Securitas pinks

bought Pinkerton and Burns<div></div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div><a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/01/30/enbridge-line-3-pipeline-minnesota/">https://theintercept.com/2019/01/30/enbridge-line-3-pipeline-minnesota/</a></div><div>
</div><div>Will <a class="PostByline-link" rel="author" href="https://theintercept.com/staff/will-parrish/" data-reactid="187" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Parrish</a>, <a class="PostByline-link" rel="author" href="https://theintercept.com/staff/alleenbrown/" data-reactid="190" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Alleen Brown</a> January 30 2019, 9:00 a.m.</div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.1em; box-shadow: white 0px 1px 0px, rgb(17, 17, 17) 0px 4px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">
</div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.1em; box-shadow: white 0px 1px 0px, rgb(17, 17, 17) 0px 4px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">MINNESOTA POLICE HAVE spent 18 months preparing for a major standoff over Enbridge Line 3, a tar sands oil pipeline that has yet to receive the green light to build in the state. Records obtained by The Intercept show that law enforcement has engaged in a coordinated effort to identify potential anti-pipeline camps and monitor individual protesters, repeatedly turning for guidance to the North Dakota officials responsible for the militarized response at Standing Rock in 2016.<nbridge a="a" canada-based="Canada-based" energy="energy" company="company" that="that" claims="claims" to="to" own="own" the="the" world="world" s="s" longest="longest" fossil="fossil" fuel="fuel" transportation="transportation" network="network" has="has" labeled="labeled" line="Line" largest="largest" project="project" in="in" its="its" history="history" if="If" completed="completed" it="it" would="would" replace="replace" miles="miles" of="of" corroded="corroded" existing="existing" pipeline="pipeline" spans="spans" from="from" alberta="Alberta" tar="tar" sands="sands" region="region" refineries="refineries" and="and" major="major" shipping="shipping" terminal="terminal" wisconsin="Wisconsin" expanding="expanding" capacity="capacity" by="by" hundreds="hundreds" thousands="thousands" barrels="barrels" per="per" day="day">The expanded Line 3 would pass through the territories of several Ojibwe bands in northern Minnesota, home to sensitive wild rice lakes central to the Native communities’ spiritual and physical sustenance. Given that tar sands are among the world’s most carbon-intensive fuel sources, Line 3 opponents underline that the pipeline is exactly the kind of infrastructure that must be rapidly phased out to meet scientists’ prescriptions for mitigating climate disasters.The Line 3 documents, which were obtained via freedom of information requests, illustrate law enforcement’s anxiety that pipeline opponents could galvanize support on a scale similar to the Dakota Access pipeline struggle, which drew thousands of protesters to the Standing Rock Sioux reservation in southern North Dakota.A police response like the one in North Dakota is a significant concern for Line 3 opponents. At Standing Rock, law enforcement used <a href="https://theintercept.com/2017/06/03/standing-rock-documents-expose-inner-workings-of-surveillance-industrial-complex/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">water cannons</a>, <a href="https://theintercept.com/2017/10/27/law-enforcement-descended-on-standing-rock-a-year-ago-and-changed-the-dapl-fight-forever/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">rubber bullets, armored personnel carriers, and sound cannons</a> in an operation that resulted in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/04/standing-rock-marcus-mitchell-shooting-charges" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">serious injuries</a>. Aided by private intelligence and security firms working for the pipeline, they gathered information on protesters via aerial surveillance, online monitoring, embedded informants, and eavesdropping on radio signals. In a time of growing resistance to fossil fuel industries, <a href="https://theintercept.com/series/oil-and-water/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">the public-private partnership</a> served as a chilling example of law enforcement agencies acting as bulwarks of the oil industry.<div class="img-wrap align-center width-fixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2.25em; line-height: 1; max-width: none; width: 1024px;">[pix: razor wire, Police use a water cannon against Dakota Access pipeline protesters near Cannon Ball, N.D., on Nov. 20, 2016.

Photo: Stephanie Keith/Reuters</div>In 2017, Enbridge began construction on the tiny portion of Line 3 that cuts into Wisconsin. Local police reports describe two security firms, Raven Executive and Security Services and Securitas, keeping tabs on protesters and reporting their activities to law enforcement. It was the protests in Wisconsin that sparked the multistate coordination led by Minnesota. The state’s fusion center developed a reputation as “the keepers of information for the Enbridge protests,” as one sheriff’s analyst put it, receiving information on Line 3 opponents from police departments in at least three states. While fusion centers were originally established to facilitate counterterrorism intelligence-sharing, they have increasingly played a role in monitoring, interpreting, and criminalizing political activity.Meanwhile, opposition research firms that market their services to energy companies have also singled out Line 3 as the next likely flashpoint of opposition to a U.S. pipeline project. Executives of the public relations firm Off the Record Strategies and the private intelligence firm Delve, which the National Sheriffs’ Association contracted in 2016 to dig up information on DAPL opponents, gave an overview of their work at a pipeline industry conference in 2017. “If you look at Line 3, they’re already arresting activists in Minneapolis. They’re already doing encampments in Wisconsin,” Delve CEO Jeff Berkowitz told conference attendees, according to audio obtained by The Intercept. “I think the next one is potentially going to be worse than DAPL.”Tribal attorney Tara Houska, who is Ojibwe from the Couchiching First Nation and the national campaigns director for Honor the Earth, has been deeply involved in organizing against Line 3.“It’s clear that Enbridge is doing everything they can to have a very highly skilled force of security and law enforcement at their fingertips to do what they can to stop any resistance to Line 3,” said Houska, who also took part in the struggle at Standing Rock. “And if anything, it seems like what they’re doing is much more coordinated than what we saw in North Dakota."<div data-reactid="216" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 1em 0px; font-kerning: normal; font-feature-settings: " kern="kern">Tipping Off Law Enforcement</h3>As Line 3 construction got underway in Wisconsin, protesters stalled the pipeline’s progress by locking themselves to equipment and using disabled cars to erect a blockade. Between August and September 2017, police arrested at least 13 people. Incident reports turned over by the Douglas County Sheriff’s Office show that during this time, Enbridge security guards routinely contacted sheriff’s deputies to report the activities of pipeline opponents.In July, a security guard whose LinkedIn page indicated that he worked for Raven Executive and Security Services informed a sheriff’s deputy that his company “monitors the online activities of the pipeline protesters.” Another security officer reported that the company’s excavators had mysteriously been moved, then used his audience with the sheriff’s office to mention a vague tip about Winona LaDuke, the Ojibwe former vice-presidential candidate and a staunch Line 3 opponent. LaDuke had been seen in the area recently, the security officer said, and her “boyfriend” had been heard stating that he wanted to “do something to the pipeline.”Throughout August, Neo Gabo Benais, who is from Ojibwe country, posted the coordinates of Line 3 construction sites on social media and shared photos and videos taken from inside the sites. The same month, an Enbridge security guard reported to the sheriff’s office that he had “posted threatening messages on Facebook.” Another caller identified as a Securitas employee said he had been seen “driving slowly around the pipeline 3.”Neo Gabo Benais told The Intercept that in 2002, an Enbridge pipeline ruptured near where he lived and fished in Minnesota, spilling 252,000 gallons of crude into a marsh. “I’m just trying to spend their money up,” he said. “It’s really a waste of time, them surveilling me.”According to its website, Raven is “owned and operated by current and former law enforcement professionals.” In 2015, the company launched Raven Executive Unmanned Aerial Vehicle services. A filing with Federal Aviation Administration indicates that Raven intended to utilize its drones to inspect “energy pipelines.”Securitas is an enormous, publicly traded corporation with operations in over 50 countries. It owns the nation’s oldest private security company, Pinkerton, which became notorious for its union-breaking activities and infiltration of leftist organizations at the turn of the 20th century.Neither Raven nor Securitas responded to requests for comment. Enbridge did not respond to requests for comment.<div class="img-wrap align-bleed large-bleed width-auto" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 1; position: relative; transition: opacity 300ms linear 200ms; opacity: 1; width: auto;">
Winona LaDuke and other water protectors rally at the Wisconsin-Minnesota border on June 29, 2018.

