RENAMO Moz

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.2em;"></h1><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.2em;"><p style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" border="border" line-height="line-height">Kemp's vaunted compassion for the downtrodden stops abruptly at the water's edge, though his support for international cutthroats has been little publicized.Take his support of the Renamo mercenaries in Mozambique. Renamo was originally financed by white settlers in Rhodesia and by the South African apartheid regime to harry Mozambique's leftist government. A 1988 State Department report described vividly how 100,000 civilians had been massacred by Renamo, in the words of a New York Times story about the report, shot, knifed, axed, bayoneted, burnt, starved, beaten, drowned and throttled.''<p style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" border="border" line-height="line-height">When Reagan received the lawful president of Mozambique, Joachim Chissano, at the White House in 1987, Kemp led a group of 19 Republican congressmen in protest, proclaiming they would invite Renamo's boss to Washington as an antidote. Kemp once sent a letter to this blood-stained criminal, saying, Best wishes for continued success.''<p style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" border="border" line-height="line-height">Kemp was equally rabid in Central America, where he made haste to consort with death squad regimes in El Salvador and Guatemala. He cosponsored a bill with Jesse Helms to throw a third of a billion dollars to the Nicaraguan contras. El Salvador's most notorious death squad boss, the late Roberto d'Aubuisson, was reported by the Sept. 10, 1987, Washington Post as saying he hoped Kemp ``would come to power soon . . . because we both need each other.''<p style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" border="border" line-height="line-height">Alexander Cockburn is a columnist for the Nation magazine.</h1><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.2em;"></h1><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.2em;">Two of the organizations Norquist backed were <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G7IfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W9cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3366,6135733&dq=norquist+angola&hl=en" target="hplink" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 136, 195); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">UNITA</a> and <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Gqw1rBTtYSoC&pg=PT133&dq=janus+merritt&hl=en&ei=G6ydTqnoL9Oy0QGt4aSYCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=janus%20merritt&f=false" target="hplink" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 136, 195); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RENAMO</a>. RENAMO has been accused of <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-RENAMO.html" target="hplink" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 136, 195); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">killing over one million civilians in Mozambique</a>. </h1><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.2em;">Mozambican Civil War</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position: relative; width: 854.4px; line-height: 1.5em;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump" style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); overflow: hidden; height: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: -1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#mw-navigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#p-search" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"></a></div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><table class="infobox vevent" style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-collapse: collapse; color: black; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; width: 315px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody /></table><table style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(125, 125, 125);"><tbody><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222); text-align: center;">Mozambican Civil War</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); text-align: center;">Part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><table style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 304.8px;"><tbody /></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(125, 125, 125);"><tbody><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th style="padding: 0px 1em 0px 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Date</th><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">30 May 1977 – 4 October 1992
(15 years, 4 months and 4 days)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th style="padding: 0px 1em 0px 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th style="padding: 0px 1em 0px 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Result</th><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_General_Peace_Accords" title="Rome General Peace Accords" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rome General Peace Accords</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Multiparty elections in 1994</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(125, 125, 125);"><tbody><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222); text-align: center;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: dotted; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; vertical-align: top; width: 150px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/cd3218ff-b682-55a3-b706-9e073eff0700.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">FRELIMO</a>
<img src="/d021f708-b34a-5802-894e-bdfdfabad3fe.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Zimbabwe</a> (from 1982)
Supported by:
<img src="/c81e0e22-1eb0-58c0-a3ec-9e137133ff83.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Soviet Union</a>
<img src="/8f91de4a-e01d-5f04-afde-f65f461dd777.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Cuba</a>
<img src="/bfbad941-abbc-5014-a3ba-0034c252858c.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Bulgaria</a>
<img src="/f459048a-6a4f-5d66-9d01-f0cc035ad7d8.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Tanzania</a>
 </td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 148.125px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mz_renamo1.PNG" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/7289ff7f-ae3c-5eeb-9345-07d5f3eb2386.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO" title="RENAMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">RENAMO</a>
Supported by:
<img src="/a7b36d11-b6ca-5ace-b20c-f7563d7d79cf.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rhodesia</a> (until 1980)
<img src="/ee1a819e-8552-5b45-a0fb-580705f841e6.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">South Africa</a>
