rothman, stanley

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">ntbcw stanley kurtz
</font><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>inside higher ed</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the past 20 years this core group of funders has, by many reports, built and strategically linked an impressive array of almost 500 think tanks, centers, institutes and "concerned citizens groups" both within and outside of the academy. It is particularly telling to observe the funding sources of these organizations during the first 10-15 years of their existence, when their ideological identities were being established. A small sampling of these entities include&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=51" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">the Cato Institute,</a>the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=153" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Heritage Foundation,</a>&nbsp;the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=19" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">American Enterprise Institute,</a>the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=198" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Manhattan Institute,</a>&nbsp;the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=311" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Hoover Institution,</a>&nbsp;the<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=72" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Claremont Institute,</a>&nbsp;the<b>&nbsp;</b><a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=16" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><b>American Council of Trustees and Alumni,</b>&nbsp;</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=207" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Middle East Forum,&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=1374" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Accuracy in Media,</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=242" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">National Association of Scholars,</a>&nbsp;as well as Horowitz's&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=63" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Center of the Study of Popular Culture.</a></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The absence of formal organizational linkages between the entities within these networks creates an illusion of independent analytical voices reaching similar conclusions about strategic policy issues, a technique known in the public relations industry as “astroturfing.” This network has developed an enormous capacity to generate “data” consistent with the targeted political agenda and world views of its core group of funders to quickly and redundantly represent these issues in the mainstream press by what appear to be the voices of independent analysts and to translate these viewpoints into public policy that serves the focused ideological agenda of this core group of funders<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. The Bradley Foundation under Michael Joyce's leadership has even established a publishing house,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=98" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Encounter Books,</a>&nbsp;to ensure that grantees like Horowitz have a quasi-academic outlet for their viewpoints.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The degree of interconnectedness within this network of organizations is considerable</b>&nbsp;but almost invisible to the casual observer. For example, when ACTA’s president, Anne Neal, introduced herself to the Select Committee on Academic Freedom in Higher Education in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, she presented ACTA as “a bipartisan network of college and university trustees and alumni across the country dedicated to academic freedom.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Full disclosure should have required some mention of the fact that ACTA (see funding sources above), which changed its name from the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=434" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">National Alumni Forum</a>&nbsp;in 1998, was established by the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=177" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a>&nbsp;in 1994. The Intercollegiate Studies Institute in turn evolved from&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">William Bennett</span>’s&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=525" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Madison Center for Educational Affairs</a>&nbsp;and the Institute for Educational Affairs founded by&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Irving Kristol</span>, Michael Joyce’s mentor, and William Simon, the first president of the John M. Olin Foundation. Bennett and Kristol also sit on ACTA’s Board of Directors. The remarkably consistent record of funding across all of the incarnations of this organization and the high degree of redundancy with Horowitz’s own, highly partisan Center for the Study of Popular Culture is not consistent with Neal’s definition of ACTA as an independent, non-partisan organization.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another example illustrative of the quietly incestuous nature of this network is presented by an article by the&nbsp;<i>Boston Globe&nbsp;</i>columnist Cathy Young. The article is entitled&nbsp;<a href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/04/11/liberal_bias_in_the_ivory_tower?mode=PF" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">“Liberal bias in the ivory tower”</a>&nbsp;and by all appearances is an independent opinion piece written by a regular&nbsp;<i>Globe</i>&nbsp;columnist. At the end of the article Young identifies herself as “a contributing editor at&nbsp;<i><b>Reason Magazine</b>.</i>” What is undisclosed in the article is that&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><i>Reason Magazine</i>&nbsp;is the publication of the Reason Foundation, whose&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=286" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">funding sources</a>&nbsp;are virtually the same as those funding Horowitz’s "Academic Bill of Rights" project and Neal’s ACTA.