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<p><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> </font></span></p><p><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy">http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy</a></font></span></p><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 22.5px;"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ICN reporters Lisa Song and Zahra Hirji contributed to this story.</font></em></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the months before the debut of the</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> new documentary film "Merchants of Doubt,"</b> <b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">long-time climate denialist Fred Singer </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">contacted more than two dozen bloggers, public relations specialists and scientists asking for help in derailing the documentary’s release.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"Can I sue for damages?” Singer asked in an email last October. "Can we get an injunction against the documentary?"</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer is one of the "merchants of doubt" identified in the documentary, as are a number of other recipients of his email. The documentary, released nationwide last week, exposes the small network of hired pundits and scientists helping to sow doubt about climate science and delay legislative action on global warming in the United States.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer's email became public earlier this week when it was leaked to journalists.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many of those copied on the email thread, such as Singer and communications specialist Steven Milloy, have financial ties to the tobacco, chemical, and oil and gas industries and have worked to defend them since the 1990s. Others seem relatively new to the denialist camp, such as climate scientist Judith Curry. All, however, have been vocal before Congress, on broadcast news or on the Internet in arguing that human activity is not the primarily driver of climate change.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here is InsideClimate News' guide to those who were on the emails, in alphabetical order:</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ron Arnold</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Arnold is the executive vice president of the think tank the Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, which has received funding from various conservative foundations and oil and gas companies, including ExxonMobil. Arnold used to have a weekly column in the Washington Examiner and is a frequent guest on Fox News. There is "vanishing public concern over 'dangerous man-made climate change' and growing discontent with the politicized rear guard's increasingly desperate search for new scare words and its bigoted hate speech hurled at skeptics ('deniers,' evoking the Holocaust)," he <a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/heartland-institute-conference-shows-the-growing-power-of-climate-realism/article/2550882" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a> in 2014.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Timothy Ball</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A retired geography professor from the University of Winnipeg, Ball says he doesn't believe humans are behind climate change. The "claim" of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that humans are almost solely responsible for global warming "is not proven except in their computer models and cannot be proven until we understand how much climate varies naturally," <a href="http://drtimball.com/about/this-site/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">he wrote on his website</a>.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joseph "Joe" Bast</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bast is <a href="http://heartland.org/joseph-bast" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">president and CEO of the Heartland Institute</a>, a Chicago-based conservative think tank that supports climate change denial events and researchers. According to an <a href="http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=2543" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">essay he published in 2011</a>, Bast attended the University of Chicago but never graduated. He started Heartland during college and dropped out to work there full-time. Last month, public documents revealed that Harvard-Smithsonian researcher Willie Soon failed to disclose funding from fossil fuel sources for some of his contrarian research. Bast has since said the Heartland Institute offers its full support to Soon. Bast called the researcher a "brilliant and courageous scientist" and said Soon's critics are, "all ethically challenged and mental midgets," according to Heartland Institute blog post.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joe Bastardi</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bastardi has a bachelor's degree in meteorology and worked at Accuweather before joining WeatherBELL Analytics LLC, a meteorological consulting firm. Last September, Bastardi <a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2014/09/weather-channels-chief-meteorologist-joe-bastardi-climate-change-prostituting-weather-for-politics-2912566.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">told the website beforeitsnews.com</a>, "Nature, not man, rules the climate system." He said the people who participated in the People's Climate March were "more concerned with their political agenda than climate science," and that they shouldn't be "prostituting the weather and climate for [their] own needs."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Bastasch</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bastasch is a reporter for The Daily Caller, a conservative news site. He covers energy and environmental news and often provides a platform for skeptics. In May 2014, he <a href="http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/16/skeptical-scientists-debunk-white-house-global-warming-report/2/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>, "The Obama administration and environmentalists have tried to make it seem like there are virtually no dissenting voices among scientists that mankind is causing the Earth to warm rapidly and towards a catastrophic end. But not all scientists are in lock-step with the White House on climate science."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William Briggs</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Briggs is a statistician at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., and a consultant at New York Methodist Hospital. More than two decades ago, he spent a year as a meteorologist for the National Weather Service. He is listed as an<a href="http://heartland.org/william-briggs" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">expert</a> on the Heartland Institute's website, where he <a href="http://news.heartland.org/editorial/2013/10/16/dubious-climate-change-certainties" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>, "Climate change is of no real interest to anyone except climatologists." Earlier this year, he co-wrote an <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0699-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">article</a> in the peer-reviewed Chinese Science Bulletin with fellow climate denialists Christopher Monckton and Willie Soon arguing that the IPCC's models are inaccurate and the world won't warm dangerously this century.