exxon3bak
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zNAn_OTrncoFaDZRXvL8nAsp_V1sttFl4hN5E6KPiT4/edit?usp=sharing">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zNAn_OTrncoFaDZRXvL8nAsp_V1sttFl4hN5E6KPiT4/edit?usp=sharing</a></font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">main capt 8/16 margins</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">this is backup
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Just when the legal and legislative jousting over Exxon's climate record seemed to be bogging down in posturing and partisanship, the powerful Securities and Exchange Commission has stepped in with pointed questions about the oil giant's disclosures of the risks of global warming.</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The development, coming a year after a series of investigations were sparked by <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">reports by InsideClimate News</a> and other news organizations, is significant in at least three ways.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>First, the SEC's new involvement turns the Exxon investigations from a matter being pursued by a handful of state attorneys general into a federal case.</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Second, the action underscores that the issue goes far beyond mere uncertainties in climate science, or policy differences about addressing the mounting climate crisis, and involves significant financial risks to Exxon and its investors. </b>The SEC is not only interested in what Exxon's scientists knew, but what its accountants knew, too.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Third, and perhaps most significant, the SEC's involvement backs the Exxon questioners' contention that they are not merely on a partisan witch hunt, as Exxon's defenders have been trying to paint their investigations.</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All of the attorneys general known to be investigating Exxon are elected Democrats, and some of their Republican counterparts have come to Exxon's defense by challenging the state subpoenas. So have Republicans in Congress, including <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13072016/lamar-smith-exxon-climate-probes-subpoenas-state-ags-eric-schneiderman-maura-healey" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">those on the House Science Committee</a>, who charge that the AGs have been colluding with environmental advocates to infringe on the company's rights.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The SEC, on the other hand, is not just a dogged regulatory agency, but a scrupulously non-partisan one, independent of political influence by statute and design. It is focused on<b> enforcing transparency in the financial reports of publicly traded companies. And it is increasingly intent on making sure that climate risks are properly disclosed.</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"At the end of the day," Mary Jo White, the commission's chairwoman, <a href="https://www.sec.gov/News/Speech/Detail/Speech/1370539864016" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">said in a speech</a> shortly after President Obama selected her to lead the agency, "we make our decisions based on an impartial assessment of the law and the facts and what we believe will further our mission<span id="docs-internal-guid-110b6e0c-e176-cb12-74c4-91255007e906" style="box-sizing: inherit;">—</span>and never in response to political pressure, lobbying, or even public clamor." She pointed out that the commissioners include two Democrats, two Republicans, and herself<span id="docs-internal-guid-110b6e0c-e176-cb12-74c4-91255007e906" style="box-sizing: inherit;">—</span>an Independent.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Wall Street Journal first reported on Tuesday that the SEC has opened its probe of Exxon's accounting and risk disclosures.<b> The company's outside auditors, PriceWaterhouse, are also being questioned,</b> and the SEC has been receiving information provided by Exxon to New York's attorney general as well, the Journal reported.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-investigating-exxon-on-valuing-of-assets-accounting-practices-1474393593" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">The article</a>, which is based on unnamed sources, said that beyond the implications for Exxon, "the probe may also signal the opening of a new front of climate-related regulation and enforcement at the SEC, a direction with far-reaching consequences for the oil and gas industry."</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the Journal, the SEC "asked Exxon to produce information about its analysis of climate data and research, how it values assets and how a more serious global response to climate change would impact its business."</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The agency specifically asked what would happen to Exxon under a scenario envisioned by last year's Paris climate talks—if greenhouse gas emissions were reduced 80% by 2050," the Journal reported.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exxon's environmentalist opponents welcomed this news.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"This investigation is a welcome opportunity for transparency from the fossil fuel industry," said Annie Leonard, Greenpeace's executive director. "We know Exxon has published projections showing that demand for oil and natural gas will continue growing for decades to come<span id="docs-internal-guid-110b6e0c-e176-cb12-74c4-91255007e906" style="box-sizing: inherit;">—</span>projections which are flatly incompatible with limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius, as called for by the Paris climate accords. What we don't know is how Exxon's balance sheet would change if the world meets the climate challenge.