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Young’s premise for the article is stated in her opening sentence:&nbsp;<font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“Yet another study has come out documenting what most conservatives consider to be blindingly obvious: the leftwing tilt of the American professoriate.”</font>&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/03/30/politics" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">The study that she references</a>&nbsp;was conducted by<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">&nbsp;<b>Stanley Rothman,</b>&nbsp;now emeritus professor at Smith College;&nbsp;<b>S.&nbsp;</b><b>Robert Lichter,</b></span>&nbsp;emeritus professor at George Mason University; and Neil Nevitte of the University of Toronto, and was published in the online journal Forum. This study was also cited by Neal in her testimony in Pennsylvania. Young does not inform her readers that Rothman is director of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=1012" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Center for the Study of Social and Political Change,</a>&nbsp;a center with funding sources that are remarkably redundant with Horowitz’s Center for the Study of Popular Culture.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;Lichter is also president of the&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=573" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Center for Media and Public Affairs,</a>&nbsp;which again has funding sources that are redundant with those referenced earlier.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition, a recent article in&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2515" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>&nbsp;is highly critical of Lichter’s research methodology. Another example of such conflicted interests is provided by<b> Professor Thomas Reeves</b>. When Reeves writes in strong support of Horowitz’s proposals on the&nbsp;<a href="http://hnn.us/articles/1731.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">History News Network,</a>&nbsp;he fails to note that he is a spokesman for the&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">California Association of Scholars, a branch of the&nbsp;<b><u>National Association of Scholars</u></b>&nbsp;</span>(see funding sources above) and that he is director of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=368" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Wisconsin Policy Research Institute,</a>&nbsp;which was, again, brought into being by the Olin and Bradley Foundations.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This manufactured drumbeat against “academic bias” is amplified by&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b><a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/kurtz/kurtz200310140905.asp" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Stanley Kurtz</a>&nbsp;of the Hoover Institution</b></span><b>&nbsp;</b>(see funding sources above),<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;<a href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/15_3_college_follies.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Heather MacDonald,</a></span>&nbsp;a John M. Olin fellow at the Manhattan Institute (see funding sources above), and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110006149" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Brian C. Anderson,</a>&nbsp;editor of the Manhattan Institute’s&nbsp;<i>City Journal</i>&nbsp;and a former research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (see funding sources above)...</font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=
</font><div><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/120887/race-genes-and-iq-new-republics-bell-curve-excerpt"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://newrepublic.com/article/120887/race-genes-and-iq-new-republics-bell-curve-excerpt</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The New Republic</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Charles Murray, </span>Richard J. Herrnstein/October 31, 1994</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Race, Genes and I.Q. — An Apologia</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The case for conservative multiculturalism</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This article was originally published in the October 31, 1994, issue of The New Republic. Since many staffers at the time objected to its publication, this excerpt of The Bell Curve was published alongside a raft of articles condemning it.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<span style="font-family: " tiempos="Tiempos" text="Text" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px">This brings us to the flashpoint of intelligence as a public topic: the question of genetic differences between the races. Expert opinion, when it is expressed at all, diverges widely. In the 1980s Mark Snyderman, a psychologist, and<b> Stanley Rothman,</b> a political scientist, sent a questionnaire to a broad sample of 1,020 scholars, mostly academicians, whose specialties give them reason to be knowledgeable about I.Q. Among other questions, they asked, “Which of the following best characterizes your opinion of the heritability of the black-white difference in I.Q.?” The answers were divided as follows: The difference is entirely due to environmental variation: 15 percent. The difference is entirely due to genetic variation: 1 percent. The difference is a product of both genetic and environmental variation: 45 percent. The data are insufficient to support any reasonable opinion: 24 percent. No response: 14 percent.</span></font></div><div class="article-text-wrap" style="max-width: 1210px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman"><div class="article-text-grid" style="font-family: " tiempos="Tiempos" text="Text" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" px="px" letter-spacing="letter-spacing"><p style="margin: 20px 20px 20px 252.078px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; max-width: 625px; width: 625px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This pretty well sums up the professional judgment on the matter. But it doesn’t explain anything about the environment/genetic debate as it has played out in the profession and in the general public. And the question, of course, is fascinating. So what could help us understand the connection between heritability and group differences? A good place to start is by correcting a common confusion about the role of genes in individuals and in groups.