<img src="/29a58506-16e8-570a-aeb0-e97871ff39b7.png"/> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Malawi</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222); text-align: center;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: dotted; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; vertical-align: top; width: 150px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/ccf11dea-a6bf-5e7f-b2f4-87d55ca1a272.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Samora Machel</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/cd3edf29-f6c1-5b75-90dd-b00581313bba.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Joaquim Chissano</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/31cf3943-d692-5a94-ae33-bab5ddd278ea.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Robert Mugabe</a></td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 148.125px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mz_renamo1.PNG" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/cad9d324-6392-58ce-9780-2ee1d53267c2.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Matsangaissa" title="André Matsangaissa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">André Matsangaissa</a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">†</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mz_renamo1.PNG" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/714d2102-010b-5d3e-b479-4a9f6ab0d3e1.png"/></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Dhlakama" title="Afonso Dhlakama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Afonso Dhlakama</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222); text-align: center;">Strength</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: dotted; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; vertical-align: top; width: 150px;">Mozambique 80,000<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a>
Zimbabwe 20,000<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 148.125px;">_{20,000}<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><th colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222); text-align: center;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: dotted; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; vertical-align: top; width: 150px;">296 Zimbabwean soldiers and 24 Zimbabwean pilots killed (1984-1990)</td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; margin: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 148.125px;"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; vertical-align: top;">Total killed: Around 1,000,000 (civilians and military)</td></tr></tbody></table>
The Mozambican Civil War began in 1977, two years after the end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">war of independence</a>. It was similar to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Angolan Civil War</a> as both were proxy wars of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Cold War</a>that started soon after the countries gained independence from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Portugal</a>. The ruling party, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Front for Liberation of Mozambique</a> (FRELIMO), and the national armed forces FAM (Armed Forces of Mozambique), were violently opposed from 1977 by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_National_Resistance" title="Mozambican National Resistance" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Mozambique Resistance Movement</a> (RENAMO) which received funding from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rhodesia</a> and (later) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">South Africa</a>.About one million people died in fighting and from starvation, five million civilians were displaced,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-state1-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-populstat1-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a> and many were made amputees by landmines, a legacy from the war that continues to plague <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); background-image: none;">Mozambique</a>. Fighting ended in 1992 and the country's first multi-party elections were held in 1994.
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: inline-block; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline;">Contents</h2>   [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Outset" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">1 Outset</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Independence" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">1.1 Independence</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Geopolitical_situation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">1.2 Geopolitical situation</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Inner_Mozambican_tensions" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">1.3 Inner Mozambican tensions</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#FRELIMO_dissidents" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">1.3.1 FRELIMO dissidents</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Overturning_of_traditional_hierarchies_and_re-education_camps" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">1.3.2 Overturning of traditional hierarchies and re-education camps</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Course_of_the_war" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">2 Course of the war</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Outbreak" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">2.1 Outbreak</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#RENAMO_strategies_and_operations" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">2.2 RENAMO strategies and operations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#FRELIMO_strategies_and_operations" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">2.3 FRELIMO strategies and operations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Foreign_support_and_intervention" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">2.4 Foreign support and intervention</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Military_stalemate" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">2.5 Military stalemate</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#War_crimes_and_crimes_against_humanity" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">3 War crimes and crimes against humanity</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#RENAMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">3.1 RENAMO</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#FRELIMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">3.2 FRELIMO</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">4 Transition to peace</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">5 Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">6 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">7 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none;">Outset<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h2><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Independence</h3><div style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125);">
</div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Mozambican War of Independence</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Overseas Province of Mozambique</a></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
</div>Mozambican resistance began to surface, as some groups within the Mozambican society eventually started to blame the Portuguese authorities for centuries of exploitation, oppression and neglect.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] After a successful wave of independence movements in other African territories, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Cold War</a>powers and the international community started to suggest that Portugal should leave its territories in Africa. Sentiment for Mozambique's own national independence developed and on 25 June 1962 several Mozambican anti-Portuguese political groups formed the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar-es-Salaam" title="Dar-es-Salaam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Dar-es-Salaam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Tanzania</a>.