Photo: Dan Kraker/Minnesota Public Radio via AP</div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 1em 0px; font-kerning: normal; font-feature-settings: " kern="kern">“The Keepers of Information”</h3>In September 2017, the Wisconsin Statewide Intelligence Center emailed information about recent arrestees to the fusion centers in their home states of Minnesota, South Dakota, Michigan, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana.The next month, an analyst from the Minnesota Fusion Center pledged to ensure that law enforcement in disparate counties would be “well-informed of any potential hazards relating to the Line 3 project.” In an email sent to the fusion center, a crime analyst from Minnesota’s Beltrami County noted, “There is concern about Winona LaDuke.” The analyst listed four properties that LaDuke was suspected of owning and speculated about which might be used to put up protesters.Another email sent to the fusion center noted that Jackie Fielder, a San Francisco-based organizer with the fossil fuel divestment organization Mazaska Talks, had arrived at one of the protest camps in Minnesota. The report speculated not on criminal activity but on whether her presence could signal “increased support from Mazaska Talks and its connections.”“A fusion center has no business keeping track of a nonviolent divestment campaign that aims to promote Indigenous rights,” Fielder told The Intercept.LaDuke agreed. “I don’t understand why I’m being looked at as a criminal when a corporation is proposing to destroy my water,” she said. “I am not a criminal, I am a water protector.”By May 2018, the Beltrami County Sheriff’s Office had established a shared web resource concerning Line 3 opposition, to which 19 police officers in eight jurisdictions had access, as well as the fusion center.“The Minnesota Fusion Center recognizes and values citizens’ constitutionally protected rights to speak, assemble, and demonstrate peacefully,” Drew Evans, superintendent of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, said in a statement. “Because public demonstrations are sometimes targeted by individuals seeking to commit crimes or promote violence, the fusion center routinely monitors public sources for potential hazards to the people of Minnesota and its critical infrastructure.”Brendan McQuade, assistant sociology professor at SUNY Cortland and author of a forthcoming book on fusion centers, sees the Minnesota records as part of a more troubling trend. “What the police aren’t mentioning is that people will likely be living lives of terror and privation by the end of the century due to climate change, and it’s these battles right now that will decide whether that happens,” he said. “Instead, they are casting even entirely nonviolent actions as threats to so-called critical infrastructure.”<div class="img-wrap align-center width-fixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2.25em; line-height: 1; max-width: none; width: 1024px;">Morton County Sheriff Kyle Kirchmeier, left, and Cass County Sheriff Paul Laney at the Morton County Courthouse on April 4, 2018, in Mandan, N.D.

Photo: Mike McCleary/The Bismarck Tribune via AP</div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 1em 0px; font-kerning: normal; font-feature-settings: " kern="kern">Putting “a Marker Down”</h3>As law enforcement and emergency managers tightened their coordination and intelligence-sharing on protesters, they repeatedly turned for guidance to North Dakota officials who had been involved in repressing the Standing Rock fight.In September 2017, Cody Schulz, then-disaster recovery chief for the North Dakota Department of Emergency Services, gave a quasi-scientific overview of NoDAPL at a Minnesota emergency managers conference. He claimed that at any given time, around 400 protesters at Standing Rock were “willing to commit criminal acts,” while 80 were “willing to commit dangerous or violent acts.” Other slides attempted to justify the use of fire hoses and dogs to quell protests and stressed the need for a robust public relations operation.In late 2017 and early 2018, members of the Cass County Sheriff’s Office, a major architect of the DAPL police operation, gave three more presentations on lessons learned in North Dakota to law enforcement in Wisconsin and Minnesota, including an association of SWAT officers.</div><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;"><img class="DocumentPreview-image" src="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356/pages/DAPL-Powerpoint-p1-normal.gif" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; width: 680px; display: block; opacity: 0.9;" /></a><div class="DocumentPreview-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; left: 20px; bottom: 20px; right: 20px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); max-width: 350px;"><div class="DocumentPreview-icon-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); width: 90px;"><span class="Icon Icon--Eye icon-TI_Eye" style="box-sizing: border-box; speak: none; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; line-height: 1; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; position: absolute; top: 27.5px; left: 45px; margin-left: -11px; margin-top: -11px;" /></div><div class="DocumentPreview-text-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.27273; margin-left: 90px; padding: 11px 13px 10px;">DAPL PowerPoint133 pages</div></div><div data-reactid="218" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> At the Platts Pipeline Expansion and Development Conference in November 2017, Delve CEO Jeff Berkowitz and Off the Record Strategies CEO Mark Pfeifle gave a presentation to pipeline executives on how to prepare should opposition to future infrastructure projects develop the way NoDAPL did.As part of law enforcement’s counterinformation campaign in response to NoDAPL, Berkowitz said, Delve developed “sort of fake ‘wanted’ posters, with the rap sheets of some of these folks.”Pfeifle said one of his company’s goals was to deter protesters from becoming involved in the movement to begin with. “A lot of things that we were doing were being done to put a marker down for the protesters. And, ‘OK, if you’re going to go protest somewhere? There’s going to be consequences from it.’”Prior to their <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/07/20/emails-bush-iraq-war-pr-delve-off-the-record-strategies-dakota-access-pipeline" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">work for the National Sheriffs’ Association</a>, both executives spent years as elite Republican spin doctors. Pfeifle worked as an Iraq War public relations specialist for the George W. Bush administration, while Berkowitz directed the Republican National Committee’s multimillion-dollar opposition research operation.Neither Delve nor Off the Record Strategies responded to requests for comment.<div class="img-wrap align-bleed large-bleed width-auto" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2em 0px; line-height: 1; position: relative; transition: opacity 300ms linear 200ms; opacity: 1; width: auto;">Workers inspect sections of the replacement Line 3 pipeline on Aug. 21, 2017.

Photo: Richard Tsong-Taatarii/Star Tribune/AP</div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 1em 0px; font-kerning: normal; font-feature-settings: " kern="kern">Worth Fighting For</h3>Construction is already complete across most of Line 3’s route, and Enbridge has told shareholders that it intends to have oil flowing by November. But it awaits final approvals in Minnesota from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and several permitting agencies. This past June, despite receiving 68,000 comments opposing Line 3, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission unanimously voted to grant Enbridge a “certificate of need” for the project.The Minnesota Department of Commerce filed a lawsuit challenging the approval last month — a rare instance of one state agency suing another over a major infrastructure project. Outgoing Gov. Mark Dayton made a statement opposing the project on the grounds that most of the tar sands bitumen would not meet demand in Minnesota but would instead “flow through our state to supply other states and countries.” Gov. Tim Waltz <a href="https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/energy-and-mining/4555110-walz-weighs-future-line-3-appeal-filed-dayton-administration" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">told reporters</a> in January that he was weighing whether to drop the lawsuit.</div><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;" /><div data-reactid="228" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;">Resistance to new pipelines has taken a major toll on the tar sands industry. In August, a Canadian judge scuttled federal permits for the Trans Mountain tar sands pipeline expansion, ruling that the federal government had failed to adequately consult with Indigenous nations in the pipeline’s path. In November, responding to a lawsuit by tribal and environmental groups, a federal judge in Montana ordered the U.S. State Department to complete a new environmental impact review of the Keystone XL pipeline.</a><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;">In December, Alberta Premier Rachel Notley announced that her government would curtail the province’s oil production, particularly from tar sands, saying that there wasn’t enough pipeline capacity to ship the crude to market, although sagging prices and market saturation are also major factors.</a><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;">“Enbridge — they need this to stay alive. This is their last vampire suck of blood. I’m looking at this vampire, and I’m like, I’ll do everything I can for you not to get that,” LaDuke said. “From Lake Superior to the border to the river where the pipeline will come in if they are allowed to go forward — the majority of this area is water, 10,000 lakes. It is a beautiful place, so it is worth fighting for."</a><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;"> </a><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;">=</a><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;">..Pinkertons became famous for a possibly apocryphal/elaborated story on saving Lincoln from assasination plot on the way to his first term (including dressing him in drag); [Secret Service did not yet exist, and was mostly concerned with counterfeiting initially?  Scary number of asasination plots , jackson smack one down with a can, Teddy was wounded but saved by a thick speech in his breast pockets, "i cannot ,firiends, speek so long or eloquently as I would like, but i have been, as i ramerked before, ben shot...)[AG Bell used the first metal detector to find the bullet in garfield? but thwarted by steel springs in mattress, so the doctors kepts going back in to look for the bullet, killed the poor man slowly by infection].  At its height, the largest private agency in the world, so Ohio outlawed it (though/ b/c Patterson at NCR was a client)[mentor to Watson, who sold IBM machines to the Nazi to track Jews?].</a></div><div><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;">==</a></div><div><a class="DocumentPreview" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5698356-DAPL-Powerpoint.html#document/p1" target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; width: 680px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 400px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; letter-spacing: normal;"></a><a href="https://archive.org/stream/laborspyracket00huberich/laborspyracket00huberich_djvu.txt" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">https://archive.org/stream/laborspyracket00huberich/laborspyracket00huberich_djvu.txt</a></div><div>
</div><div><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 9.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.428571429; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px;">The Pinkerton Agency, in the years 1933-1936, "serviced" these

familiar firms, among many others:

Abbott's Dairies Montgomery Ward & Co.