</font></p><p style="margin: 20px 20px 20px 252.078px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; max-width: 625px; width: 625px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Most scholars accept that I.Q. in the human species as a whole is substantially heritable, somewhere between 40 percent and 80 percent, meaning that much of the observed variation in I.Q. is genetic. And yet this information tells us nothing for sure about the origin of the differences between groups of humans in measured intelligence. This point is so basic, and so misunderstood, that it deserves emphasis: that a trait is genetically transmitted in a population does not mean that group differences in that trait are also genetic in origin. Anyone who doubts this assertion may take two handfuls of genetically identical seed corn and plant one handful in Iowa, the other in the Mojave Desert, and let nature (i.e., the environment) take its course. The seeds will grow in Iowa, not in the Mojave, and the result will have nothing to do with genetic differences.</font></p><hr class="section-break" style="height: 1px; background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; margin: 45px 0px 45px 302.5px; max-width: 41.25%;" /><p style="margin: 20px 20px 20px 252.078px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; max-width: 625px; width: 625px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The environment for American blacks has been closer to the Mojave and the environment for American whites has been closer to Iowa. We may apply this general observation to the available data and see where the results lead. Suppose that all the observed ethnic differences in tested intelligence originate in some mysterious environmental differences—mysterious, because we know from material already presented that socioeconomic factors cannot be much of the explanation. We further stipulate that one standard deviation (fifteen I.Q. points) separates American blacks and whites and that one-fifth of a standard deviation (three I.Q. points) separates East Asians and whites. Finally, we assume that I.Q. is 60 percent heritable (a middle-ground estimate). Given these parameters, how different would the environments for the three groups have to be in order to explain the observed difference in these scores?</font></p></div></div><div class="full-width inserted-dfp ad-container-0" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman"><div class="article-text-wrap" style="max-width: 1210px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman"><div class="article-text-grid" style="font-family: " tiempos="Tiempos" text="Text" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" px="px" letter-spacing="letter-spacing"><p style="margin: 20px 20px 20px 252.078px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; max-width: 625px; width: 625px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The observed ethnic differences in I.Q. could be explained solely by the environment if the mean environment of whites is 1.58 standard deviations better than the mean environment of blacks and .32 standard deviation worse than the mean environment for East Asians, when environments are measured along the continuum of their capacity to nurture intelligence. Let’s state these conclusions in percentile terms: the average environment of blacks would have to be at the sixth percentile of the distribution of environments among whites and the average environment of East Asians would have to be at the sixty-third percentile of environments among whites for the racial differences to be entirely environmental.</font></p><p style="margin: 20px 20px 20px 252.078px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; max-width: 625px; width: 625px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental differences of this magnitude and pattern are wildly out of line with all objective measures of the differences in black, Asian and white environments. Recall further that the black-white difference is smallest at the lowest socioeconomic levels. Why, if the black-white difference is entirely environmental, should the advantage of the “white” environment compared to the “black” be greater among the better-off and better-educated blacks and whites? We have not been able to think of a plausible reason. Can you? An appeal to the effects of racism to explain ethnic differences also requires explaining why environments poisoned by discrimination and racism for some other groups—against the Chinese or the Jews in some regions of America for example—have left them with higher scores than the national average.</font></p><p style="margin: 20px 20px 20px 252.078px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; max-width: 625px; width: 625px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However discomfiting it may be to consider it, there are reasons to suspect genetic considerations are involved. The evidence is circumstantial, but provocative. For example, ethnicities differ not just in average scores but in the profile of intellectual capacities. A full-scale I.Q. score is the aggregate of many subtests. There are thirteen of them in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, for example. The most basic division of the subtests is into a verbal I.Q. and a performance I.Q. In white samples the verbal and performance I.Q. subscores tend to have about the same mean, because I.Q. tests have been standardized on predominantly white populations. But individuals can have imbalances between these two I.Q.s. People with high verbal abilities are likely to do well with words and logic. In school they excel in history and literature; in choosing a career to draw on those talents, they tend to choose law or journalism or advertising or politics. In contrast, people with high performance I.Q.s—or, using a more descriptive phrase, “visuospatial abilities”—are likely to do well in the physical and biological sciences, mathematics, engineering or other subjects that demand mental manipulation in the three physical dimensions or the more numerous dimensions of mathematics....</font></p></div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">deepest sympathies to the family of Stanley Rothman, Mary Huggins Gamble Professor Emeritus of Government and director of the Center for the Study of Social and Political Change, who passed away on Jan. 5. His funeral will take place on Sunday, Jan. 9, at 1:30 p.m. at Congregation B'nai Israel, 253 Prospect St., Northampton.