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Russell Cook</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cook is the editor of the website <a href="http://gelbspanfiles.com/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">GelbspanFiles.com</a>. <a href="http://gelbspanfiles.com/?page_id=16" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">According to Cook</a>, he uses the site to "dig deeply into the accusation that scientists and others who express skepticism about the theory of man-made global warming are being paid by the fossil fuel industry to lie about the issue." Cook has<a href="http://heartland.org/russell-cook" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">several connections to the Heartland Institute</a>, a conservative think-tank: he serves as a contributing editor to Heartland's Environment & Climate News publication and the Somewhat Reasonable blog.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Judith Curry</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Curry is a professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Institute of Technology. During a January 2014 hearing before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, <a href="http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=07472bb4-3eeb-42da-a49d-964165860275" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Curry said</a> the problem of climate change has been "vastly oversimplified." She said scientists should pay more attention to the role of natural variability in the climate system and the uncertainties in climate modeling. She also said the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is overly confident in attributing most of the warming to human activity.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joe D'Aleo</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">D'Aleo is a former Weather Channel meteorologist and executive director of<a href="http://icecap.us/index.php/go/about-us" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Icecap.us</a>, a project that seeks to connect "respected scientists and journalists that are not deniers," but who don't believe human activity is the main driver of global warming. Last May, D'Aleo was <a href="http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/16/skeptical-scientists-debunk-white-house-global-warming-report/#ixzz31uhcEsxp" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">one of 15 climate skeptics</a> who wrote a rebuttal to the White House's National Climate Assessment report. "As this rebuttal makes clear, the NCA provides no scientific basis whatsoever for regulating CO2 emissions," they wrote.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Delingpole</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Delingpole is a British climate writer and author of the 2012 book "Watermelons: How Environmentalists are Killing the Planet, Destroying the Economy and Stealing Your Children's Future." He identifies himself as "libertarian conservative" and on his <a href="http://jamesdelingpole.com/about/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">personal web page</a> lists "the 'global warming' myth" as one of his dislikes. Delingpole's work has been published in the Daily Mail, Daily Express, The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator, among others.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Paul Driessen</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Driessen is senior policy adviser at the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, a Washington, D.C.-based libertarian think tank focused on environmental issues that has received funding from fossil fuel interests such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. A frequent contributor to the conservative news site Townhall.com, Driessen says he doesn't believe in anthropogenic global warming. "Every measure of actual evidence contradicts alarmist claims and computer model predictions," <a href="http://townhall.com/columnists/pauldriessen/2015/01/17/merchants-of-smear-n1944329" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">he wrote in January</a>. "No matter how fast or sophisticated those models are, feeding them false or unproven assumptions about CO2 and manipulated or 'homogenized' temperature data still yields garbage output, scenarios and predictions."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Enstrom</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Enstrom is an epidemiologist and president of the Scientific Integrity Institute. He argues that air pollution doesn't lead to serious health effects and has challenged the California Air Resources Board and the California legislature's attempts to regulate car emissions. He was fired after 35 years at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2011.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steve Goddard </font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Goddard is the pseudonym of climate denialist Tony Heller, who has been active in the anti-global warming action campaign since 2008. Heller has degrees in geology and electrical engineering. He currently runs the blog Real Science, where he comments on climate research and political news. He has <a href="https://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/who-is-steven-goddard/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">called</a> it "a massive lie" that 97 percent of climate scientists agree the world is warming. He also maintains that U.S. and global temperature records have been tampered with, rendering global warming projections inaccurate.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pierre Gosselin</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Gosselin is the author of the climate skeptic blog <a href="http://notrickszone.com/#sthash.GGlGdrij.dpbs" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">NoTrickZone.com</a>. He said he thinks humans have a "modest" role in impacting the planet's climate, but ultimately he believes "<a href="http://notrickszone.com/about-pierre-gosselin/#sthash.EuRuYTQL.dpbs" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">the forces of nature overwhelm anything man puts out.</a>" Gosselin owns a small business involving communication work for various industries. He has an associate degree in civil engineering from Vermont Technical College and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, according to his website.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Greenie Watch</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Greenie Watch blog is run by Australian <a href="http://jonjayray.tripod.com/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">social scientist John Ray</a>. It questions the scientific evidence for global warming. "Climate is just the sum of weather. So if you cannot forecast the weather a month in advance, you will not be able to forecast the climate 50 years in advance," he <a href="http://antigreen.blogspot.com/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>on his blog's home page. In response to the release of Fred Singer's emails about the film "Merchants of Doubt," Ray wrote, "We skeptics have got Warmists on the defense, a pathetic 'ad hominem' defense though it is."