Bethlehem Steel Co. National Cash Register Co.

Campbell Soup Co. Ohrbach's Affiliated Stores

Continental Can Co. Pennsylvania R. R. Co.

Curtis Publishing Co. Shell Petroleum Corp.

Endicott- Johnson Corp. Sinclair Refining Co. </pre><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 9.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.428571429; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px;">

Libbey-Owens Ford Glass Co. United Shoe Machinery Corp. </pre></div><div>
</div><div><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 9.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.428571429; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px;">THE LABOR SPY

RACKET

by LEO HUBERMAN </pre></div><div>
</div><div><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 9.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.428571429; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px;">One afternoon when six of the agency heads were sitting on the

stand tossing the questions around to one another in their usual

fashion, a newspaper man sent up a note to Mr. Robert Wohlforth,

the able secretary of the committee: The note read,

Six little Pinks sitting in a row.

Six little Pinks and none of them know.

That's bad poetry but it's good reporting. Judge for yourself:

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. Mr. Pinkerton, will you take a look

at that exhibit, please [Pinkerton journal sheet], and tell me

what kind of information you would say the agency would try

to get for the United States Rubber Reclaiming Company?

MR. PINKERTON. Information dealing with sabotage, theft of

material, and other irregularities.

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. What would you include under

"sabotage"?

MR. PINKERTON. Damage to company property.

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. Anything else ?

MR. PINKERTON. No, not if you take that in a general term.

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. It goes on to say " also thefts of ma-

terial." That is pretty obvious. But what about "and other

irregularities"? What would you say that includes?

MR. PINKERTON. That could include a great many things.

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. What would it usually include?

MR. PINKERTON. Probably discrimination, favoritism by the

minor officials in the plant, and violation of rules and regula-

tions.

[Senator La Follette then reads a report of a Pinkerton spy,

dated May 16, 1936, describing a union meeting* attended by

some workers of the United States Rubber Reclaiming

Company, Buffalo, N. Y.]

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. Would you say that this report had

to do with investigation of sabotage of the company's property,

theft or other irregularities?

Italics here and throughout the book are the author's.

</pre></div><div>...</div><div><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 9.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.428571429; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px;">Now the fact that the Pinkertons thus tried in every way to con-

ceal the true character of their "industrial service" is not impor-

tant. What is important is for us to understand what the nature of

that work was. There is no doubt that some of the operatives were

indeed reporting on "sabotage, theft, and other irregularities."

There is also no doubt that many of the operatives were reporting

on the union activities of the workers. The record shouts the story

spy agencies are hired primarily for the purpose of keeping the

employer informed of any and all attempts on the part of the work-

ers in a plant to better their conditions through organization; and

to use any means, fair or foul, to destroy that organization.

For further proof let us turn to the testimony of the men who did

the job, the spies themselves. Mr. William H. Martin was a Pinker-

ton operative for seven years, from 1928 to 1935. Here is part of his

sworn testimony:

SENATOR THOMAS. What was your next industrial job, Mr.

Martin?

MR. MARTIN. That was with the Harmony Bus Line, Pitts-

burgh, Pa.

</pre></div><div>...</div><div><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 9.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.428571429; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px;">SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. So it would appear from this super-

intendent's report that when your clients cannot discharge men

for union activities, they have no use for your services, is that

right?

MR. PINKERTON. I don't think that is always true; no, sir.

[26 THE LABOR SPY RACKET ]

SENATOR LA FOLLETTE. I did not ask you if it was not always

true. I asked you if it was not true.

MR. PINKERTON. It appears from this report to be true.

Had all employers of labor been as careful to obey the law as the

general manager of the Western Pacific, then, in truth, the Pinker-

tons would have been in a bad way. But fortunately for the Pinker-

tons, this was not the case. Just as the Railway Labor Act extended

protection to railway employees so the National Labor Relations

Act (popularly known as the Wagner Act), extended that protec-

tion to other workers in July 1935. The intent of Congress in passing

the Wagner Act is plain, the language is simple and easy to under-

stand:

Sec. 7. Employees shall have the right to self-organization,

to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collec-

tively through representatives of their own choosing, and to

engage in concerted activities, for the purpose of collective bar-

gaining or other mutual aid or protection.

Sec. 8. It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer

(i) To interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the

exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7.