FRELIMO's first president was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Mondlane" title="Eduardo Mondlane" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Eduardo Mondlane</a> whose first objective was to forge a broad-based insurgent coalition that could effectively challenge the colonial regime.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] Anonymous private contributors, many of them friends of Mondlane, financed or secured money for FRELIMO's health, publicity, and educational projects, while military equipment and training came from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Algeria</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">China</a>.On 25 September 1964, FRELIMO soldiers, with logistical assistance from the surrounding population, attacked the administrative post at Chai in the province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Delgado_Province" title="Cabo Delgado Province" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Cabo Delgado</a>. This raid marked the beginning of the armed struggle against the Portuguese colonial government. FRELIMO militants were able to evade pursuit and surveillance by employing guerrilla tactics: ambushing patrols, sabotaging communication and railroad lines, and making hit-and-run attacks against colonial outposts before rapidly fading into accessible backwater areas. At the war's outset, FRELIMO had little hope for a military victory; its hope lay in a war of attrition to compel a negotiated independence from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Lisbon</a>. Portugal fought its own version of protracted warfare. Had the military succeeded with a minimum of expenditure and casualties, the war could have remained undecided for much longer until FRELIMO's ultimate disbanding. In the early 1970s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gordian_Knot" title="Operation Gordian Knot" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Operation Gordian Knot</a> and the following Portuguese campaigns were militarily successful in destroying guerrilla forces and support bases in the territory. But the expense in blood and treasure, not military defeat, was costly for Lisbon; the Portuguese army was never destroyed on the battlefield, although some of its officers were converted to FRELIMO's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist" title="Communist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">communist</a> ideology for Portugal.
On 25 April 1974 the authoritarian regime of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Estado Novo</a> had been overthrown in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Lisbon</a>, a move that was supported by many Portuguese workers and peasants. The Armed Forces Movement (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Movimento das Forças Armadas</a>) in Portugal pledged a return to civil liberties and an end to the fighting in all colonies (or the overseas provinces). The rapid chain of events within Portugal caught FRELIMO, which had anticipated a protracted guerrilla campaign, by surprise. It responded quickly to the new situation and on 7 September 1974 won an agreement from the Armed Forces Movement to transfer power to FRELIMO within a year. When this was made known to the public, several thousand Portuguese people fled the newly-independent country and, as a result of the exodus, the economy and social organization of Mozambique collapsed. On 25 June 1975 Mozambique gained independence from Portugal, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Samora Machel</a> as the Head of State.<h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Geopolitical situation<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhodesiaAllies1965.png" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;"><img src="/ce9aef3b-f920-57a2-b926-4c7c41ccebc9.png"/></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"><div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhodesiaAllies1965.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="/c71ca9a0-0f78-5c05-b7f3-fcf3b2d3f1da.png"/></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"><div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhodesiaAllies1975.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img brain="false" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div>The geopolitical situation of Rhodesia after the independence of Angola and Mozambique in 1975. Rhodesia itself is shown in green, nations friendly to the nationalist guerrillas are shown in red, and South Africa and its dependency South-West Africa (now Namibia) are coloured blue.</div></div></div>The independence of Mozambique and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Angola</a> in 1975 challenged white minority rule in southern Africa. Firstly, the independence wars in Angola and Mozambique demonstrated that even through the use of great military resources it was virtually impossible for a small white minority to guarantee the safety of its members, let alone to exert control over a hostile black population outside of major power centres. The downfall of Portuguese rule gave hope to black resistance in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">South Africa</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rhodesia</a>. Secondly, in both countries revolutionary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistic" title="Socialistic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">socialistic</a> movements gained power. These movements had been cooperating with the black resistance movements in South Africa and Rhodesia, and now openly supported them, as well as offering them a safe haven from where they could coordinate their operations and train new forces. As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Samora Machel</a>put it in a speech in 1975: "The struggle in Zimbabwe is our struggle".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-jpires.org-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">[5]</a>
This was especially devastating for Rhodesia whose armed forces lacked the manpower to effectively protect its 800-mile border with Mozambique against entering insurgents. At the same time the apartheid government and the Smith regime lost Portugal as an ally and with it the tens of thousands of soldiers that had been deployed in the Portuguese colonial wars. Thus South Africa's and Rhodesia's white minorities' position had been severely weakened by the events of 1974/75. Subsequently, undermining the newly independent countries' capacity to support their brothers in arms within their countries became South Africa's and Rhodesia's main strategy to counter this new threat. This manifested itself in the Rhodesia sponsored foundation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO" title="RENAMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">RENAMO</a> in 1975 and in South Africa's adoption of the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_National_Strategy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Total National Strategy (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Total National Strategy</a>".
<h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Inner Mozambican tensions</h3><h4 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">FRELIMO dissidents</h4><div style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125);">
</div>Soon after independence, FRELIMO announced Mozambique's transformation into a socialist one-party-state. This was accompanied by crackdowns on dissidents and the nationalization of important branches.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-jpires.org-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a> The leaders of the PCN, a new party in favour of multi-party-governance founded by prominent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uria_Simango" title="Uria Simango" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">FRELIMO dissidents</a>, were arrested and convicted in show trials. They were later extrajudicially executed.
