Screen Actors Guild
=<div>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild</div><div>
</div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The <b>Screen Actors Guild</b> (<b>SAG</b>) was an American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">labor union</a> representing over 105,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">film</a> and television <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">principal</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra(actor)" title="Extra (actor)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">background performers</a> worldwide. On March 30, 2012, the union leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists" title="American Federation of Television and Radio Artists" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</a> (AFTRA) to create <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">SAG-AFTRA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merger_press_release_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-merger_press_release-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">According to SAG's Mission Statement, the Guild seeks to: negotiate and enforce collective bargaining agreements that establish equitable levels of compensation, benefits, and working conditions for its performers; collect compensation for exploitation of recorded performances by its members, and provide protection against unauthorized use of those performances; and preserve and expand work opportunities for its members.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Guild was founded in 1933 in an effort to eliminate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation" title="Exploitation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">exploitation</a> of actors in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hollywood</a> who were being forced into oppressive multi-year <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract" title="Contract" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">contracts</a> with the major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_studio" title="Movie studio" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">movie studios</a> that did not include restrictions on work hours or minimum rest periods, and often had clauses that automatically renewed at the studios' discretion. These contracts were notorious for allowing the studios to dictate the public and private lives of the performers who signed them, and most did not have provisions to allow the performer to end the deal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Screen Actors Guild is associated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Associated Actors and Artistes of America</a> (AAAA), which is the primary association of performer's unions in the United States. AAAA is affiliated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="AFL–CIO" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">AFL–CIO</a>. SAG claims exclusive jurisdiction over motion picture performances, and shares jurisdiction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">radio</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">television</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Internet</a>, and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media" title="New media" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">new media</a> with its sister union AFTRA, with which it shares 44,000 dual members.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> Internationally, the SAG is affiliated with the International Federation of Actors.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In addition to its main offices in Hollywood, SAG also maintains local branches in several major US cities, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Atlanta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Boston</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chicago</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dallas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" title="Denver" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Denver</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Detroit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Honolulu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Houston</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,Nevada" title="Las Vegas, Nevada" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami" title="Miami" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Miami</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nashville</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New York City</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Phoenix</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Portland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Diego</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Seattle</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Washington, D.C.</a></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Since 1995, the guild annually awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award" title="Screen Actors Guild Award" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Screen Actors Guild Awards</a>, which are considered an indicator of success at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Academy Awards</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 13px;"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#History" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Early_years" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Blacklist_years" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Blacklist years</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#1970s_to_2012" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">1970s to 2012</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Marquez_v.Screen_Actors_Guild" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild</i></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Merger_with_AFTRA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Merger with AFTRA</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Rules_and_procedure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rules and procedure</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Becoming_a_member" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Becoming a member</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Initiation_fee_and_membership_dues" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Initiation fee and membership dues</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Global_Rule_One" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Global Rule One</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Unique_stage_names" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Unique stage names</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Member_benefits_and_privileges" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Member benefits and privileges</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Standardized_pay_and_work_conditions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Standardized pay and work conditions</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#The_Producers_and_the_Pension_and_Health_Plans" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Producers and the Pension and Health Plans</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Residuals" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Residuals</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Major_strikes_and_boycotts_by_the_union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Major strikes and boycotts by the union</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Early_strikes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early strikes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Strike_and_Emmy_Awards_boycott_of_1980" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Strike and Emmy Awards boycott of 1980</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#The_commercials_strike_of_2000" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">The commercials strike of 2000</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Beyond_the_major_studios" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Beyond the major studios</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Financial_core" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Financial core</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#SAG_National_Women.27s_Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">SAG National Women's Committee</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Woman.27s_Committee_timeline" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Woman's Committee timeline</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Presidents_of_the_Screen_Actors_Guild" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#Notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div>...</div><div><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_Actors_Guild&action=edit§ion=2" title="Edit section: Early years" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hollywood studios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> This was one of the major concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. Another was that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>, which at that time arbitrated between the producers and actors on contract disputes, had a membership policy which was by invitation only.