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William Happer</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Happer is a physicist at Princeton University and an outspoken critic of global warming. He has repeatedly called global warming trends "<a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323528404578452483656067190" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">exaggerated</a>." In a TV interview last year, he compared the scientific community's treatment of carbon dioxide to "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqxcY8YWh8M" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">the demonization of poor Jews under Hitler</a>." During President George H. W. Bush's term, Happer was director of the office of energy research at the Department of Energy.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim Lakely</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lakely runs the blog <a href="http://blog.heartland.org/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Somewhat Reasonable</a> out of the Chicago-based libertarian think-tank the Heartland Institute. Lakely is also the<a href="http://heartland.org/jim-lakely" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">communications director and co-director of the Center on the Digital Economy</a> at the institute. Previously, he worked as a journalist covering politics and technology. He has a bachelor's degree from the University of Pittsburgh, according to his <a href="http://heartland.org/jim-lakely" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Heartland profile</a>. In a December 2014 blog post, Lakely wrote, "The reason why the United Nations and the world's governments focus on fighting climate change is because that mission gives them license to control everything about the economy of every state in the world."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Patrick J. Michaels</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michaels is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank based in Washington, D.C. He was long considered the most credible scientist in the climate denial campaign. He was the president of the American Association of State Climatologists and an IPCC author, sharing the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with other contributing scientists. But Michaels—who at one point <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/08/16/113717/oil-fueled-pat-michaels/?mobile=nc" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">estimated</a> 40 percent of his funding came from the fossil fuel industry—has been <a href="http://mediamatters.org/research/2013/07/10/patrick-michaels-catos-climate-expert-has-histo/194800" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">caught</a> repeatedly making inaccurate climate claims, including on Fox News and in the Washington Post and Forbes.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steven J. Milloy</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Milloy is the director of external policy and strategy for Murray Energy Corp., the largest privately held coal producer in the U.S. He also runs the website JunkScience, which aims to cast doubt on peer-reviewed climate research. He got his start as a denialist working for the tobacco and chemical industries in the 1990s. In 1998, he helped write the American Petroleum Institute's strategy to challenge climate science. Milloy is a former columnist for Fox News who now frequently appears as a guest to discuss energy and climate issues. His <a href="http://junkscience.com/about-steve-milloy/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">bio</a> boasts that he has written "over 600 articles/columns published in major newspapers/web sites, including The Wall Street Journal, Investor’s Business Daily, FoxNews.com, Financial Times, National Post (Canada), USA Today, Los Angeles Times, Washington Times, New York Post, New York Sun and other print and web outlets."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christopher Monckton</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Monckton serves as <a href="http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/personnel.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">chief policy adviser</a> to the conservative think tank Science & Public Policy Institute. He has written several articles denouncing the severity of global warming and is a regular speaker at anti-climate action conferences. In testimony before Congress in 2010, he said climate change was a "<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/climate-scientists-christopher-monckton" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">non-problem</a>." Earlier this year, he co-wrote an <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0699-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">article</a> in the peer-reviewed Chinese Science Bulletin with fellow climate denialists arguing that the IPCC's models are inaccurate and the world won't warm dangerously by the end of the century. Monckton also invented the "<a href="http://www.mathpuzzle.com/eternity.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Eternity</a>" puzzle, has a background in journalism, and in the early 1980s served an adviser to former U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marc Morano</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Morano runs the denialist blog ClimateDepot. He's also the communications director of the Center for a Constructive Tomorrow, a Washington, D.C.-based libertarian think tank focused on environmental issues that's received funding from fossil fuel interests such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. He got his start on the climate issue working as communications director for Republican Sen. Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma from 2006 to 2009, and before that for conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. He's a frequent speaker at the Heartland Institute's International Conference on Climate Change and often appears on Fox News and other conservative media outlets. In 2010, after months of stoking Climategate on his blog, he <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-cyber-bullying/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">said</a> climate scientists "deserve to be publicly flogged."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joanne Nova</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nova is an Australian climate denialist and author of "The Skeptic's Handbook," a crash course in false science claiming global warming isn't happening and isn't human-caused. The book has been translated into 16 languages. Nova and her husband, fellow climate denialist David Evans—whose name was attached to Nova's email address in Fred Singer's messages—also run Science Speak, a "<a href="http://sciencespeak.com/about.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">scientific modeling and mathematical research company</a>" that challenges evidence the world is warming.