Furthermore, nationalization of many Portuguese-owned enterprises, fear of retaliation among Whites, and an ultimatum to either choose Mozambican citizenship or leave the country within 90 days, drove the majority of the 370,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">White Portuguese Mozambicans</a> out of the country. This resulted in economic collapse and chaos, as only few Africans had received higher education or even primary education under Portuguese rule.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-jpires.org-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a><h4 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Overturning of traditional hierarchies and re-education camps</h4><div style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125);">
</div>As a revolutionary Marxist party, FRELIMO embarked on overturning traditional governance structures in order to gain full control over every aspect of society. Therefore local chiefs were ousted and thousands of dissidents were imprisoned in so called re-education camps.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a> Another source of conflict was the continuation of the aldeamento system that the Portuguese had introduced as a means of exerting control and inhibiting contact between the population and the rebels. It forced the rural populace to move into central communal villages, the aldeamentos. FRELIMO hoped that this system would enable the fulfillment of its agricultural development goals, but its implementation alienated the rural population. This was especially the case in central and northern Mozambique, where households are traditionally separated by considerable distances.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a><h2 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none;">Course of the war</h2><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Outbreak</h3>From 1976 to 1977, Rhodesian troops repeatedly entered Mozambique in order to carry out <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">operations against ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) bases</a> tolerated on Mozambican territory by the FRELIMO government.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a> In this context, FRELIMO ex-official <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Matsangaissa" title="André Matsangaissa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">André Matsangaissa</a> was freed from a reeducation camp. He was given military training and installed as leader of RENAMO, which had been founded by the Rhodesian secret service shortly before.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a> RENAMO subsequently started operating in the Gorongosa area in order to fight FRELIMO and ZANLA. However, in 1979 Matsangaissa died in RENAMO's unsuccessful first attack on a regional centre (Villa Paiva) and RENAMO was ousted from the area. Subsequently, Afonso Dhlakama became the new leader of RENAMO and formed it into an effective guerilla army.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">RENAMO strategies and operations</h3><div style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125);">
</div>Having fought the Portuguese using guerilla strategies, FRELIMO was now forced to defend itself against the very same methods. It had to defend vast areas and hundreds of locations, while RENAMO operated out of a few remote areas carrying out raids against towns and important infrastructure. Furthermore, RENAMO systematically forced civilians into its employment. This was done by mass abduction, especially of children in order to use them as soldiers. It is estimated that one third of RENAMO forces were child soldiers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a> But abducted people also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public service functions in the areas it controlled. Another way of using civilians for military purposes was the so-called system of "Gandira". This system especially affected the rural population in areas controlled by RENAMO and forced them to fulfill three main tasks: 1) produce food for RENAMO, 2) transport goods and ammunition, 3) serve as female sex slaves.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">[11]</a>
Both sides heavily relied on the use of land mines; FRELIMO as a means to defend important infrastructure, RENAMO in order to terrify the populace, stall the economy and destroy the civil services, mining roads, schools and health centres.