It was a similar provision in the Railway Labor Act, plus the

power of the strong railway unions, which kept the Western Pacific

from hiring the Pinkertons. But many other employers throughout

the country felt no such restraint. They did hire the Pinkertons and

other agencies. And they did "interfere with, restrain, or coerce

employees" in the exercise of their right to join unions. These

employers were advised by eminent lawyers that they need not pay

any attention to the Wagner Act because in their august opinion,

the Act was unconstitutional. The National Committee of Lawyers

of the American Liberty League, for example, took it upon itself to

declare the Act unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United

States, however, thought otherwise. On April 12, 1937 the Court

declared the National Labor Relations Act constitutional. The 58

Liberty League Lawyers were in error. </pre></div><div>=</div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 20px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Up until then, Watson's career had been less than ethically stellar. Watson learned his business skills from John Patterson, the ruthless founder of the National Cash Register (NCR). Watson rose quickly in the ranks of NCR, learning to use frivolous lawsuits against competitors, as well as the threat of lawsuits against competitors' customers. At NCR, Watson was placed in charge of driving out competitors selling used equipment. He quickly adopted the tactics of the robber barons to establish a monopoly by using predatory pricing, threats of lawsuits, bribes and even smashed storefronts. On February 22, 1912, Watson was indicted for criminal conspiracy to restrain trade and found guilty. 23<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 20px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">The criminal behavior and lack of ethics illustrated by Watson's early career was pervasive between the wars. When the Nazis seized power, Watson saw an opportunity to expand in Germany. In the depths of the Great Depression, Watson increased IBM's investment in Germany by nearly a million dollars. Even more gratifying was the secret pact Watson concluded in October, 1933 which gave Dehomag commercial powers beyond the German borders. Previously, all IBM subsidiaries had been confined to a single country. With Dehomag now established as the defacto "IBM Europe," the Nazis were able to conduct statistical services throughout Europe. In effect, Watson had established a cartel much like I.G. Farben's.- See more at: http://www.thomhartmann.com/forum/2015/01/right-wingers-favorite-canard-nazis-were-socialist-leftists-when-all-their-beliefs-wer#sthash.hURuTOH2.dpuf</div><div></div><div>wp</div><div>A strikebreaker (sometimes derogatorily called a scab, blackleg, or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">strike</a>. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">trade union</a> dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. "Strikebreakers" may also refer to workers (union members or not) who cross <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing(protest)" title="Picketing (protest)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">picket lines</a> to work.Strikebreakers are employed worldwide, often occurring wherever workers go on strike or engage in related actions. However, strikebreakers are used far more frequently in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States</a> than in any other industrialized country.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula" title="Mohawk Valley formula" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Mohawk Valley formula</a> calls for the use of strikebreakers when dealing with striking employees.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#International_law" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 International law</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#National_laws" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 National laws</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#Asia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1 Asia</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#Europe" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2 Europe</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#North_America" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.3 North America</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#Synonyms" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 Synonyms</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#Notes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5 Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6 References</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">International law[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International law" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>
The ILO Committee on Freedom of Association and other ILO bodies have, however, interpreted all core ILO conventions as protecting the right to strike as an essential element of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">freedom of association</a>. For example, the ILO has ruled that "the right to strike is an intrinsic corollary of the right of association protected by Convention No. 87."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-ILO1994-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a>The right to strike is not expressly mentioned in any convention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labor_Organization" title="International Labor Organization" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">International Labor Organization</a> (ILO);<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-HRW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> however, the ILO's Freedom of Association Committee established principles on the right to strike through ongoing rulings.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> Among human rights treaties, only the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> contains a clause protecting the right to strike. However, like the Social Charter of 1961, the Covenant permits each signatory country to abridge the right to strike.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a>The ILO has also concluded striker replacement, while not in contravention of ILO agreements, carries with it significant risks for abuse and places trade union freedoms "in grave jeopardy."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-ILO1994-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">European Social Charter</a> of 1961 was the first international agreement to expressly protect the right to strike.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-HRW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> However, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">European Union</a>'s Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers permits EU member states to regulate the right to strike.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-MTEUPASP-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">National laws</h2></div><div><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Asia<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Japanese</a> labor law significantly restricts both an employer's and a union's ability to engage in labor disputes. Japanese labor law highly regulates labor relations to ensure labor peace and channel conflict into collective bargaining, mediation and arbitration. Japanese labor law bans the use of strikebreakers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">South Korea</a> bans the use of strikebreakers, although the practice remains common.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a></li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Europe<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In most European countries, strikebreakers are rarely used. Consequently, they are rarely if ever mentioned in most European national labor laws.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-HRW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> As mentioned above, it is left to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">European Union</a> member states to determine their own policies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-MTEUPASP-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Germany</a> has employment law that strongly protects worker rights, but trade unions and the right to strike are not regulated by statute. The Bundesarbeitsgericht (the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Labor_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Labor Court of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Federal Labor Court of Germany</a>) and the Bundesverfassungsgericht (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a>) have, however, issued a large number of rulings which essentially regulate trade union activities such as strikes. Work councils, for example, may not strike at all, while trade unions retain an almost unlimited ability to strike. The widespread use of work councils, however, channels most labor disputes and reduces the likelihood of strikes. Recent efforts to enact a comprehensive federal labor relations law which regulates strikes, lockouts and the use of strikebreakers failed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Kingdom</a> laws permit strikebreaking, and courts have significantly restricted the right of unions to punish members who act as strikebreakers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a></li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">North America<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North America" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Canada</a> has federal industrial relations laws that strongly regulate the use of strikebreakers. Although many Canadian labor unions today advocate for even stronger regulations, scholars point out that Canadian labor law provides far greater protections for union members and the right to strike than United States labor law (which has significantly influenced the development of labor relations in Canada).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[12]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Quebec</a>, the use of strikebreakers is illegal,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[13]</a> and companies may only attempt to remain open using managerial personnel.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-HRW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mexico</a> has a federal law which requires companies to cease operations during a legal strike, effectively preventing the use of strikebreakers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-HRW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National Labor Relations Act</a> appears to bar strikebreakers as an interference in the right to strike. However, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">U.S. Supreme Court</a> held in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLRB_v.Mackay_Radio%26_Telegraph_Co." title="NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">304 U.S. 333</a>(1938) that an employer may not discriminate on the basis of union activity in reinstating employees at the end of a strike. The ruling effectively encourages employers to hire strikebreakers, so that the union loses majority support in the workplace when the strike ends. The Mackay Court also held that employers enjoy the unrestricted right to permanently replace strikers with strikebreakers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[14]</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Synonyms[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synonyms" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Strikebreaking is also known as "black-legging" or "blacklegging". American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">lexicographer</a> Stephanie Smith suggests that the word has to do with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoeshiner" title="Shoeshiner" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">bootblacking</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">shoe polish</a>, for an early occurrence of the word was in conjunction with an 1803 American bootmaker's strike.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a> But British industrial relations expert J.G. Riddall notes that it may have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">racist</a> connotation, as it was used in this way in 1859 in the United Kingdom: "If you dare work we shall consider you as blacks..."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[16]</a> Lexicographer Geoffrey Hughes, however, notes that "blackleg" and "scab" are both references to disease, as in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackleg(disease)" title="Blackleg (disease)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">blackleg</a> infectious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_chauvoei" title="Clostridium chauvoei" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Clostridium chauvoei</a>. He dates the first use of the term "blackleg" in reference to strikebreaking to the United Kingdom in 1859. Hughes observes that the term was once generally used to indicate a scoundrel, a villain, or a disreputable person.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-Hughes466-17" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a>Hughes notes that the use of the term "scab" can be traced back to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Elizabethan era</a> in England, and is much more clearly rooted in the concept of disease (e.g., a diseased person) and a sickened appearance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker#cite_note-Hughes466-17" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Maguires" title="Molly Maguires" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Molly Maguires</a></li></ul></div><div>
=</div><div>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Mohawk Valley</a> formula is a plan for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaking" title="Strikebreaking" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">strikebreaking</a> purportedly written by the president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Remington Rand</a> company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rand,Jr." title="James Rand, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">James Rand, Jr.</a> around the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand_strike_of_1936%E2%80%931937" title="Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Remington Rand strike</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilion,_New_York" title="Ilion, New York" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ilion, New York</a> in 1936/37.The plan includes discrediting union leaders, frightening the public with the threat of violence, using local police and vigilantes to intimidate strikers, forming puppet associations of "loyal employees" to influence public debate, fortifying workplaces, employing large numbers of replacement workers, and threatening to close the plant if work is not resumed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-nation-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-IAMAW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>The authenticity of the written plan has never been clearly established. Although it was allegedly published in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers" title="National Association of Manufacturers" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Association of Manufacturers</a> Labor Relations Bulletin, no original copy has been found, nor does NAM list it among its pamphlets from that era.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">non-primary source needed</a>] Parts of the plan use language sympathetic to the views of labor organizers. The Remington Rand company did indeed ruthlessly suppress the strikes, as documented in a ruling by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National Labor Relations Board</a>, and the plan has been accepted as a guide to the methods that were used. At least one source names the strikebreaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Bergoff" title="Pearl Bergoff" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pearl Bergoff</a> and his so-called "Bergoff Technique" as the origin of the formula. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> Rand and Bergoff were both indicted by the same federal grand jury for their roles in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand_strike_of_1936%E2%80%931937" title="Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Remington Rand strike</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Noam Chomsky</a> has described the formula as the result of business owners' trend away from violent strikebreaking to a "scientific" approach based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">propaganda</a>. An essential feature of this approach is the identification of the management's interests with "Americanism," while labor activism is portrayed as the work of un-American outsiders. Workers are thus persuaded to turn against the activists and toward management to demonstrate their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">patriotism</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elements of the formula[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Valley_formula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elements of the formula" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The following is the text of the Mohawk Valley formula as quoted in the labor press:<ol style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; line-height: 22.4px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">When a strike is threatened, label the union leaders as "agitators" to discredit them with the public and their own followers. Conduct balloting under the foremen to ascertain the strength of the union and to make possible misrepresentation of the strikers as a small minority. Exert economic pressure through threats to move the plant, align bankers, real estate owners and businessmen into a "Citizens' Committee".</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Raise high the banner of "law and order", thereby causing the community to mass legal and police weapons against imagined violence and to forget that employees have equal rights with others in the community.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Call a "mass meeting" to coordinate public sentiment against the strike and strengthen the Citizens' Committee.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Form a large police force to intimidate the strikers and exert a psychological effect. Utilize local police, state police, vigilantes and special deputies chosen, if possible, from other neighborhoods.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Convince the strikers their cause is hopeless with a "back-to-work" movement by a puppet association of so-called "loyal employees" secretly organized by the employer.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When enough applications are on hand, set a date for opening the plant by having such opening requested by the puppet "back-to-work" association.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stage the "opening" theatrically by throwing open the gates and having the employees march in a mass protected by squads of armed police so as to dramatize and exaggerate the opening and heighten the demoralizing effect.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Demoralize the strikers with a continuing show of force. If necessary turn the locality into a warlike camp and barricade it from the outside world.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Close the publicity barrage on the theme that the plant is in full operation and the strikers are merely a minority attempting to interfere with the right to work. With this, the campaign is over—-the employer has broken the strike.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-IAMAW-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></li></ol>A similar, although more nuanced and longer, version was published in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">The Nation</a> in 1937.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula#cite_note-nation-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Valley_formula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="noprint portal tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; line-height: 22.4px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><table style="line-height: 13.0900001525879px; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align: middle;"><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><img alt="Portal icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td><td style="padding: 0px 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" title="Portal:Organized labour" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Organized labour portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a></li></ul></div><div>=
<div>2012</div><div>April 26 (Bloomberg) -- The world’s biggest banks are working with one another and police to gather intelligence as protesters try to rejuvenate the Occupy Wall Street movement with May demonstrations, industry security consultants said.Among 99 protest targets in midtown Manhattan on May 1 are JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Bank of America Corp. offices, said Marisa Holmes, a member of Occupy’s May Day planning committee. Events are scheduled for more than 115 cities, including an effort to shut down the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, where Wells Fargo & Co. investors relied on police to get past protests at their annual meeting this week.“Our goal is to kick off the spring offensive and go directly to where the financial elite play and plan,” she said.<div data-view-uid="1|0_5_1_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; line-height: 29.1240005493164px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After evictions and arrests from Manhattan’s Zuccotti Park to London that began last year, the movement against income inequality and corporate abuse will regain strength, said Brian McNary, director of global risk at Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations, a subsidiary of Sweden’s Securitas AB. He works with international financial firms to “identify, map and track” protesters across social media and at their assemblies, he said. The companies gather data “carefully and methodically” to prevent business disruptions.Banks are preparing for Occupy demonstrations at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Chicago summit on May 20 and 21 by sharing information from video surveillance, robots and officers in buildings, giving “a real-time, 360-degree” view, said McNary, who works on the project.<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; margin: 1.25rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elk Versus Wolves</h2>Banks cooperating on surveillance are like elk fending off wolves in Yellowstone National Park, he said. While other animals try in vain to sprint away alone, elk survive attacks by forming a ring together, he said.Planning for May 1 in New York began in January in a fourth-floor workspace at 16 Beaver St., about two blocks from Wall Street, according to Holmes. The date serves as an international labor day, commemorating a deadly 1886 clash between police and workers in Chicago’s Haymarket Square.The midtown demonstrations will take place f...</div><div>==
<div>
</div><div>Pinkerton Government Services, Inc.<table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing: 3px; width:22em;" cellspacing="3"><tbody><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="logo" style="text-align:center;">
</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" title="Types of business entity">Type</a></th><td class="category" style="">Subsidiary of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_AB" title="Securitas AB" class="mw-redirect">Securitas AB</a> (since 2003)</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Industry</th><td class="category" style="">Private security contractor</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Founded</th><td class="" style="">1850</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Founder(s)</th><td class="agent" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Area served</th><td class="" style="">Worldwide</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Services</th><td class="category" style="">Security management, full-service <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a> consulting</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Website</th><td class="" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinkertons.com/">pinkertons.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Pinkerton Government Services, Inc., founded as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, usually shortened to the Pinkertons, is a private <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guard</a> and detective agency established in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a> in 1850 and currently a subsidiary of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_AB" title="Securitas AB" class="mw-redirect">Securitas AB</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">plot to assassinate</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect" title="President-elect">president-elect</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-Green-2">[2]</a>

Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guarding to

private military contracting work. At its height, the Pinkerton

National Detective Agency employed more agents than there were members

of the standing army of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America" class="mw-redirect">United States of America</a>, causing the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> to outlaw the agency due to fears it could be hired as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private army</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pinkerton was the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law_enforcement_organization" title="Private law enforcement organization" class="mw-redirect">private law enforcement organization</a> in the world at the height of its power.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

During the labor unrest of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, businessmen hired the Pinkerton Agency to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_spies" title="Labor spies" class="mw-redirect">infiltrate unions</a>, supply guards, keep <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikers</a> and suspected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unionists</a> out of factories, as well as recruiting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">goon squads</a> to intimidate workers. One such confrontation was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike" title="Homestead Strike">Homestead Strike</a> of 1892, in which Pinkerton agents were called in to reinforce the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreaking</a> measures of industrialist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a>, acting on behalf of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>. The ensuing battle between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to the deaths of 7 Pinkerton agents and 9 steelworkers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The Pinkertons were also used as guards in coal, iron, and lumber disputes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, as well as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>. The organization was pejoratively called the "Pinks" by its opponents and victims.

The company now operates as Pinkerton Consulting and Investigations, a division of the Swedish security company <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_AB" title="Securitas AB" class="mw-redirect">Securitas AB</a>, although its government division is still known as Pinkerton Government Services.

<h2>Contents</h2>

</div>

<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Origins">1 Origins</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Government_work">2 Government work</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Chicago.22Special_Officers.22.26_Watchmen">3 Chicago "Special Officers" & Watchmen</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Molly_Maguires">4 Molly Maguires</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Homestead_Strike">5 Homestead Strike</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Detective_Frank_P._Geyer">6 Detective Frank P. Geyer</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Steunenberg_murder_and_trial">7 Steunenberg murder and trial</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Outlaws_and_competition">8 Outlaws and competition</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#References_in_Popular_Culture">9 References in Popular Culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#See_also">10 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#References">11 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#External_links">13 External links</a></li></ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2> Origins</h2>

In the 1850s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a>

met Chicago attorney Edward Rucker in a local Masonic Hall and formed

the North-Western Police Agency, later known as the Pinkerton Agency.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-Companion-5">[5]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-Frontier-6">[6]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note--7">[7]</a>

Historian Frank Morn writes: "By the mid-1850s a few businessmen saw

the need for greater control over their employees; their solution was to

sponsor a private detective system. In February 1855, Allan Pinkerton,

after consulting with six midwestern railroads, created such an agency

in Chicago."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-Morn-8">[8]</a>

<h2> Government work</h2>

Pinkerton guards escort <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchtel,_Ohio" title="Buchtel, Ohio">Buchtel, Ohio</a>, 1884</div>

</div>

In 1871, Congress appropriated $50,000 to the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a>

(DOJ) to form a suborganization devoted to "the detection and

prosecution of those guilty of violating federal law." The amount was

insufficient for the DOJ to fashion an integral investigating unit, so

the DOJ contracted out the services to the Pinkerton National Detective

Agency.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-A-9">[9]</a>

However, since passage of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Pinkerton_Act" title="Anti-Pinkerton Act">Anti-Pinkerton Act</a>

in 1893, federal law has stated that an "individual employed by the

Pinkerton Detective Agency, or similar organization, may not be employed

by the Government of the United States or the government of the

District of Columbia."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<h2> Chicago "Special Officers" & Watchmen</h2>

<ul><li>July 27, 1877: J.J. White, who had been hired as a "special Officer" during a strike, was shot and killed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li><li>July 19, 1919: Hans Rassmuson, Special Officer,was shot and killed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li><li>March 12, 1924: Frank Miller, Pinkerton Watchman, was shot and killed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ul>

<h2> Molly Maguires</h2>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Maguires" title="Molly Maguires">Molly Maguires</a></div>

In the 1870s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_B._Gowen" title="Franklin B. Gowen">Franklin B. Gowen</a>, then president of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Reading_Railroad" title="Philadelphia and Reading Railroad" class="mw-redirect">Philadelphia and Reading Railroad</a> hired the agency to investigate the labor unions in the company's mines. A Pinkerton agent, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McParland" title="James McParland">James McParland</a>, using the alias James McKenna, infiltrated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Maguires" title="Molly Maguires">Molly Maguires</a>,

a 19th-century secret society of mainly Irish-American coal miners,

leading to the downfall of the labor organization. The incident was the

inspiration for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> novel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley_of_Fear" title="The Valley of Fear">The Valley of Fear</a>. A Pinkerton agent also appears in a small role in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Red_Circle" title="The Adventure of the Red Circle">The Adventure of the Red Circle</a>, another Holmes story. A 1970 film <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Molly_Maguires_%28film%29" title="The Molly Maguires (film)">The Molly Maguires</a> was loosely based upon it as well, starring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Zerbe" title="Anthony Zerbe">Anthony Zerbe</a>.

Pinkerton men leaving a barge after their surrender during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike" title="Homestead Strike">Homestead Strike</a></div>

</div>

<h2> Homestead Strike</h2>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike" title="Homestead Strike">Homestead Strike</a></div>

On July 6, 1892, during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike" title="Homestead Strike">Homestead Strike</a>, 300 Pinkerton detectives from New York and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> were called in by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Steel" title="Carnegie Steel" class="mw-redirect">Carnegie Steel</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a> to protect the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>

area mill and strikebreakers. This resulted in a fire fight and siege

in which 16 men were killed and 23 others were wounded. To restore

order, two brigades of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police" title="Pennsylvania State Police">Pennsylvania militia</a> were called out by the Governor.

As a legacy of the Pinkerton's involvement a bridge connecting the nearby Pittsburgh suburbs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhall,Pennsylvania" title="Munhall, Pennsylvania">Munhall</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin,Pennsylvania" title="Rankin, Pennsylvania">Rankin</a> was named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton%27s_Landing_Bridge" title="Pinkerton's Landing Bridge">Pinkerton's Landing Bridge</a>.

<h2> Detective Frank P. Geyer</h2>

In 1895 detective Frank Geyer tracked down the three murdered Pitezel

children leading to the eventual trial and execution of the United

States' first known serial killer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.H.Holmes" title="H. H. Holmes">H. H. Holmes</a>. His story is told in his self-written book, The Holmes-Pitezel Case.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

Pinkertons had previously apprehended Holmes in 1894 in Boston on an

outstanding warrant for insurance fraud perpetrated in Chicago.

<h2> Steunenberg murder and trial</h2>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Steunenberg" title="Frank Steunenberg">Frank Steunenberg</a></div>

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Orchard" title="Harry Orchard" class="mw-redirect">Harry Orchard</a> was arrested by the Idaho police and confessed to Pinkerton agent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McParland" title="James McParland">James McParland</a> that he assassinated former Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Steunenberg" title="Frank Steunenberg">Frank Steunenberg</a> of Idaho in 1905. Orchard testified (unsuccessfully) under threat of hanging<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-15">[15]</a> against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Federation_of_Miners" title="Western Federation of Miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bill_Haywood" title="Big Bill Haywood" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Big Bill Haywood</a>, naming him as hiring the hit. With a stirring defense by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>,

Haywood and the other defendants of the WFM were acquitted in a

nationally publicized trial. Orchard received a death sentence, but it

was commuted.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<h2> Outlaws and competition</h2>

Pinkerton agents were hired to track western outlaws <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Gang</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Cassidy%27s_Wild_Bunch" title="Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch">Wild Bunch</a> (including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a>). On March 17, 1874, two Pinkerton Detectives and a deputy sheriff, Edwin P. Daniels,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-17">[17]</a> encountered the Younger brothers (associates of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James-Younger_gang" title="James-Younger gang" class="mw-redirect">James-Younger gang</a>); Daniels, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John Younger</a>, and one Pinkerton agent were killed. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union,_Missouri" title="Union, Missouri">Union, Missouri</a>

a bank was robbed by George Collins, aka Fred Lewis, and Bill Randolph;

Pinkerton Detective Chas Schumacher trailed them and was killed.