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Exxon's current market valuation is partly based on its proven reserves<span id="docs-internal-guid-110b6e0c-e176-cb12-74c4-91255007e906" style="box-sizing: inherit;">—</span>a giant bank of already discovered oil and gas deposits that it plans to someday exploit and sell. But in a world where we successfully tackle climate change, many of those assets would be left in the ground. Investors have a right to understand how Exxon's profitability and value are threatened by common sense policies to address climate change, and the SEC seems to agree."</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In this regard, the SEC investigation tracks closely with the direction of investigations of the state attorneys general, <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05112015/new-york-attorney-general-eric-schneiderman-subpoena-Exxon-climate-documents" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">led by New York's Eric Schneiderman</a>.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schneiderman <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/20/science/exxon-mobil-fraud-inquiry-said-to-focus-more-on-future-than-past.html?r=0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">recently told The New York Times</a> that he was just as interested in how Exxon describes the future markets for fossil fuels under restrictions of global carbon dioxide emissions as he is in how early Exxon recognized the existential threat to its business model posed by climate change.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Journal <a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/exxons-accounting-practices-are-investigated-1474018381" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none;">had also reported</a> that one key element of Schneiderman's investigation was to question how Exxon was accounting for its fossil fuel reserves at a time when oil prices have been depressed.</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Massachusetts attorney general, Maura Healey, meanwhile, had<a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09082016/massachusetts-ag-maura-healey-criticizes-exxon-continuing-climate-deceit" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none;">declared in a court filing</a> that Exxon "may have failed to disclose fully its knowledge of the threats posed by climate change to its businesses and that Exxon continues to make apparently misleading and deceptive statements to investors."</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30032016/climate-change-fraud-investigation-exxon-eric-shneiderman-18-attorneys-general" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">attorneys general joined forces to investigate Exxon</a> in the wake of<a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18042016/insideclimate-news-pulitzer-prize-finalist-exxon-investigation" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">reporting by InsideClimate News</a>, the Los Angeles Times and others that described Exxon's early climate science research four decades ago, and its subsequent efforts to muddy the scientific consensus and stave off climate action.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15092015/Exxons-own-research-confirmed-fossil-fuels-role-in-global-warming" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">first of several news articles</a> published beginning last September, ICN noted that Exxon had been "cautious about what they told Exxon's shareholders about global warming," as the problem came to light in the 1970s and 1980s, a time when the company began to conduct ambitious research into the problem.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schneiderman wants to know whether Exxon's lack of climate risk disclosure amounts to fraud under New York's expansive securities and consumer protection laws.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The passage of time has put limits on holding Exxon accountable for statements made decades ago, but it has also added pressure on the company and other fossil fuel firms to be more forthcoming now that global warming is so much better understood.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ten or 15 years ago, it might have been plausible not to disclose the risks a company would face if the world took steps to back away from fossil fuels and their heat-trapping emissions. But since then, investors and advocates have pressed the SEC to toughen its disclosure standards. It did so with new guidance issued in 2010, and the calls for more transparency have only mounted since then, particularly following the emissions reduction pledges the U.S. and other countries committed to in the Paris climate accord last year.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are several kinds of risks that companies should consider disclosing, according to the SEC. One is the direct damage they may face from climate change, such as flooded oil terminals and the like. Another is costly regulations that they see coming down the pike, such as requirements to control emissions from refineries. A third might be the risk of possible penalties that tobacco-style litigation would impose for damages suffered by others.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But ultimately, the most important risk of all to a fossil fuel giant like Exxon is the risk that its main product, petroleum, will go the way of whale oil, leaving the company's assets stranded.