Thus, despite its far superior numbers, FRELIMO was unable to adequately defend any but the most important cities. By the mid-1980s, FRELIMO had lost control of much of the countryside. RENAMO was able to carry out raids virtually anywhere in the country except for the major cities. Transportation had become a perilous business. Even armed convoys were not safe from RENAMO attacks.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">FRELIMO strategies and operations<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h3>FRELIMO reacted by reusing a system first introduced by the Portuguese: the creation of fortified communal villages called aldeamentos where much of the rural population was relocated. Furthermore, in order to keep a minimum level of infrastructure working, three heavily guarded and mined corridors were established consisting of roads, railways and power lines: the Beira, the Tete (also called the Tete Run which speaks for itself regarding its safety) and the Limpopo Corridors.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated3-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Foreign support and intervention<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h3>FRELIMO initially received substantial military and development aid from the Soviet Union and later additionally from France, the UK and the U.S. In the U.S., conservative circles lobbied for the support of RENAMO but were opposed by the state department which finally gained the upper hand. RENAMO received military support from Rhodesia, South Africa, Malawi and Kenya as well as organisational support from Western Germany.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a>In 1982, landlocked Zimbabwe directly intervened in the civil war in order to secure its transport ways, stop cross-border RENAMO raids and help its old ally FRELIMO. Zimbabwe's help was crucial to the defense of the corridors. Later Zimbabwe became engaged further, carrying out several joint operations with FRELIMO against RENAMO strongholds.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-autogenerated3-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a> Thus RENAMO had to give up its base camps in the Gorongosa area.After the fall of the Ian Smith government in Rhodesia, South Africa became RENAMO's main supporter. The FRELIMO administration, led by President Machel, was economically ruined by the Civil War. The military and diplomatic entente with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Soviet Union</a> could not alleviate the nation's economic misery and famine. As a result, a reluctant President Machel signed a non-aggression pact with South Africa, known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkomati_Accord" title="Nkomati Accord" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Nkomati Accord</a>. In return, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Pretoria</a> promised to sever economic assistance in exchange for FRELIMO's commitment to prevent the ANC from using Mozambique as a sanctuary to pursue its campaign to overthrow white minority rule in South Africa. The volume of direct South African government support for RENAMO diminished after the Nkomati Accord, but documents discovered during the capture of RENAMO headquarters at Gorongosa in central Mozambique in August 1985 revealed continuing South African government communications and military support for RENAMO.<h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">Military stalemate<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h3>By the end of the 1980s neither side was able to win the war by military means. The military pressure on RENAMO had not resulted in its defeat. While being incapable of capturing any large cities, it was still able to terrorise the rural areas. FRELIMO controlled the urban areas and the corridors, but was unable to protect the countryside from RENAMO squadrons. FRELIMO was also unable to pin down RENAMO and force it into a direct full-scale confrontation.On 19 October 1986, Mozambique's first president, Samora Machel died when his presidential aircraft <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">crashed</a> near South Africa's border. An international investigation determined that the crash was caused by errors made by the flight crew, a conclusion that is not universally accepted. Machel's successor was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Joaquim Alberto Chissano</a>, who had served as foreign minister from 1975 until Machel's death. Chissano continued Machel's policies of expanding Mozambique's international ties, particularly the country's links with the West, and pursuing internal reforms. opposed by kemp<h2 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none;">War crimes and crimes against humanity<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h2><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">RENAMO<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h3>RENAMO systematically committed war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of its destabilization strategy. These include mass killing, rape and mutilation of non-combatants during terroristic raids on villages and towns, the use of child soldiers and the employment of the Gandira system, based upon forced labour and sexual violence. Often women would be apprehended while out in the fields, then raped as a means to boost troop moral. Gandira caused widespread starvation among the rural population due to the little time left to produce food for themselves. This caused more and more persons to be physically unable to endure the long transportation marches demanded from them. Refusing to participate in Gandira or falling behind on the marches resulted in severe beating and often execution.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a> Flight attempts were also punished harshly. One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing of children left behind by escaped parents.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a>RENAMO crimes gained worldwide public attention when RENAMO soldiers butchered 424 civilians, including the patients of a hospital, with guns and machetes during a raid on the rural town of Homoine.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a> This incident prompted an investigation into RENAMO methods by US-State Department consultant Robert Gersony, which finally put an end to conservative ambitions for US-government support for RENAMO.