Collins was hanged on March 26, 1904 and Randolph was hanged on May 8,

1905 in Union, Mo. Pinkertons were also hired for transporting money and

other high quality merchandise between cities and towns, which made

them vulnerable to the outlaws. Pinkerton agents were usually well paid

and well armed.

G.H. Thiel, a former Pinkerton employee, established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Detective_Service_Company" title="Thiel Detective Service Company">Thiel Detective Service Company</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Louis,Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri" class="mw-redirect">St. Louis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, a competitor to the Pinkerton agency. The Thiel company operated in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Due to its conflicts with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_union" title="Labor union" class="mw-redirect">labor unions</a>, the word Pinkerton continues to be associated by labor organizers and union members with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreaking</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Pinkertons, however, moved away from labor spying following revelations publicized by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Follette_Committee" title="La Follette Committee">La Follette Committee</a> hearings in 1937.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Pinkerton's criminal detection work also suffered from the police modernization movement, which saw the rise of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>

and the bolstering of detective branches and resources of the public

police. Without the labor and criminal investigation work on which

Pinkertons thrived for decades, the company became increasingly involved

in protection services, and in the 1960s, even the word "Detective"

disappeared from the agency's letterhead.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In July 2003, Pinkerton's was acquired along with longtime rival, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Burns_International_Detective_Agency" title="William J. Burns International Detective Agency">William J. Burns Detective Agency</a> (founded in 1910), by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_AB" title="Securitas AB" class="mw-redirect">Securitas AB</a> to create Securitas Security Services USA, Inc., one of the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security</a> companies in the world.

<h2> References in Popular Culture</h2>

Alfred Hitchcock hired Pinkerton guards to keep people from entering the theaters once "Psycho" had started.

Thomas Keneally's book "The People's Train" mentions Pinkerton guards being used in Australia.

The Pinkerton Agency is also referenced in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioshock_Infinite" title="Bioshock Infinite" class="mw-redirect">Bioshock Infinite</a>

in which players play as disgraced Pinkerton Agent Booker DeWitt, and a

company named "Fink" (very similar to "Frick") is shown labelled on

many machines.

In the BBC drama <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripper_Street" title="Ripper Street">Ripper Street</a>,

Captain Homer Jackson is said to be a US Army surgeon and ex-Pinkerton.

The Pinkertons are mentioned several times on the show Deadwood as

being at cross purposes with the settlements gold mining community.

In the 2013 fictional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a> book, The Striker, Pinkertons are extensively discussed, as is Henry Clay Frick.

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid the movie

<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-union_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union organizations in the United States">Anti-union organizations in the United States</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin-Felts" title="Baldwin-Felts" class="mw-redirect">Baldwin-Felts</a> detective agency</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_and_Iron_Police" title="Coal and Iron Police">Coal and Iron Police</a>, a Pinkerton-supervised private police force in Pennsylvania</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars" title="Colorado Labor Wars">Colorado Labor Wars</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Samuel_Dougherty" title="George Samuel Dougherty">George Samuel Dougherty</a>, private detective for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency from 1888–1911</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Friedman" title="Morris Friedman">Morris Friedman</a>, author of Pinkerton Labor Spy</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, author and former Pinkerton operative.</li><li>Historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Bernard_Hogg" title="J. Bernard Hogg">J. Bernard Hogg</a>, public reaction to Pinkertonism and the Labor Question</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_spies" title="Labor spies" class="mw-redirect">Labor spies</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lefors" title="Joe Lefors">Joe Lefors</a>, tracker for the Pinkerton Detectives</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Little%28unionist%29" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a>, American labor leader; lynched in 1917, allegedly by Pinkerton agents.</li></ul>

<h2> References</h2>

<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-1">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=6529009">"Pinkerton Government Services, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek"</a>. investing.businessweek.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Pinkerton+Government+Services%2C+Inc.%3A+Private+Company+Information+-+Businessweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvesting.businessweek.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D6529009&rft.atitle=Pinkerton+Government+Services%2C+Inc.%3A+Private+Company+Information+-+Businessweek&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=investing.businessweek.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Green-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-Green_2-0">^{</a></span}> Green, James (2006). Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America. Pantheon Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42237-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-42237-4">0-375-42237-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=James&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Haymarket%3A+A+Story+of+Chicago%2C+the+First+Labor+Movement%2C+and+the+Bombing+that+Divided+Gilded+Age+America&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.isbn=0-375-42237-4&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Green%2C+James&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988">p. 43</li><li id="cite_note-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-3">^{</a></span}> TM Becker (1974). "The place of private police in society: An area of research for the Social Sciences". Social Problems (Social Problems) 21 (3): 438–453. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fsp.1974.21.3.03a00110">10.1525/sp.1974.21.3.03a00110</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/799910">799910</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=21&rft.atitle=The+place+of+private+police+in+society%3A+An+area+of+research+for+the+Social+Sciences&rft.genre=book&rft.jstor=799910&rft.aulast=TM+Becker&rft.pub=Social+Problems&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1974&rft.pages=438%E2%80%93453&rft.jtitle=Social+Problems&rft.issue=3&rft.btitle=The+place+of+private+police+in+society%3A+An+area+of+research+for+the+Social+Sciences&rft.au=TM+Becker&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fsp.1974.21.3.03a00110&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-4">^{</a></span}> Krause, Paul (1992). The Battle for Homestead, 1890-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5466-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-5466-4">0-8229-5466-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Homestead%2C+1890-1892%3A+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Steel.&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.isbn=0-8229-5466-4&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Krause%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988"> p.20-21</li><li id="cite_note-Companion-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-Companion_5-0">^{</a></span}> Foner, Eric; John Arthur Garraty, eds. (Oct 21, 1991). The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-51372-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-51372-3">0-395-51372-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+American+History&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.isbn=0-395-51372-3&rft.genre=book&rft.date=Oct+21%2C+1991&rft.au=Foner%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988">p. 842</li><li id="cite_note-Frontier-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-Frontier_6-0">^{</a></span}> Robinson, Charles M (2005). American Frontier Lawmen 1850-1930. Osprey Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-575-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-575-9">1-84176-575-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+M&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=American+Frontier+Lawmen+1850-1930&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.isbn=1-84176-575-9&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Charles+M&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988">p. 63</li><li id="cite_note--7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-_7-0">^{</a></span}> Horan, James David; Howard Swiggett (1951). The Pinkerton Story. Putnam.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aufirst=James+David&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Pinkerton+Story&rft.aulast=Horan&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Horan%2C+James+David&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988">p. 202</li><li id="cite_note-Morn-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-Morn_8-0">^{</a></span}> Morn, Frank (1982). The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32086-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32086-0">0-253-32086-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Morn&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.btitle=The+Eye+That+Never+Sleeps%3A+A+History+of+the+Pinkerton+National+Detective+Agency&rft.isbn=0-253-32086-0&rft.au=Morn%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988"> p. 18</li><li id="cite_note-A-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-A_9-0">^{</a></span}> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Churchill, Ward</a> (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090729182154/http://geocities.com/travbailey/index.html">"From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present"</a>. The New Centennial Review 4 (1): 1–72. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fncr.2004.0016">10.1353/ncr.2004.0016</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/travbailey/index.html&date=2009-10-25+23:15:54">the original</a> on 2009-07-29.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2Fquery%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Ftravbailey%2Findex.html%26date%3D2009-10-25%2B23%3A15%3A54&rft.atitle=From+the+Pinkertons+to+the+PATRIOT+Act%3A+The+Trajectory+of+Political+Policing+in+the+United+States%2C+1870+to+the+Present&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9372&rft.jtitle=The+New+Centennial+Review&rft.issue=1&rft.btitle=From+the+Pinkertons+to+the+PATRIOT+Act%3A+The+Trajectory+of+Political+Policing+in+the+United+States%2C+1870+to+the+Present&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Ward&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fncr.2004.0016&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-10">^{</a></span}> 5