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is known as strategic risk. And while it may be incalculable, authorities seem to be suggesting that to protect investors it should not be hushed up.</font></p></div></div></div></div><div class="tagged-with" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><label style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; line-height: 1.2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21092016/exxon-sec-questions-financial-risks-climate-change-eric-schneiderman-ny</span></font></label></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wrote playbook</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A <span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">recent analysis of more than 100 industry documents conducted by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), a Washington, D.C.-based advocacy group, has revealed that the oil industry knew of the risks its business posed to the global climate decades before originally suspected.</span></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It has also long been assumed that, in its efforts to deceive investors and the public about the negative impact its business has on the environment, Big Oil borrowed Big Tobacco’s so-called tactical “playbook.” But these documents indicate that infamous playbook appears to have actually originated within the oil industry itself.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If that is true, it would be highly significant—and damning for Big Oil—because the tactics used by the tobacco industry to downplay the connection between smoking and cancer were eventually deemed to have violated federal racketeering laws by a federal court. The ruling dashed efforts by Big Tobacco to find legal cover under the First Amendment, which just happens to be the same strategy that ExxonMobil and its GOP allies are currently using to defend the company against allegations of fraud. If the playbook was in fact created by the oil and gas industry and then later used by ExxonMobil, it ruins the company’s argument of plausible deniability, making it highly likely that the company violated federal law.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This latest development is a major blow to Big Oil, which has been trying to rebuff comparisons to the tobacco industry. It also comes as a group of state attorneys general are pursuing an <a href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/historic-coalition-building-investigate-exxons-alleged-climate-fraud" style="text-decoration: none;">investigation</a> into possible fraud committed by ExxonMobil. The probe, which could ultimately extend to include other oil and gas companies, was launched in November by New York State Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, who has since been joined by 16 other state AGs in a historic national coalition seeking to find out if America’s largest oil company intentionally hid critical climate-related information about their future business from investors and the public.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmentalists and corporate accountability advocates have cheered the investigation, contending that ExxonMobil has engaged in a decades-long campaign of climate denial and deception, ultimately delaying action on climate change and putting the planet at risk.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We began with three simple, related questions,” says Carroll Muffett, president of CIEL, about the recently analyzed documents, which are housed at the tobacco industry document <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Tobacco_Industry_Documents" style="text-decoration: none;">archive</a> at the University of California, San Francisco medical center. “What did they know? When did they know it? And what did they do about it? What we found is that they knew a great deal, and <a href="http://www.ciel.org/news/smoke-and-fumes/" style="text-decoration: none;">they knew it much earlier</a> and with greater certainty than anyone has recognized or that the industry has admitted.”</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sowing seeds of doubt about climate science</font></strong></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Big Oil created the <a href="http://www.ciel.org/news/oil-tobacco-denial-playbook/" style="text-decoration: none;">organized apparatus of doubt</a>,” Muffett said. “It used the same playbook of misinformation, obfuscation and research laundered through front groups to attack science and sow uncertainty on lead, on smog, and in the early debates on climate change. Big Tobacco used and refined that playbook for decades in its fight to keep us smoking—just as Big Oil is using it now, again, to keep us burning fossil fuels.” To wit: Exxon’s own Corporate Citizenship Report from last year <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/07/11/3797114/exxon-climate-misinformation-donations/" style="text-decoration: none;">revealed</a> that the company is still funding climate denial groups.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The documents suggest that the tactics in question were developed by the Smoke and Fumes Committee, a group launched 70 years ago by the American Petroleum Institute, the national trade association that represents the U.S. fossil fuel industry, to study oil industry pollution and present its own spin to the public. If that is the case, it appears those same tactics were likely co-opted by the tobacco industry, which was later found guilty of committing fraud following a racketeering lawsuit filed in 1999 by the Department of Justice. The documents reveals that the deceptive actions taken by the oil industry so many decades ago prevented the possibility of early action on climate change—action that may have prevented potentially millions of climate-related deaths across the globe.