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a> The report concluded that RENAMO's actions in Homoine did not significantly differ from the tactics it normally employed in such raids. These methods are described in the report in the following way:<dl style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"The attack stage was sometimes reported to begin with what appeared to the inhabitants to be the indiscriminate firing of automatic weapons by a substantial force of attacking RENAMO combatants. […] Reportedly the Government soldiers aim their defensive fire at the attackers, while the RENAMO forces shoot indiscriminately into the village. In some cases refugees perceived that the attacking force had divided into three detachments: one conducts the military attack; another enters houses and removes valuables, mainly clothing, radios, food, pots and other possessions; a third moves through the looted houses with pieces of burning thatch setting fire to the houses in the village. There were several reports that schools and health clinics are typical targets for destruction. </dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">The destruction of the village as a viable entity appears to be the main objective of such attacks. This type of attack causes several types of civilian casualties. As is normal in guerrilla warfare, some civilians are killed in crossfire between the two opposing forces, although this tends in the view of the refugees to account for only a minority of the deaths. A larger number of civilians in these attacks and other contexts were reported to be victims of purposeful shooting deaths and executions, of axing, knifing, bayoneting, burning to death, forced drowning and asphyxiation, and other forms of murder where no meaningful resistance or defense is present. Eyewitness accounts indicate that when civilians are killed in these indiscriminate attacks, whether against defended or undefended villages, children, often together with mothers and elderly people, are also killed. Varying numbers of civilian victims in each attack were reported to be rounded up and abducted [...]."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></dd></dl>Thus it appears the only difference between the Homoine massacre and RENAMO's usual methods was the size of the operation. Normally RENAMO would choose smaller, easier targets instead of attacking a town defended by some 90 government soldiers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a>According to the Gersony Report, RENAMO's transgressions were far more systematic, widespread and grave than FRELIMO's: the refugees interviewed for the Gersony Report attributed 94% of the murders, 94% of the abductions and 93% of the lootings to RENAMO.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a> However, this conclusion has been disputed by the French Marxist scholar Michel Cahen, who states that both sides were equally to blame:<dl style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">There can be no doubt that the war was largely one fought against civilians... I am also convinced that the war was equally savage on both sides, even if the total domination of the media by FRELIMO for the 15 years of the war has led even those most desirous of remaining objective to attribute the majority of the atrocities to RENAMO. The people themselves were not duped: they attributed various acts of banditry and certain massacres to "RENAMO 1," but others to "RENAMO 2" – the euphemistic term for FRELIMO soldiers and militiamen acting on their own.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></dd></dl><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" title="Rudolph Rummel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rudolph Rummel</a> estimated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democide" title="Democide" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">democide</a> of the RENAMO rebels between 1975 and 1987 to be at least 125,000 killed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-hawaii.edu-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a><h3 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background-image: none;">FRELIMO<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h3>FRELIMO soldiers also committed serious war crimes during the civil war.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a> Much like RENAMO, FRELIMO forced people into its employment. Living in the communal villages was mandatory. However, in some areas cultural norms require households to live at some distance from each other. Therefore many people preferred living in the countryside despite the risk of RENAMO assaults.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-priory1-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a> Thus people would often be forced into the communal villages at gunpoint by FAM-soldiers or their Zimbabwean allies. As a local recalls:<dl style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"I never wanted to leave my old residence and come to the communal village. Even with the war, I wanted to stay where I had my land and granaries. Ever since a long time ago, we never lived with so many people together in the same place. Everyone must live in his own yard. The Komeredes [Zimbabwean soldiers] came to my house and said that I should leave my house and go to the communal village where there were a lot of people. I tried to refuse and then they set fire to my house, my granaries, and my fields. They threatened me with death and they told me and my family to go forward. Inside the communal village we lived like pigs. It was like a yard for pigs. We were so many people living close to each other. If someone slept with his wife everyone could listen to what they were doing. When we went to the fields or to the cemeteries to bury the dead, the soldiers had to come behind and in front of us. When the women went to the river to wash themselves, the soldiers had to go too and they usually saw our women naked. Everything was a complete shame inside that corral. Usually to eat, we had to depend on humanitarian aid, but we never knew when it would arrive. It was terrible; that is why many people used to run away from the communal village to their old residences where RENAMO soldiers were, although it was also terrible there."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-priory1-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></dd></dl>Also, rape was a widespread practice among FRELIMO soldiers. However, it was far less frequent and lacked the institutionalised quality of sexual violence carried out by RENAMO.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a>Despite the massive scale and organized manner in which war crimes and crimes against humanity had been committed during the Mozambican civil war, so far not one RENAMO or FRELIMO commander has appeared before a war crimes tribunal of any sort. This is due to the unconditional general amnesty law for the period from 1976-1992 passed by the parliament (then still composed entirely of FRELIMO members) in 1992. Instead of receiving justice, victims were urged to forget.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" title="Rudolph Rummel" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rudolph Rummel</a> estimated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democide" title="Democide" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">democide</a> of the FRELIMO government between 1975 and 1987 to be in between 83,000 and 250,000 dead with a mid level estimate of 118,000. Most of the deaths were from executions and re-education camps.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-hawaii.edu-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a><h2 style="color: rgb(125, 125, 125); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none;">Transition to peace<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[</h2>In 1990, with the end of the cold war, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">apartheid</a> crumbling in South Africa, and support for RENAMO drying up in South Africa, the first direct talks between the FRELIMO government and RENAMO were held. FRELIMO's draft constitution in July 1989 paved the way for a multiparty system, and a new constitution was adopted in November 1990. Mozambique was now a multiparty state, with periodic elections, and guaranteed democratic rights.