U.S. Code 3108; Public Law 89-554, 80 Stat. 416 (1966); ch. 208 (5th

par. under "Public Buildings"), 27 Stat. 591 (1893). The U.S. Court of

Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in U.S. ex rel. Weinberger v. Equifax, 557 F.2d 456 (5th Cir. 1977), cert. denied,

434 U.S. 1035 (1978), held that "The purpose of the Act and the

legislative history reveal that an organization was 'similar' to the

Pinkerton Detective Agency only if it offered for hire mercenary,

quasi-military forces as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a>

and armed guards. It had the secondary effect of deterring any other

organization from providing such services lest it be branded a 'similar

organization.'" 557 F.2d at 462; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/298370.htm">"GAO Decision B-298370; B-298490, Brian X. Scott (Aug. 18, 2006)."</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fdecisions%2Fbidpro%2F298370.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27GAO+Decision+B-298370%3B+B-298490%2C+Brian+X.+Scott%27%27+%28Aug.+18%2C+2006%29.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-11">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homicide.northwestern.edu/database/2565/?page=1">"White, J.J."</a>. Homicide in Chicago 1870-1930. Retrieved 2011-03-16.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=White%2C+J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomicide.northwestern.edu%2Fdatabase%2F2565%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Homicide+in+Chicago+1870-1930&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-12">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homicide.northwestern.edu/database/4831/?page=1">"Rassmuson, Hans"</a>. Homicide in Chicago 1870-1930. Retrieved 2011-03-16.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Rassmuson%2C+Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomicide.northwestern.edu%2Fdatabase%2F4831%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Homicide+in+Chicago+1870-1930&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-13">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homicide.northwestern.edu/database/6410/?page=1">"Miller, Frank"</a>. Homicide in Chicago 1870-1930. Retrieved 2011-03-16.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Miller%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomicide.northwestern.edu%2Fdatabase%2F6410%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Homicide+in+Chicago+1870-1930&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-14">^{</a></span}> ISBN B000RB43NM</li><li id="cite_note-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-15">^{</a></span}> Peter Carlson, Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, W.W. Norton & Company, 1983, page 90</li><li id="cite_note-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-16">^{</a></span}> Peter Carlson, Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, W.W. Norton & Company, 1983, page 140</li><li id="cite_note-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-17">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.odmp.org/officer/17114-deputy-sheriff-edwin-p.-daniels">http://www.odmp.org/officer/17114-deputy-sheriff-edwin-p.-daniels</a></li><li id="cite_note-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-18">^{</a></span}> Williams, David Ricardo (1998). Call in Pinkerton's: American Detectives at Work for Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-550023-06-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-550023-06-3">1-550023-06-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Toronto&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=David+Ricardo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.btitle=Call+in+Pinkerton%27s%3A+American+Detectives+at+Work+for+Canada&rft.isbn=1-550023-06-3&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+Ricardo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-19">^{</a></span}> Morn, Frank (1982). The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32086-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32086-0">0-253-32086-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Morn&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.btitle=The+Eye+That+Never+Sleeps%3A+A+History+of+the+Pinkerton+National+Detective+Agency&rft.isbn=0-253-32086-0&rft.au=Morn%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988"> p. 188-189</li><li id="cite_note-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_Government_Services#cite_ref-20">^{</a></span}> Morn, Frank (1982). The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32086-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32086-0">0-253-32086-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Morn&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.btitle=The+Eye+That+Never+Sleeps%3A+A+History+of+the+Pinkerton+National+Detective+Agency&rft.isbn=0-253-32086-0&rft.au=Morn%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988"> p. 192.</li></ol>

</div>

<h2> Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Distler, A. David (Oct 10, 2008). Anarchy in the Heartland-The Reno Gang Saga (A. Pinkerton & Sons direct involvement in 1868). Chagrin Falls, Ohio. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9705297-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9705297-1-8">978-0-9705297-1-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Distler&rft.aufirst=A.+David&rft.place=Chagrin+Falls%2C+Ohio&rft.btitle=Anarchy+in+the+Heartland-The+Reno+Gang+Saga+%28A.+Pinkerton+%26+Sons+direct+involvement+in+1868%29&rft.isbn=978-0-9705297-1-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.date=Oct+10%2C+2008&rft.au=Distler%2C+A.+David&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li>Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (Oct 1, 2003). Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence. Yale University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10159-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10159-7">0-300-10159-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Jeffreys-Jones&rft.aufirst=Rhodri&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Cloak+and+Dollar%3A+A+History+of+American+Secret+Intelligence&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-300-10159-7&rft.genre=book&rft.date=Oct+1%2C+2003&rft.au=Jeffreys-Jones%2C+Rhodri&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Friedman" title="Morris Friedman">Friedman, Morris</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6rQBAAAAYAAJ">The Pinkerton's Labor Spy</a>. New York: Wilshire Book Co. Retrieved 2009-07-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6rQBAAAAYAAJ&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Pinkerton%27s+Labor+Spy&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.pub=Wilshire+Book+Co.&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Morris&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Siringo" title="Charlie Siringo">Siringo, Charles A.</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=f-QTAAAAYAAJ">A Cowboy Detective: A True Story of Twenty-Two Years with a World-Famous Detective Agency</a>. Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company. Retrieved 2009-07-08.</li></ul>===talk page:<h2>Pinkerton Investigations?</h2>

Removed this from the Pinkerton page because I'm suspicious it has no

valid meaning: "Correction: Pinkerton Security is no longer; however,

Pinkerton Investigations lives on!!" (semicolon+comma mine) There is no

Wikipedia listing for "Pinkerton Investigations" and a Google search

turns up nothing separate from the Pinkerton Security discussed in the

body of the article. Anyone care to elaborate? -<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Aratuk" title="User:Aratuk">Aratuk</a> 21:07, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

<dl><dd>Securitas Security bought Pinkerton Security HOWEVER, the article

states the Pinkerton name has been retired. This is not true. I am an

employee of Pinkerton Consulting and Investigations, A Securitas

Company. The latter is what our business cards state. Pinkerton Security

services are now entirely Securitas. Ci-pinkerton.com is the

investigations website.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Specifically, Pinkerton was not begun as a ‘Security Guard’ agency

and the name has has not been retired. Check your facts ‘Aratuk’. From

the companies website:</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>In 2001 Pinkerton and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Burns_International_Detective_Agency" title="William J. Burns International Detective Agency">Burns International</a>

merged operations to become Securitas Security Services USA, Inc. the

largest security services provider in the world. This brought together

the two most renowned private investigative firms in the world.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Our History</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Pinkerton's history dates back to 1850 in Chicago, when Allan Pinkerton, the original "private eye", founded Pinkerton's National Detective Agency.

Pinkerton achieved national renown in 1861 when he uncovered and foiled

an assassination plot on the life of Abraham Lincoln. During the Civil

War, Pinkerton organized America’s first secret service. His

pursuits of Jesse James, the Younger, the Dalton gangs and his

longstanding pursuit of the Wild Bunch brought extraordinary visibility

to his agency.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Burns International also boasts a rich history. In 1909, William J.

Burns founded the William J. Burns Detective Agency with headquarters in

Chicago , Illinois . Burns was a man of integrity and served as a

national crime watchdog. During his career, he was labeled "the greatest

detective the U.S. has ever produced." In 1921, he was appointed the

director of the newly formed National Bureau of Fingerprint

investigation that later became the FBI.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>The Legacy Continues...</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Now operating as Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations, the

legacy of these two great men continues to this day with a force of

investigators and security specialists that retain the same

reputable dedication and commitment to protecting clients and their

assets worldwide.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Experience. Integrity. Trust.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Pinkerton's tradition of excellence continues with the experience

you can trust, and the integrity you can rely on as a respected leader

in the security consulting and investigation industry. Pinkerton offers

corporations comprehensive security services, a consultative approach to

identifying risks and the professional expertise to partner in

effective solutions. With offices located in North America, Central

America, South America, Europe, and Asia, you can depend on an

organization with a rich history and a dynamic future.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Our Parent Company Securitas Group has operations in more than 30

countries, primarily in Europe and North America. We are a world leader

in security, with annual sales of approximately $7 billion. Every day,

more than 200,000 employees work to carry out our mission of protecting

homes, work places, and community. We provide security services in close

cooperation with customers. To this end, business areas have been added

and the service content has been specialized and developed. Our

business areas are: Guard Services, Alarm Systems, and Cash Handling.