</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>GAZETTENET.COM</div><div>Stanley Rothman, Smith professor emeritus | GazetteNET</div><div>NORTHAMPTON - Stanley Rothman, 83, Mary Huggins Gamble Professor Emeritus of Government and director of the Center for the Study of Social and Political Change at Smith College, died unexpectedly on Wednesday…</div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">james t bennett review uchic</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/380674?journalCode=isis"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/380674?journalCode=isis</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font><div><a href="https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_2?ie=UTF8&text=Stanley+Rothman&search-alias=books&field-author=Stanley+Rothman&sort=relevancerank"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_2?ie=UTF8&text=Stanley+Rothman&search-alias=books&field-author=Stanley+Rothman&sort=relevancerank</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">cancerscam</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;authors begin with an environmental history lesson and proceed to explain the biological and medical understanding of cancer. Second, they address the relative importance of various environmental causes of cancer and examine some of the scientific and political controversies. Third, they review the uses and abuses in the analysis of environmental cancer data. Finally, they describe the “issue network” of interest groups, politicians, journalists, lawyers, and others involved in environmental regulation. It is a thoroughly valuable effort.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of particular merit in the attempt to separate fact from fiction are the surveys of cancer researchers and environmental activists. The authors identify the sharp differences between the two groups’ views and compare them to the content of media accounts over two decades. That comparison shows that the media frequently cite the views of environmental activists as if they were the views of the scientific community.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The skewing of scientific data is accomplished not just by the choice of stories to report, but also a reporter’s selection of “experts” to quote. Two “experts” frequently cited are Sidney Wolfe of Public Citizen and Samuel Epstein of the University of Chicago.</span>&nbsp;Both claim that just about everything in the environment causes cancer and that private enterprise is usually responsible. Yet three of four cancer researchers surveyed express little confidence in the work of Wolfe and Epstein.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We also learn scientists are not happy that their scientific findings are distorted and misreported to the public. Using an example of three natural carcinogens—tobacco, sunlight, and radon—half of the scientists surveyed believe the media’s presentation of cancer’s causes and risks is unfair and inaccurate.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition, the studies reveal serious differences attributed to the news media: 72 percent of the scientists surveyed found the&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New&nbsp;</em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">England Journal of Medicine</em>&nbsp;highly reliable, while less than a fourth found the&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New York Times</em>&nbsp;trustworthy. Since the general public does not read the&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Journal</em>&nbsp;it is fair to say many Americans have been dumbed down with environmental falsehoods, and the authors conclude that misplaced fears about the risks of environmental cancer have seriously distorted public policy.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Environmental cancer,” the authors write, “is ambiguous, conveying quite different meanings to cancer researchers and lay audiences. This confusion about definitions provides a partial explanation for the sometimes exaggerated charges made against consumer goods, industrial products, pesticides and herbicides, food additives and preservatives, and air and water pollutants, among other things.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The scaremongers have done great damage—the Alar campaign is a case in point—but Lichter and Rothman conclude on a modestly positive note: “practicing scientists have begun to take a more active role in publicly assessing risks from various activities and substances. In some respects segments of the public are gradually taking a more realistic view of environmentally triggered cancer.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That optimism, however, is tempered by the fact that most Americans are scientifically ignorant. Reflecting on a 1996 National Science Foundation study, the authors write, “only 9 percent of adult Americans know what a molecule is, and only 5 percent can give an explanation of acid rain. More startlingly, less than half know that the earth orbits the sun annually. It is little wonder that the struggle against the bending of science to serve ideal or material interests never ends.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Precisely.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Conrad F. Meier is health policy adviser for the Heartland Institute in Chicago&nbsp;</b>and assistant in research at the Center for Advanced Social Research, University of Missouri-Columbia.</font></span></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_works">Related works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Rothman continued to refine explanations for bias in his later work. In&nbsp;<i>Journalists, Broadcasters, Scientific Experts and Public Opinion</i>&nbsp;(1990), he writes: "Since they lack the time to read many books or to think issues through carefully, [...] the judgements which journalists present to the public are often based on a very shallow knowledge of the subject with which they deal. They learn by reading newspapers and journals, and more important, obtain information from those they interview. They thus develop a superficial sophistication about various public issues."