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A meeting in March 1933 of six actors (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berton_Churchill" title="Berton Churchill" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Berton Churchill</a>, Charles Miller, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Mitchell(actor)" title="Grant Mitchell (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Grant Mitchell</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ralph Morgan</a>, Alden Gay, and Kenneth Thomson) led to the guild's foundation. Three months later, three of the six and eighteen others became the guild's first officers and board of directors: Ralph Morgan (its first president), Alden Gay, Kenneth Thomson, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mowbray" title="Alan Mowbray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alan Mowbray</a> (who personally funded the organization when it was first founded), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Ames(actor)" title="Leon Ames (actor)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Leon Ames</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Brooke" title="Tyler Brooke" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tyler Brooke</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Clement" title="Clay Clement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Clay Clement</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gleason" title="James Gleason" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">James Gleason</a>, Lucile Webster Gleason, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Boris Karloff</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_King(actor)" title="Claude King (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Claude King</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Madison" title="Noel Madison" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Noel Madison</a>, Reginald Mason, Bradley Page, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Robertson" title="Willard Robertson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Willard Robertson</a>, Ivan Simpson, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.Aubrey_Smith" title="C. Aubrey Smith" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">C. Aubrey Smith</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Starrett" title="Charles Starrett" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Charles Starrett</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tucker(actor)" title="Richard Tucker (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Richard Tucker</a>, Arthur Vinton, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallace" title="Morgan Wallace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Morgan Wallace</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Talbot" title="Lyle Talbot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lyle Talbot</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent. A pivotal meeting, at the home of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Morgan" title="Frank Morgan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Frank Morgan</a> (Ralph's brother, who played the title role in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz(1939_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>), is what gave SAG its critical mass. Prompted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eddie Cantor</a>'s insistence, at that meeting, that any response to that producer's agreement help all actors, not just the already established ones, it took only three weeks for SAG membership to go from around 80 members to more than 4,000. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Cantor's participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> After several years and the passage of the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Labor Relations Act</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Actors known for their early support of SAG (besides the founders) include </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arnold(actor)" title="Edward Arnold (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Edward Arnold</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Humphrey Bogart</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">James Cagney</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Digges(actor)" title="Dudley Digges (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Dudley Digges</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Hall" title="Porter Hall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Porter Hall</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harvey(actor)" title="Paul Harvey (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Paul Harvey</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Jean Hersholt</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Hicks(actor)" title="Russell Hicks (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Russell Hicks</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Kinnell" title="Murray Kinnell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Murray Kinnell</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Lockhart" title="Gene Lockhart" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gene Lockhart</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Bela Lugosi</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Manners" title="David Manners" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">David Manners</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Fredric March</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Menjou" title="Adolphe Menjou" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Adolphe Menjou</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Morris" title="Chester Morris" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Chester Morris</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Muir(actress)" title="Jean Muir (actress)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Jean Muir</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">George Murphy</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_O%27Brien-Moore" title="Erin O'Brien-Moore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Erin O'Brien-Moore</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Pichel" title="Irving Pichel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Irving Pichel</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Powell" title="Dick Powell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Dick Powell</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G.Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Edward G. </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G.Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Robinson</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Stanley" title="Edwin Stanley" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Edwin Stanley</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Stuart" title="Gloria Stuart" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gloria Stuart</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Talbot" title="Lyle Talbot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Lyle Talbot</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchot_Tone" title="Franchot Tone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Franchot Tone</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_William" title="Warren William" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Warren William</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Young(actor)" title="Robert Young (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Robert Young</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Blacklist_years">Blacklist years</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_Actors_Guild&action=edit§ion=3" title="Edit section: Blacklist years" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In October 1947, the members of a list of suspected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist" title="Communist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">communists</a> working in the Hollywood film industry were summoned to appear before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> (HUAC)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which was investigating Communist influence in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Hollywood</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">labor unions</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Ten of those summoned, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">dubbed the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Ten" title="Hollywood Ten" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Hollywood Ten</a>", refused to cooperate and were charged with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">contempt of Congress</a> and sentenced to prison. Several liberal members of SAG, led by Humphrey Bogart, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Lauren Bacall</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Danny Kaye</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gene Kelly</a> formed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_First_Amendment" title="Committee for the First Amendment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Committee for the First Amendment</a> (CFA) and flew to Washington, DC, in late October 1947 to show support for the Hollywood Ten. <b>(Several of the CFA's members, including Bogart, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G.Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Edward G. Robinson</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garfield" title="John Garfield" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">John Garfield</a> later recanted, saying they had been "duped",</b> not realizing that some of the Ten were really communists.)</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The president of SAG – future <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_President" title="United States President" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">United States President</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ronald Reagan</a> – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant "T-10", testified before the committee but never publicly named names.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Instead, according to an FBI memorandum in 1947: "T-10 advised Special Agent [name deleted] that he has been made a member of a committee headed by Mayer, the purpose of which is allegedly is to 'purge' the motion-picture industry of Communist party members, which committee was an outgrowth of the Thomas committee hearings in Washington and subsequent meetings . . . He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, it would be very difficult for any committee of motion-picture people to conduct any type of cleansing of their own household".