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking is responsible for more than <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/" style="text-decoration: none;">480,000 deaths</a> per year in the United States alone. The World Health Organization estimates that around <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/" style="text-decoration: none;">6 million people</a> worldwide die from tobacco-related illnesses. Between 2030 and 2050, WHO estimates that climate change will cause approximately <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/" style="text-decoration: none;">250,000 deaths</a> per year, from heat stress, malnutrition, malaria and diarrhea. That number does not include the deaths caused by climate-related natural disasters, which have more than tripled since the 1960s, resulting in over 60,000 deaths each year, mainly in developing countries.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Neva Rockefeller Goodwin, co-director of the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University is also the great-granddaughter of John D. Rockefeller Sr., founder of the American oil giant Standard Oil Company, out of which ExxonMobil was born. Earlier this year, Goodwin decided to divest her shares of ExxonMobil stock and use the proceeds to fight climate change and climate denial. In an <a href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/why-rockefeller-divested-exxonmobil" style="text-decoration: none;">interview with AlterNet</a>, she contrasted the impact of tobacco and fossil fuel:</font></p><blockquote style="line-height: 25px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the large picture ... tobacco and fossil fuel emissions are quite different. Tobacco kills people one by one. Climate change will increasingly cause events like hurricanes that will destroy large swathes of property, kill numbers of people, make many homeless. While it can be argued that smoking tobacco is a matter of individual choice, the production and use of fossil fuels is more obviously a social issue. In the long run, producers of fossil fuels will have to lose. The only question is how much the people and ecologies of the world will lose before our economies cease to make the situation worse.</font></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.N.: Climate change is "irreversible"</font></strong></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While the climate situation can certainly become worse, the actions of ExxonMobil and Big Oil have helped to put the planet on what many scientists are now saying is an unstoppable path. In 2014, the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change offered a grim assessment: “Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of <a href="http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/" style="text-decoration: none;">severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts</a>.” That has left environmentalists not only angry at the oil industry, but also wondering how the narrative might have been different had the industry been honest and open about its early findings.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It’s increasingly clear that the fossil fuel industry knew a lot more about the causes of climate change—and its effects—much earlier than anyone else," said Annie Leonard, the executive director of Greenpeace USA, about CIEL’s findings. "It pains me to think how much better shape the planet and vulnerable communities could be in if the fossil fuel industry had taken positive action based on this knowledge instead of trying to profit from it."</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Climate activist Bill McKibben, the founder of 350.org, has been a long-time critic of the oil and gas industry. “The ongoing revelations about the depth of oil industry research into—and obfuscation of—the greatest crisis humans have ever faced are hard to read; thanks to them, we wasted vital time,” he said in a press statement.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In a CIEL </span><a href="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162411486" style="text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">video</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Muffett explains how “the world's most powerful industry used science, communications and consumer psychology to shape the public debate over climate change,” noting “it begins earlier, decades earlier than anyone recognized.” </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He points out that in 1968, API commissioned a report titled "<a href="https://www.smokeandfumes.org/documents/document16" style="text-decoration: none;">Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants</a>,” which revealed rising levels of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuel, in the atmosphere.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The report’s authors, Elmer Robinson and R.C. Robbins of the<b> Stanford Research Institute,</b> warned of significant climate risks posed by the continued use of fossil fuel. "If the earth's temperature increases significantly, a number of events might be expected to occur including the melting of the Antarctic ice cap, a rise in sea levels, warming of the oceans, and an increase in photosynthesis," they wrote, adding, “there seems to be no doubt that the potential damage to our environment could be severe."