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A follow-up survey of intelligence experts was conducted in 2013 to study changes in expert opinion since the 1984 survey, and ask about topics which had emerged since then (e.g. the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Flynn effect</a>, cross-country differences in intelligence, validity of new genetic methods like&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GWAS</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_complex_trait_analysis" title="Genome-wide complex trait analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GCTA</a>); the results were generally consistent with the original, supporting the validity of intelligence measurements and twin studies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The findings were welcomed by psychologists and educationalists engaged in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditarian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">hereditarian</a>&nbsp;research, such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jensen" title="Arthur Jensen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Arthur Jensen</b></a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>,&nbsp;</b></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Hans Eysenck</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottfredson" title="Linda Gottfredson" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Linda Gottfredson</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A.Gordon" title="Robert A. Gordon" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert A. Gordon</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. As&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFGottfredson2005" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Gottfredson (2005)</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;relates, even Jensen himself was surprised by the findings.&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFEysenck1994" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Eysenck (1994)</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;saw them as a vindication that his writings in the 1970s had been in "complete accord with orthodoxy".&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFGordon1992" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Gordon (1992)</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;wrote that "the survey dispels once and for all the media fiction that researchers like Jensen are outside of the mainstream because they examine such an impolitic hypothesis."&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFGottfredson1994" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Gottfredson (1994)</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;suggested that the findings confirmed a systematic and ongoing attempt in the media and academia to promote the "egalitarian fiction" and "scientific fraud" that intelligence differences are entirely due to environmental causes.</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A 1990 review of the book by behavior geneticist and IQ researcher Erik Turkheimer commented "The authors do not attempt to document their assertion that the opinion of scientific experts is colored by their political beliefs; thankfully, they can't make it stick."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup>&nbsp;In a 1994 article entitled&nbsp;<i>Media vs. Reality</i>, psychologist&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_J.Eysenck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans J. Eysenck" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hans J. Eysenck</a>&nbsp;cites the Snyderman and Rothman study as proof that, despite the reports of him and his views which have appeared in the media to the contrary, his findings have always been in "complete accord with orthodoxy".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a></sup>&nbsp;He complains of being misrepresented in the media as a "maverick" with "controversial" views who went against consensus. Eysenck sees the Snyderman and Rothman study as proving that "exactly the opposite is true".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottfredson" title="Linda Gottfredson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Linda Gottfredson</a>&nbsp;argues that the Snyderman and Rothman study helps to uncover what she refers to as the "egalitarian fiction" which "undergirds much current social policy"</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;She further expresses the opinion that the reluctance among experts to voice their privately held views as documented by Snyderman and Rothman could be a contributing factor to what she sees as being widespread misinformation among the public regarding the actual findings of intelligence research.</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 2002,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Miele" title="Frank Miele" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Frank Miele</a>&nbsp;interviewed Arthur Jensen about the public and academic reception of his work. In his response, Jensen cites the Synderman and Rothman study as a "thorough presentation of expert opinion among behavior geneticists and psychometricians" on the subject of intelligence.</span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;When Miele points out that, despite the findings of Snyderman and Rothman to the effect that the majority of experts silently agree with Jensen's views, no official body such as the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">APA</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;has issued a statement explicitly supporting him or his findings, Jensen responds that, in his opinion, no scientific organization such as the APA should make such public statements, as "these questions are not answered by a show of hands".</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A long review by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFSilverman1991" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Silverman (1991)</a>&nbsp;in the journal&nbsp;<i>Gifted Child Quarterly</i>&nbsp;described the book as important in the field of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gifted education</a>. She welcomed its endorsement of IQ tests, contrary to the press's indictment of intelligence testing, and praised it for affirming the heritability of intelligence in individuals from parents to children. She pointed out that, "Since Mark Snyderman has been a collaborator with Richard Herrnstein, the book may have been written partially in defense of Herrnstein, who was often barred from speaking engagements because of his views on the heritability of IQ," before concluding that, "Armed with the support of the psychological community that this book provides, we will be able to take an informed stand in attempting to preserve gifted education in the months ahead."