</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Subsequently a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act" title="McCarran Internal Security Act" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">McCarran Internal Security Act</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, permeated the film industry. On November 17, 1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a "non-communist" pledge. On November 25 (the day after the full House approved the ten citations for contempt) in what has become known as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Statement" title="Waldorf Statement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Waldorf Statement</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Johnston" title="Eric Johnston" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Eric Johnston</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, president of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Motion Picture Association of America</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (MPAA), issued a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">press release</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">: "We will not knowingly employ a Communist or a member of any party or group which advocates the overthrow of the government of the United States by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional methods."</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">None of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist" title="Marxist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Marxist</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist" title="Socialist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">socialist</a> views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hollywood blacklist</a> that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry. During the height of what is now referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">McCarthyism</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Writers_Guild" title="Screen Writers Guild" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Screen Writers Guild</a> gave the studios the right to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_credit" title="Screen credit" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">omit from the screen</a> the name of any individual who had failed to clear his name before Congress. At a 1997 ceremony marking the 50th anniversary of the Blacklist, the Guild's president made this statement:</p><blockquote style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">Only our sister union, Actors Equity Association, had the courage to stand behind its members and help them continue their creative lives in the theater. ... Unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them. An actor's work and his or her identity are inseparable. Screen Actors Guild's participation in tonight's event must stand as our testament to all those who suffered that, in the future, we will strongly support our members and work with them to assure their rights as defined and guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><cite style="font-style: normal;">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Masur" title="Richard Masur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Richard Masur</a>, Hollywood Remembers the Blacklist<sup id="cite_ref-blacklist50th_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild#cite_note-blacklist50th-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></cite></p></blockquote></div><div>
</div><div>=
<div>cagney:</div><div>
</div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In his autobiography, Cagney stated that as a young man he had no political views, since he was simply more concerned with where the next meal was coming from.<sup id="cite_ref-Cagney183_177-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-Cagney183-177" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[177]</a></sup> However the emerging labor movement of the twenties and thirties soon forced him to take sides. The first version of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">National Labor Relations Act</a> was passed in 1935 and growing tensions between labor and management fueled the movement. Fanzines in the 1930s, however, described his politics as "radical".<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-178" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[178]</a></sup> This somewhat exaggerated view was enhanced by his <b>public contractual wranglings with Warners at the time, his joining of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933, and his involvement in the revolt against the so-called "Merriam tax". The "Merriam Tax" was an underhanded method of funneling studio funds to politicians: during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gubernatorial_election,1934" title="California gubernatorial election, 1934" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">1934 Californian gubernatorial</a> campaign,</b> the studio executives would 'tax' their actors, automatically taking a day's pay from their biggest-earners, ultimately sending nearly half a million dollars to the gubernatorial campaign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Merriam" title="Frank Merriam" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Frank Merriam</a>. Cagney (as well as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow" title="Jean Harlow" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Jean Harlow</a>) publicly refused to pay<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-179" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[179]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-180" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[180]</a></sup> and Cagney even threatened that, if the studios took a day's pay for Merriam's campaign, he would give a weeks pay to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Upton Sinclair</a>, Merriam's opponent in the race.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-181" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[181]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He supported political activist and labor leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mooney" title="Thomas Mooney" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Thomas Mooney</a>'s defense fund, but was repelled by the behavior of some of Mooney's supporters at a rally.<sup id="cite_ref-Cagney183_177-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-Cagney183-177" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[177]</a></sup> Around the same time, he gave money for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Spanish Republican Army</a> ambulance during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Spanish Civil War</a>, which he put down to being "a soft touch", an act which enhanced his liberal reputation. He also became involved in a "liberal group...with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist" title="Leftist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">leftist</a> slant", along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>. However, when he and Reagan saw the direction in which the group was heading, they resigned on the same night.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-182" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[182]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_in_The_Roaring_Twenties_trailer.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_in_The_Roaring_Twenties_trailer.jpg/220px-James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_in_The_Roaring_Twenties_trailer.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_in_The_Roaring_Twenties_trailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_in_The_Roaring_Twenties_trailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="233" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"><div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_in_The_Roaring_Twenties_trailer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border: none !important; vertical-align: middle; display: block; background-image: none !important;" /></a></div>James Cagney and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Humphrey Bogart</a> in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roaring_Twenties" title="The Roaring Twenties" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">The Roaring Twenties</a></i> (1939)</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cagney was accused of being a communist sympathizer in 1934 and again in 1940. The accusation in 1934 stemmed from a letter from a local Communist official found by police which alleged that Cagney would be bringing other Hollywood stars to meetings. Cagney denied this, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Lincoln Steffens</a>, husband of the letter's writer, backed up this denial, asserting that the accusation stemmed solely from Cagney's donation to striking cotton workers in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">San Joaquin Valley</a>. William Cagney claimed this donation was the root of the charges in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-183" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[183]</a></sup> Cagney was cleared by U.S. Representative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dies,_Jr." title="Martin Dies, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Martin Dies, Jr.</a>, on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cagney became president of the Screen Actors Guild in 1942 for a two-year term. He took a role in the Guild's fight against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">Mafia</a>, which had begun to take an active interest in the movie industry. Billie once received a phone call telling her that Cagney was dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren166_184-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-Warren166-184" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[184]</a></sup> Cagney alleged that, having failed to scare him and the Guild off, they sent a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman" title="Hitman" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">hitman</a> to kill him by dropping a heavy light onto his head. Upon hearing of the rumor of a hit, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raft" title="George Raft" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; background-image: none;">George Raft</a> made a call, and the hit was supposedly canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren166_184-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-Warren166-184" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney#cite_note-185" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none;">[185]</a></sup></p></div><div>
</div><div>===</div></div>