On 4 October 1992, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_General_Peace_Accords" title="Rome General Peace Accords" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rome General Peace Accords</a>, negotiated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Community of Sant'Egidio</a> with the support of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">United Nations</a>, were signed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Rome</a> between President Chissano and RENAMO leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Dhlakama" title="Afonso Dhlakama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">Afonso Dhlakama</a>, which formally took effect on 15 October 1992. A UN peacekeeping force (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUMOZ" title="ONUMOZ" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">ONUMOZ</a>) of 7,500 arrived in Mozambique and oversaw a two-year transition to democracy. 2,400 international observers also entered the country to supervise the elections held on 27–28 October 1994. The last ONUMOZ contingents departed in early 1995. By then, the Mozambican civil war had caused about one million deaths and displaced over five million refugees out of a total population of ca. 13-15 million at the time.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-state1-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#cite_note-populstat1-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none;">[4]</a>
=
wiki
The Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Portuguese</a>: Resistência Nacional Moçambicana) is a liberation movement turned political party in Mozambique, led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Dhlakama" title="Afonso Dhlakama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Afonso Dhlakama</a>. It fought against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">FRELIMO</a> in the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Mozambican Civil War</a> and against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU" title="ZANU" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">ZANU</a> movement led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Robert Mugabe</a> from 1975 to 1992.RENAMO was founded in 1975 following Mozambique's independence as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communist" title="Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">anti-Communist</a> political organisation, sponsored by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Central Intelligence Organisation</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Rhodesia</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Matsangaissa" title="André Matsangaissa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">André Matsangaissa</a>, an ex-FRELIMO army commander, was its first leader. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ian Smith</a> administration in Rhodesia sought to prevent the FRELIMO government from providing a safe haven for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> militants seeking to overthrow the Rhodesian government. Matsangaissa was killed by government soldiers on 17 October 1979 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala_Province" title="Sofala Province" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Sofala Province</a>. Following a violent succession struggle, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Dhlakama" title="Afonso Dhlakama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Afonso Dhlakama</a> became the new RENAMO leader. During the Mozambican Civil War of the 1980s, RENAMO also received support from South Africa.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> In the United States, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">CIA</a> and conservatives lobbied for support to RENAMO, which was strongly resisted by the State Department, which would "not recognize or negotiate with RENAMO".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[3]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[4]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[5]</a> The British government under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Margaret Thatcher</a> did not view the civil war in Mozambique as a part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Cold War</a>, and when FRELIMO closed the border to Rhodesia it fitted well with British interests against the rebel colony while the Rhodesian government supported RENAMO.FRELIMO also forced Mugabe to accept the Lancaster House Agreement for the end to the war in Rhodesia.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a>
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#Zimbabwe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">1 Zimbabwe</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#Civil_War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">2 Civil War</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#2013_clashes" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">3 2013 clashes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#Former_RENAMO_flags" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">4 Former RENAMO flags</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">5 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">6 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">7 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Zimbabwe[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RENAMO&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>RENAMO forces attacked an army base in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Zimbabwe</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dukosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dukosa (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Dukosa</a> on 17 June 1987, killing seven soldiers and wounding 19. RENAMO attacked the Katiyo Tea Estate, destroying valuable property, in July and killed three men in Rushinga in August.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-earlyattacks-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>On 30 November, RENAMO militants burned down 13 houses.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-juneattack-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>Between December 1987 and 21 January 1988 RENAMO performed 101 attacks near the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-juneattack-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Civil War[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RENAMO&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 1984 the South African and Mozambican governments signed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkomati_Accord" title="Nkomati Accord" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Nkomati Accord</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[9]</a> in which South Africa agreed to stop sponsoring RENA  MO if the Mozambican government expelled exiled members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">African National Congress</a> residing there. This was consistent with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_National_Strategy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Total National Strategy (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Total National Strategy</a> then in existence whereby the carrot of infrastructural development projects would be offered as an inducement for co-operation, supported by the stick of military reprisal if guerillas of the ANC were still given succour.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a> However, the Mozambican government did not expel the exiled members of the ANC and consequently the South African government continued funnelling financial and military resources until a permanent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_General_Peace_Accords" title="Rome General Peace Accords" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">peace accord</a> was reached in 1992 and was supervised by the United Nations Operation in Mozambique (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUMOZ" title="ONUMOZ" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">ONUMOZ</a>) until 1994. To nudge this process in the right direction a special operation was launched by the National Intelligence Service called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bush_Talk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Bush Talk (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Operation Bush Talk</a>, which was designed to permanently end the civil war in Mozambique to stem the flow of military materiel across the porous borders into South Africa.