</span></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notably, Muffett said, is the fact that the report's authors "recognized that the most important remaining uncertainties were technological: How would we respond and how would we modify our technology to reduce emissions?" Now, nearly half a century later, the question becomes: Why did the oil industry hide this information from the public? Of course, we know the answer to that question: Profits. Instead of responding responsibly to the dire warnings that came with this information by moving the nation’s energy portfolio and infrastructure to a low-carbon future, the oil industry kept on drilling, kept businesses and consumers burning their primary retail products, which continued to pollute the environment and damage the Earth’s climate.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Seventy years of denial and deception</font></strong></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The question for Schneiderman and his fellow state attorneys general is, did ExxonMobil, and possibly other oil companies, intentionally mislead investors, consumer and the public, hiding the damning scientific evidence that their own industry paid to discover? With CIEL’s analysis of industry documents, it appears that Big Oil may be even guiltier than originally suspected, as the group traced the origins of the 1968 API report to a meeting of oil and gas industry executives in Los Angeles more than two decades earlier, in 1946.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That was the year API established the <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tobacco-and-oil-industries-used-same-researchers-to-sway-public1/" style="text-decoration: none;">Smoke and Fumes Committee</a>. "Faced with growing public concern about air pollution,” Muffett said, “the industry embarked on what would become a well-funded, carefully coordinated, multi-decade enterprise of funding scientific research and using that research to promote public skepticism of environmental regulations the industry considered hasty, costly and potentially unnecessary.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the tactics used by the oil industry was to delay any climate action that might harm its business by sowing seeds of doubt. “The worst thing that can happen, in many instances, is the hasty passage of a law or laws for the control of a given air pollution situation,” wrote Vance Jenkins, executive secretary of the Smoke and Fumes Committee, in a 1954 trade journal <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/documents/%20Jenkins%20Air%20Pollution%20Paper%20(1954).pdf" style="text-decoration: none;">article</a> about smog pollution.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The ties between the oil and tobacco industries run deep. In the 1950s, Monroe J. Rathbone, the president and director of Standard Oil, sat on American Cancer Society's committee on smoking and public policy. In 1968, Esso Research and Engineering Co., an affiliate of Standard Oil, filed a <a href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3595245.html" style="text-decoration: none;">patent claim</a> for a new type of cigarette filter, made out of polypropylene, a thermoplastic polymer that was first synthesized by Phillips Petroleum, an American Oil Company. In 1979, R.G Baker, the chair of British American Tobacco, the second largest tobacco company in the world, also sat on the board of Exxon, the world's biggest publicly traded oil company. In the 1970s, R.J. Reynolds, America's second-largest tobacco company, <a href="http://ncpedia.org/r-j-reynolds-tobacco-company" style="text-decoration: none;">diversified into the energy business</a>, acquiring American Independent Oil Company, Burmah Oil and Gas Company and Burmah Oil Development, Inc.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a CIEL <a href="https://www.smokeandfumes.org/smoke" style="text-decoration: none;">video</a>, Muffett explains the key events that reveal the oil industry didn’t just borrow the tobacco industry’s playbook, but was actually behind behind it all along:</font></p><blockquote style="line-height: 25px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As evidence mounts of the oil industry's decades-long campaign of climate deception and denial, Exxon and its allies assure us that oil is not the new tobacco. The 14 million documents at the <a href="http://www.tobaccoarchives.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Tobacco Archives</a> prove Exxon right: Oil is not the new tobacco. But six decades ago, tobacco was the new oil. In December 1953, tobacco executives met in a New York hotel room to hatch a plan to confront the rising tide of science linking smoking with cancer. To help craft that plan, tobacco turned to PR firm Hill and Knowlton. Hill and Knowlton, in turn, drew on its long expertise supporting the oil industry. Richard Darrow, the principal architect of tobacco's strategy, also represented Hill and Knowlton's biggest oil company clients.</font></p></blockquote><blockquote style="line-height: 25px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the years that followed, the tobacco conspirators looked repeatedly to oil industry campaigns on smog, lead and other air pollutants for models, for resources and for people. They turned to Stanford Research Institute, a key player in the oil industry's “Smoke and Fumes” effort to develop a suitcase-sized testing kit that would sample smoke without attracting attention. They turned to Truesdail Laboratories, which in 1958 was doing the earliest documented climate research for the American Petroleum Institute, and to a former Standard Oil executive who recommended an array of scientists for the tobacco industry's scientific advisory board, nearly all with proven links to the oil industry and many of whom would go on to work for tobacco.