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roger Pielke</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roger Pielke Sr., a controversial climate scientist, <a href="http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2008/10/qa-roger-pielke-sr" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">said</a> he believes that "humans have altered the climate system." However, he also supports the idea that warming has recently stopped and has argued against some well-established points of climate science, such as observed sea level rise and glacier melting. Pielke holds the position of senior research scientist at the<a href="http://cires.colorado.edu/about/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Studies</a>. He also is a senior research associate the University of Colorado in Boulder. It's unclear whether the intended recipient of an email thread concerning "Merchants of Doubt" was Pielke himself, or his son Roger Pielke Jr. His son is a <a href="http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/about_us/meet_us/roger_pielke/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">policy researcher at the Center for Science and Technology</a> in Colorado and has criticized those who have linked climate change to increasingly extreme weather.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Thomas P. Sheahen</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sheahen is a physicist and director of the Institute for Theological Encounter with Science and Technology. According to the <a href="http://heartland.org/tom-sheahen" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Heartland Institute</a>, he is also the vice chairman of Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project's board of directors. "The science is NOT settled at all," he <a href="http://www.climatedepot.com/2015/01/15/morano-testifies-in-wva-on-climate-school-curriculum-we-must-not-tell-kids-there-is-no-debate-and-no-dissent-is-allowed/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">said</a> in testimony in West Virginia earlier this year challenging the teaching of man-made climate change as scientific fact. "It would be a great disservice to children to indoctrinate them with one currently fashionable theory."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer is one of the earliest and most vocal scientists in the climate denial campaign. He was an academic and government space researcher for nearly four decades before working on behalf of the tobacco industry to discredit scientific evidence that smoking was bad for human health. In the early 1990s, he started attacking global warming. He founded an anti climate-action think tank, the Science and Environmental Policy Project, using fossil fuel funds. The group has denied the existence of man-made climate change for 25 years. He also created the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), a publication of junk science that counters the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's work. He has <a href="http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2013/09/the_un_climate_panels_hot_spot_is_missing_in_action.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">called</a> the IPCC's latest assessment "a wonderful paper weight or door stop."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wei-Hock (Willie) Soon</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Soon, a solar physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, has posited that increased energy from the sun—not the burning of fossil fuels—is the biggest driver of modern climate change. His theory has been widely refuted by the scientific community, including the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the National Academy of Sciences. In February, public documents showed that Soon received hundreds of thousands of dollars from fossil fuel interests to publish "deliverables" in the form of articles about the solar-warming theory in scientific journals. He failed to disclose conflicts of interests to those journals and during congressional testimony. Soon also has ties to several conservative, climate-denying think tanks, including the Heartland Institute and the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roy Spencer</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Spencer is a scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville and a former senior scientist for climate studies at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. He says he believes natural fluctuations in the climate system <a href="http://www.drroyspencer.com/global-warming-natural-or-manmade/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">could be the primary driver</a> of global warming. During a Senate hearing in July 2013,<a href="http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=16e80c55-9ebf-42e4-852e-1f6e960b0902" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Spencer told the committee</a> humans "are having some influence" on climate change, "but it is impossible to know with any level of certainty how much influence."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Taylor</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://heartland.org/james-m-taylor-jd" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Taylor</a> is vice president of external relations and a senior fellow of environment and energy policy at the conservative think tank the Heartland Institute. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Dartmouth College and a law degree from Syracuse University. In 2012, it was revealed that the Heartland Institute had plans to spend $200,000 over two years to circulate materials sowing doubt about climate change in classrooms. In an <a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20120314/heartland-institute-climate-change-skepticism-science-education-experts-david-wojick-ipcc-kyoto-protocol" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">interview with InsideClimate News</a>, Taylor said the material would act as "a nice counterweight" to material with "an overtly political and alarmist message in regards to climate change."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anthony Watts</font></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Watts edits the blog Watts Up With That, which questions climate science and presents, "<a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/about-wuwt/faqs/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">the untold story of the climate debate from the climate skeptic side</a>." Watts studied electrical engineering and meteorology at Purdue University but never graduated. He then served as an on-air meteorologist for 25 years. He's a frequent speaker at anti-climate action events hosted by the Heartland Institute. "I believe that our [man-made] contribution [to climate change] may be far less than has been postulated," he <a href="http://www.newsreview.com/reno/watts-me-worry/content?oid=602867" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">told</a> a California newspaper in 2007. "Our measurement network has been compromised—not intentionally, but accidentally and through carelessness."</font></p></div></div></div></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date" /></font></p><div class="tagged-with" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 22.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><label style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); line-height: 1.2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PUBLISHED UNDER:</font></label><div class="field field-name-field-topics field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68);"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; padding-right: 0.5em;"><a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/topics/denial" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DENIAL</font></a></div></div></div></div><h1 class="title"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></h1>