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Professor of education Myron Lieberman described the Snyderman and Rothman study as "impressive evidence that the American people are misinformed about basic educational issues."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Another review by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFLennon1990" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Lennon (1990)</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a>&nbsp;was less positive, describing the authors as giving "overwhelming approval" for Jensen's position and the book as "comprehensive and informative" on the controversy over IQ tests but also as "insensitive, irresponsible, and dangerous".</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> He took particular issue with the last chapter where the authors picked out the "real culprits" in the controversy during the 1970s and 1980s: "the liberal press, a biased and uninformed 'elite'; media personalities, seekers of sensational topics only; universities and academics; environmentalists; civil rights activists who dared to question and confront the societal implementation of the in-place value system; and social service professionals who are responsible for 'liberal and cosmopolitan ideas'." He queried their assertion that a positive review in the press could sometimes provide "a more significant source of recognition and reward than that offered by professional journals."</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Some commentators have been more incredulous, particularly about the single question concerning&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">race and intelligence</a>, </b>"Which of the following best characterizes your opinion of the heritability of black-white differences in IQ?" Amongst the 661 returned questionnaires, 14% declined to answer the question, 24% voted that there was insufficient evidence to give an answer, 1% voted that the gap was "due entirely to genetic variation", 15% voted that it "due entirely to environmental variation" and 45% voted that it was a "product of genetic and environmental variation".&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFJencksPhillips1998" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jencks & Phillips (1998)</a>&nbsp;have pointed out that it was unclear to them how many of those who replied "both" would have agreed with them that genetics did not play a large role; it was also unclear to them whether those responding were familiar with the literature on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFSternbergGrigorenkoKidd2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sternberg, Grigorenko & Kidd (2006)</a>, responding to a citation of the same question in a comment on one of their earlier papers, stated that they did not give "much credence" to the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#CITEREFConrad1997" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Conrad (1997)</a>&nbsp;noted that Snyderman and Rothman echoed the claims of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Herrnstein" title="Richard Herrnstein" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Herrnstein</a>, another psychologist of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditarian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hereditarian</a>&nbsp;school, in claiming that "the media, relative to the scientific experts surveyed, were overly critical of testing and the heritability of IQ and that it continually manifested an environmental bias in explanations of IQ differences between blacks and whites."</font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence:Knowns_and_Unknowns" title="Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns</a></i>&nbsp;(1996)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal media" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Liberal media</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Science_on_Intelligence" title="Mainstream Science on Intelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mainstream Science on Intelligence</a></i>&nbsp;(1994)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Race and intelligence</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="History of the race and intelligence controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">History of the race and intelligence controversy</font></a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-Silvermann_153-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_ref-Silvermann_153_1-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_ref-Silvermann_153_1-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)#cite_ref-Silvermann_153_1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></font></span></li></ol></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="39" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQgnKAAwAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.goacta.org/the_forum/in_memoriam_stanley_rothman" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">In Memoriam Stanley Rothman | ACTA</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.goacta.org/the_forum/in_memoriam_stanley_rothman</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xX-yOtRLvu0J:https://www.goacta.org/the_forum/in_memoriam_stanley_rothman+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xX-yOtRLvu0J:https://www.goacta.org/the_forum/in_memoriam_stanley_rothman+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Jan 6, 2011 -&nbsp;</span>ACTA is saddened by the news that&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stanley Rothman</span>, Mary Huggins Gamble Professor Emeritus of Government at&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>, a scholar&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="45" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQgtKAEwAQ" style=""><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0512/086.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Professor Rothman Strikes Again - Forbes</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0512/086.html</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YYmp7AOqGXAJ:https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0512/086.