials" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">20th century American trials</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prison_writings" title="Category:Prison writings" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Prison writings</a></li></ul></div></div>