TOP—Preceding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:65.45.165.42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:65.45.165.42 (page does not exist)">65.45.165.42</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:65.45.165.42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:65.45.165.42 (page does not exist)">talk</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/65.45.165.42" title="Special:Contributions/65.45.165.42">contribs</a>)</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>well, it is obvious we need to watch out about those who have conflicting interests on this site.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Travb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Travb (page does not exist)">Travb</a> 00:35, 19 April 2006 (UTC)</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<h2> Shouldn't the article mention</h2>

<dl><dd>Shouldn't the article mention that this company was able to murder strikers with impunity for many years? —Preceding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:38.119.114.46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:38.119.114.46 (page does not exist)">38.119.114.46</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:38.119.114.46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:38.119.114.46 (page does not exist)">talk</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/38.119.114.46" title="Special:Contributions/38.119.114.46">contribs</a>)

<dl><dd>Not that there's anything wrong with that. They were trespassers; they deserved to die. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kmweber" title="User:Kmweber">Kurt Weber</a> 17:20, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

<dl><dd>Ah spoken like someone who wants to debate with people simply

because he is bored, but has no debating skills, and has absolutly no

understanding of the issues.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Travb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Travb (page does not exist)">Travb</a> 00:22, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

<dl><dd>Incorrect on all three counts. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kmweber" title="User:Kmweber">Kurt Weber</a> 21:45, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

<dl><dd>My apologies if I am wrong. Please read the Churchill account of the history of the Pinkertons, and let me know what you think.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Travb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Travb (page does not exist)">Travb</a> 23:26, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

<ul><li>Churchill, Ward (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/travbailey/index.html">"From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present"</a>. The New Centennial Review 4 (1): 1–72.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Ftravbailey%2Findex.html&rft.atitle=From+the+Pinkertons+to+the+PATRIOT+Act%3A+The+Trajectory+of+Political+Policing+in+the+United+States%2C+1870+to+the+Present&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9372&rft.jtitle=The+New+Centennial+Review&rft.issue=1&rft.btitle=From+the+Pinkertons+to+the+PATRIOT+Act%3A+The+Trajectory+of+Political+Policing+in+the+United+States%2C+1870+to+the+Present&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Ward&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Talk:Pinkerton Government Services" class="Z3988" /></li></ul>

</dd></dl>

</dd><dd>Yes, but not with such POV terms--read the excellent history of the

Pinkertons by Churchill (I added yesterday to the external links)

incorporate similar non-POV language to this article.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Travb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Travb (page does not exist)">Travb</a> 17:14, 16 February 2006 (UTC)</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

Shouldn't this group be identified as mercenaries. —Preceding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mjbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Mjbach (page does not exist)">Mjbach</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mjbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:Mjbach (page does not exist)">talk</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Mjbach" title="Special:Contributions/Mjbach">contribs</a>) 23:08, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

<div id="article-title" style="border-bottom-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;">From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present</div><div class="contrib" style=""><a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/results?section1=author&search1=Ward%20Churchill" style="text-decoration: none;">Ward Churchill</a></div><div class="designation" style="clear: both; border-top: 1px solid rgb(208, 199, 175); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(208, 199, 175); margin: 10px 0px; padding: 1px 0px;">From: <a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_centennial_review" style="text-decoration: none;">CR: The New Centennial Review</a> 
<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_centennial_review/toc/ncr4.1.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 2004</a> 
pp. 1-72 | 10.1353/ncr.2004.0016</div><div class="abstract" style="">In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:CR: The New Centennial Review 4.1 (2004) 1-72
<h2 style="font-weight: normal;">The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present</h2><h3 style="font-weight: normal;"><a style="">Ward Churchill</a></h3><div>University of Colorado</div></div>===In other news, Bloomberg is <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-26/wall-street-tracks-wolves-as-may-1-protests-loom.html">reporting</a> that banks have hired Securitas (Formerly Pinkerton) to run surveillance on occupy groups.

This is the same kind of tactic they use on Labor Unions. It's black

block tactics that allow Hired Thugs to disrupt our actions.

In the early days of Occupy, we were really succesful in getting

people to say "police are the 99%." This led to people chanting "We are

the 99 percent SO ARE YOU!" and "We're fighting for your pension!" at

the police. Some of them looked like they were going to cry.

That feeling is gone now, and it's thanks to thugs in the black block

that the police aren't marching with us. Their actions allowed thugs

like Anthony Bologna to divide the movement.

I don't think I even have to mention what Fox News is continuing to do with reports of Black Block violence.

Why would people support the Black Block?===

</div>

<h2> External links</h2>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci-pinkerton.com/">Pinkerton official site</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdrtalk.org/#Pinkertons">Radio Programme</a> with Professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Ward Churchill</a></li></ul>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1850_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1850 establishments in the United States">1850 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" title="Category:Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkerton National Detective Agency</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Private_detectives_and_investigators" title="Category:Private detectives and investigators">Private detectives and investigators</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mercenaries" title="Category:Mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li></ul><div>=</div><div>
</div><div>Meet the private security force the banksters have hired to oppress you, they're literally the same guys who used to beat up your great-grandparents when they began the American Labor movement over a century ago.</div><div>
</div><div>If you're not familiar with The Pinkertons, they were the Blackwater of the late 19th and early 20th century, an armed and often violent private security force for the Robber-Barons and industrialists of the Gilded Age used to keep striking workers in their place.</div><div>
</div><div>I shit you not, history repeats itself . . .</div><div>
</div><div>   After evictions and arrests from Manhattan’s Zuccotti Park to London that began last year, the movement against income inequality and corporate abuse will regain strength, said Brian McNary, director of global risk at Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations, a subsidiary of Sweden’s Securitas AB. (SECUB) He works with international financial firms to “identify, map and track” protesters across social media and at their assemblies, he said. The companies gather data “carefully and methodically” to prevent business disruptions.</div><div>bloomberg.com</div><div>
</div><div> Want some history on the Pinkertons? Here are the basics . . .</div><div>    Employers don't always accept a workers' strike calmly. They can try to fight back against the union, sometimes through lawsuits and legislation, sometimes with violent thugs. Some employers used companies that offered strikebreaking services, such as the Pinkerton Detective Agency. Former cooper Allan Pinkerton started the infamous agency in the mid-1800s [ref]. Although it usually engaged in standard crime-stopping detective work, they discovered there were profits to be made as strikebreakers. Many other companies were soon offering similar services, but strikebreakers were usually called Pinkertons.</div><div>     A strikebreaking crew was essentially an armed mob of mercenaries. They reported to the picket lines to escort scab workers into the business, or to intimidate the strikers. The crew also acted as guards to prevent strikers from damaging company property. In the 1800s and early 1900s, conflicts between striking workers and Pinkertons often grew bloody.</div><div>
</div><div>money.howstuffworks.com</div><div>
</div><div>Funny how 'crime-stopping private detective work" kind of sounds like impersonating a police officer when you say it that way . . .</div><div>"essentially an armed mob of mercenaries" this statement sums up the banksters, the GOP and the Pinkertons all in one.</div><div>
</div><div>More below the fold . . .</div><div>
</div><div>Last year’s anti-bank protests were “like a big forest fire that was suppressed and put out,” Chris Swecker, the former head of security at Bank of America, said in an interview. Firms are studying protesters because “there’s also the opportunity for spontaneous fires to spring back up again,” said Swecker, who runs a security-consulting firm in Charlotte, North Carolina.</div><div>Private-security teams in London have become an “incredible army” and “the eyes and ears of the city” thanks to a coordination program called Project Griffin, according to Rachel Briggs, policy director at the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue. The organization develops responses to security challenges.</div><div>
</div><div>bloomberg.com</div><div>
</div><div>    We could look back to the Battle of Homestead, which is not a bright moment in any sense in our nation's past . . .</div><div>     The Battle of Homestead is the most famous event in American labor history, and perhaps the most significant. Just after dawn on July 6, 1892, the battle erupted when locked-out steelworkers of the Carnegie Steel works at Homestead, together with citizens of the town, broke into the closed and fortified mill nick-named "Fort Frick" after CEO Henry Frick. On the bank of the Monongahela River, they confronted a private army of Pinkerton agents hired by Frick as they attempted to land and secure the mill. The battle was soon joined, and raged throughout the day with gunfire, burning oil, and cannon.</div><div>http://www.battleofhomesteadfoundation.org/</div><div>
</div><div> </div><div>
</div><div>    Big business is whining that it can't afford to pay taxes despite their record profits, but they can afford to hire Pinkerton's after they crashed the economy. An incredible army of privatized police defending Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, Bank of America and the rest of the Vampire Squid. This is what a police state looks like, same as the one our great-grandparents had to fight generations ago. There is a great depression going on below the plutonomy. It can not be ignored. A growing cross-generational poverty caused by stagnant wages, slashed social safety nets and mounting debts and soaring costs of living will simply not be tolerated by the public, nor should it. The banksters have destroyed the economy for the majority of Americans and expect us to bail them out and shoulder the entirety of the sacrifice. If you don't let us dream we won't let you sleep</div><div>=</div></div></div></div></div></div></nbridge></div>