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">May 12, 2003 -&nbsp;</span>My heart leaped the other day when I noticed that&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stanley Rothman</span>&nbsp;had poked ... Rothman, emeritus professor of government at&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>,&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="51" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQgzKAIwAg"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.smith.edu/csspc/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Center for the Study of Social and Political Change - Smith College</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.smith.edu/csspc/</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JGmaLBSJdXoJ:https://www.smith.edu/csspc/+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JGmaLBSJdXoJ:https://www.smith.edu/csspc/+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Jun 13, 2003 -&nbsp;</span>The purpose of the Center for the Study of Social and Political Change at&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>&nbsp;is to study current issues of social change and public policy and to communicate the findings to policy makers, intellectuals and the general public.<wbr />&nbsp;One of the very few advanced social science ...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="57" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQg5KAMwAw"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/smithcollegealum/posts/184525828242381" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Our deepest sympathies to the family of... - Smith College - Alumnae ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">https://www.facebook.com/smithcollegealum/posts/184525828242381</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; 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June 6, 1996 - Present Director, Center for the Study of Social Change,&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>&nbsp;Videos: 1. Previously.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>&nbsp;Professor c.</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="71" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQhHKAYwBg"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.stat.cmu.edu/_{fienberg/Stat36-303-03/NewspaperArticles/RothmanPublicInterest-Spring03.html}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Racial diversity reconsidered - CMU Statistics</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.stat.cmu.edu/_{fienberg/Stat36-303-03/.../RothmanPublicInterest-Spring03.html</cite></font>}<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">By&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stanley Rothman</span>, Seymour Martin Lipset & Neil Nevitte ... Specifically, does racial diversity on American college campuses actually produce the ..... of Government Emeritus at&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>&nbsp;and co-author of The Least Dangerous Branch?</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="77" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQhNKAcwBw"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy (book) - Wikipedia</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy is a book published by&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>&nbsp;professor emeritus&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stanley Rothman</span>&nbsp;and Harvard researcher Mark&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="83" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQhTKAgwCA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,the_Media_and_Public_Policy(book)+stanley+rothman+smith+college&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQHwhSMAc" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="slp f" style=""><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:tTvV3l_9udcJ:www.conservativecriminology.com/uploads/5/6/1/7/56173731/rothman_et_al.pdf+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">by S Rothman - ‎2005 - ‎</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=916826205817494294" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Cited by 155</a>&nbsp;- ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:FluFnpM4uQy48M:scholar.google.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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Among College Faculty.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stanley Rothman</span>,&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smith College</span>. S. Robert Lichter, Center of Media and Public Affairs.</font></span></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="91" data-ved="0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQFQhbKAkwCQ"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/29/opinion/affirmative-action-and-reaction-is-diversity-overrated.html?mcubz=3" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Affirmative Action -- and Reaction; Is Diversity Overrated? - The New ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.nytimes.com/.../affirmative-action-and-reaction-is-diversity-overrated.html?...3</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.nytimes.com/2003/03/29/opinion/affirmative-action-and-reaction-is-diversity-overrated.html%3Fmcubz%3D3+stanley+rothman+smith+college&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQHwhfMAk" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.nytimes.com/2003/03/29/opinion/affirmative-action-and-reaction-is-diversity-overrated.html%3Fmcubz%3D3+stanley+rothman+smith+college&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQHwhfMAk" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="">Mar 29, 2003 -&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Stanley Rothman</span>&nbsp;Op-Ed article says that in considering affirmative action ... in 1999 found that&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">college</span>&nbsp;diversity programs fail to raise standards;&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.nytimes.com/2003/03/29/opinion/affirmative-action-and-reaction-is-diversity-overrated.html%3Fmcubz%3D3+stanley+rothman+smith+college&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJxcTA3KrWAhVH1WMKHZ2cAWoQHwhfMAk" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"></font></a></div></div></div></div></div>