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a> One manifestation of this was the militia of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (IFP) that was being trained and armed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADF" title="SADF" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">SADF</a> Special Forces as part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Marion" title="Operation Marion" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Operation Marion</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[12]</a>which were being armed by weapons coming from Mozambique.The peace accord led to the disarmament of RENAMO, to the integration of some of its fighters into the Mozambican army and to its transformation into a regular political party. It is now the main opposition party in Mozambique. At the last <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative" title="Legislative" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">legislative</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Mozambique" title="Elections in Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">elections</a>, 1 and 2 December 2004, the party was the main part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renamo-UE" title="Renamo-UE" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Renamo-UE</a> electoral alliance, that won 29.7% of the popular vote and 90 out of 250 seats. The presidential candidate of this alliance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Dhlakama" title="Afonso Dhlakama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Afonso Dhlakama</a>, won 31.7% of the popular vote.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Domingos" title="Raul Domingos" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Raul Domingos</a>, negotiator at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_General_Peace_Accords" title="Rome General Peace Accords" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Rome General Peace Accords</a> and RENAMO's leader in parliament from 1994–1999, was expelled from the party in 2000, and in 2003, founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Peace,Democracy,and_Development" title="Party for Peace, Democracy, and Development" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Party for Peace, Democracy, and Development</a>.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">2013 clashes[</h2>In October 2012, RENAMO's headquarters were relocated near Casa Banana (also named Sathunjira, RENAMO's former guerrilla base in the 1980s) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorongosa" title="Gorongosa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gorongosa</a>, where a training camp was set up for around 800 partially armed followers. Previously, the headquarters had been moved from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Maputo</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nampula" title="Nampula" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Nampula</a> in 2009.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[13]</a>RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama threatened to "destroy the country" if his political demands were not met.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none rgb(255, 255, 102);">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">14]</a>On 4 April 2013, one woman and four police officers were killed, with ten policemen more injured in a RENAMO attack on a police station in the town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muxengue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muxengue (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Muxengue</a>. The leader of the attackers was also killed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a> RENAMO's security chief stated that the action was a response to previous police raids on RENAMO gatherings. Around 300 RENAMO members had remained armed since the 1992 peace deal, despite efforts to integrate them into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Mozambique" title="Military of Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">army</a> or police.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[16]</a>On 6 April 2013, two or three civilians were killed and two women were injured when alleged RENAMO militiamen attacked a truck and a bus in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibabava_District" title="Chibabava District" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Chibabava District</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a>RENAMO denied being involved in the attack.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[18]</a>On 21 June, suspected RENAMO guerrillas attacked a bus in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machanga (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Machanga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala_Province" title="Sofala Province" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Sofala Province</a>, injuring an elderly woman. The incident happened two days after RENAMO threatened to paralyse key roads and the only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">coal</a> export train to force the FRELIMO government to renegotiate peace terms.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[19]</a>On 17 October, suspected RENAMO guerrillas ambushed a military patrol near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorongosa" title="Gorongosa" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Gorongosa</a>, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven soldiers, according to local media.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[20]</a>On 18 October, another clash between Mozambican Armed Forces (FADM) and RENAMO militiamen took place in Mucodza, seven kilometres away from Gorongosa. National director of defence policy in the Ministry of Defence, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Colonel</a> Cristovao Chume, claimed that the soldiers suffered no losses and that a RENAMO fighter was injured and captured by their forces. RENAMO leader Dhlakama claimed that no RENAMO fighters were killed on the attack, which according to him, was started by the Army, and that the casualties had been suffered by the FADM. However, reporters confirmed that the bodies of two RENAMO fighters were in the local morgue of Gorongosa.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[21]</a>On 21 October, FADM forces captured Sathunjira base after days of combats. RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government forces had shelled the base with heavy weapons (artillery), and that Afonso Dhlakama had fled the base. A RENAMO statement said that the capture of the base puts an end to the 1992 peace deal.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[22]</a> RENAMO announced that MP <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armindo_Milaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armindo Milaco (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Armindo Milaco</a> was killed in the government raid. On 22 October, gunmen attacked a police station in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maringu%C3%A9_District" title="Maringué District" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Maringué District</a> in apparent retaliation, with no casualties reported.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[23]</a>On 26 October, alleged RENAMO fighters attacked civilian vehicles in the main north-south highway near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Beira</a>, killing one and injuring 10 people. RENAMO denied its implication in the attack.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[24]</a></div></div></div>