</font></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Suffice it to say, CIEL’s analysis has uncovered the deep and complex relationship between the oil and tobacco industries that goes back many decades, and continues to this day. From advertising campaigns and marketing tactics to PR firms and scientists, the two industries have shared a wealth of information, strategies and human resources. The relationship was formed on mutual dependence, which consistently placed profits above public and environmental health. As Muffett points out, "For Big Tobacco, gas stations were vital retail outlets. For Big Oil, cigarettes were their biggest retail product after gasoline."</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“These documents are the tip of an evidentiary iceberg that demands further investigation,” said Muffett. “Oil companies had an early opportunity to acknowledge <a href="http://www.ciel.org/news/smoke-and-fumes/" style="text-decoration: none;">climate science</a> and climate risks, and to enable consumers to make informed choices. They chose a different path. The public deserves to know why.”</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The investigation continues</font></strong></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ExxonMobil and its allies on Capitol Hill—a coterie of GOP legislators who have received political contributions from the oil industry—have attempted to stop the AGs' fraud probe by claiming the investigation is a violation of the company's First Amendment rights.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In June, ExxonMobil filed a complaint in federal district court in Fort Worth, Texas, against Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey, who had subpoenaed the company under consumer and securities fraud statutes, in an effort to secure company records going back 40 years. In its <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2861634-Exxon-Fights-MASS-Investigation.html" style="text-decoration: none;">lawsuit</a>, which is seeking an injunction to stop Healey's probe, ExxonMobil said Healey's investigation is "nothing more than a weak pretext for an unlawful exercise of government power to further political objectives," adding that the attorney general is "abusing the power of government [and] … has deprived and will continue to deprive ExxonMobil of its rights under the United States Constitution.”</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Unfortunately for ExxonMobil, the First Amendment claim has already been discredited. In <a href="http://publichealthlawcenter.org/topics/tobacco-control/tobacco-control-litigation/united-states-v-philip-morris-doj-lawsuit" style="text-decoration: none;">United States vs Philip Morris Inc.</a>, a federal appeals court found that the First Amendment does not protect fraudulent statements. Likewise, Healey’s office has dismissed ExxonMobil’s claims.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"For many months, ExxonMobil has engaged in an unprecedented effort to limit the ability of state attorneys general to investigate fraud and unfair business practices," said Cyndi Roy Gonzalez, Healey's communications director.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Our investigation is based not on speculation but on inconsistencies about climate change in Exxon documents which have been made public," Gonzalez said, and echoing the tobacco lawsuit, added that "the First Amendment does not protect false and misleading statements in the marketplace. Exxon's assertion that we cannot investigate it because the company has not engaged in business here in Massachusetts is <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16062016/exxon-sues-massachusetts-attorney-general-climate-change-fraud-investigation" style="text-decoration: none;">completely preposterous</a>."</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, a similar battle between ExxonMobil and U.S. Virgin Islands Attorney General Claude Walker ended in a <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06072016/virgin-islands-exxon-agree-climate-probe-subpoena-claude-walker-schneiderman-healey" style="text-decoration: none;">ceasefire</a>, as Walker agreed to withdraw a similar subpoena in exchange for ExxonMobil’s withdrawal of its lawsuit against him. Walker’s withdrawal hasn’t been viewed as a setback for the ongoing probe, as legal experts <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06072016/virgin-islands-exxon-agree-climate-probe-subpoena-claude-walker-schneiderman-healey" style="text-decoration: none;">contend</a> that the primary battlefields will be Massachusetts and New York. So far, Exxon is cooperating with New York's investigation and has already relinquished more than <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06072016/virgin-islands-exxon-agree-climate-probe-subpoena-claude-walker-schneiderman-healey" style="text-decoration: none;">700,000 pages of documents</a> to Schneiderman's office.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But 100 or so recently analyzed documents may reveal the true origin of Big Tobacco's infamous playbook.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Watch CIEL’s “Smoke and Fumes” videos</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div></div>