natsios USAID
Twenty-first century
In May 2001, Natsios was sworn in as the administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). While serving as administrator, he also served as special humanitarian assistance coordinator for Sudan and coordinator for international disaster assistance.
Natsios articulated his approach to foreign aid in an article he wrote during his time as administrator, entitled "The Nine Principles of Reconstruction and Development." These principles, he wrote, "distill fundamental lessons" and "bring greater clarity to the operative principles that inform the mission of USAID."[12] The nine principles are ownership (build on local leadership and commitment); capacity building (strengthen local institutions and transfer technical skills); sustainability; selectivity (allocate resources based on need, local commitment, and foreign policy interests); assessment (conduct research and adapt best practices for local conditions); results (have clearly defined, measurable, and strategically focused objectives); partnership; flexibility; and accountability.
Early in his term as administrator, Natsios set up the Office of Conflict Mitigation and Management, and directed that conflict provisions be added to country strategies. This was crucial, given that sixty percent of the countries with USAID mission had been involved in civil wars or major conflicts in the preceding five years.[13] In addition, Natsios led the creation of USAID's Fragile State Strategy, which, as he stated in its introduction, directed USAID "to focus our efforts on those countries where will be able to have the greatest impact."[14]
The Office of Military Affairs, now the Office of Office of Civilian-Military Cooperation, was also created during his term as administrator, to serve as the primary point of contact with the Department of Defense and allow for personnel exchange and policy development.[15]
Natsios also worked to advance USAID's commitment to inclusive development by passing a policy directive that mandated that requests for funding explain how they will instead work to ensure that people with disabilities are included and not discriminated against. Another policy directive also required that all USAID-funded new construction and major renovations be accessible for people with disabilities. A Disability Coordinator position and an External Advisory Committee were also both created during his term.[16]
Under Natsios, the agency initiated a relief program in Darfur in September 2003, nearly half a year before any action began at the U.N.[17] Sam Brownback, then Senator from Kansas, credits Natsios as the person "who hit the button on Darfur."[18] In order to show the scale of the Janjawiid militia damage, Natsios ordered before and after satellite photos taken of villages in Darfur. He also commissioned a report on the expected death rates in Darfur, should the humanitarian response be insufficient or delayed. His warnings led to President Bush's use of political pressure on to Sudanese leader to try to stop the violence, as well as billions of dollars of aid being sent to Sudan.[19]
His position on funding for antiretrovirals in Sub-Saharan Africa remains an enduring part of his career at USAID and was emblematic of the position of the US government of the time. In a statement prepared for the House Foreign Affairs Committee in June 2001, he responded to a proposal for an increase in antiretroviral funding as suggested by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan:
If we had [antiretrovirals] today we could not distribute them. We could not administer the program because we do not have the doctors, we do not have the roads, we do not have the cold chain. This sounds small and some people, if you have traveled to rural Africa you know this, this is not a criticism, just a different world. People do not know what watches and clocks are. They do not use Western means for telling time.[20]
In an interview with the Fletcher Forum of World Affairs in 2003, he discussed how his thinking had changed, partly due to the impact of public pressure. "We are trying [a retroviral program in Ghana], and if it works, we are going to extend it. Anything we can do to reduce the spread of the disease, and keep people alive, we are going to do.[21]
As administrator, Natsios oversaw the creation and implementation of the first Global Development Alliances (GDAs)—partnerships between USAID and the private sector. In the first fifteen years of operation, more than 1,500 GDAs—involving over 3,500 partner organizations and valued at more than $20 billion – were created.[22] Natsios also helped launch major presidential initiatives, including PEPFAR and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI).
After visiting a project site of a USAID designed and funded program, but seeing no mention of USAID, Natsios reported that he was motivated to start a branding campaign, and ensure that credit was being appropriately given. The USAID logo was put on USAID-funded projects, and a media campaign was also implemented, increasing America's approval rating in foreign countries.[23] Natsios also oversaw the redesign of the USAID logo, which was updated to include the tagline "From the American People" so as to emphasize the contributions of the American taxpayer.[24]
Natsios advocated for changes to the United States' food aid system that would allow food to be purchased locally. This would be cheaper—and faster—than shipping in American-grown grain. Speaking at a food aid conference in Kansas City in 2005, he said "The fact that U.S. farmers and shippers are able to benefit from Food for Peace program is an important but secondary benefit. The primary objective is to save lives." Pressures from agricultural groups, shipping companies and humanitarian groups involved in distributing food aid prevented the reforms from passing.[25]
He resigned from USAID on January 14, 2006.[26] Shortly after, President Bush appointed him special envoy for Darfur.[27] As special envoy, Natsios played a key role in managing relations between the United States and Sudan, including about implementing the North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement, and helping humanitarian aid reach those in need. He retired as special envoy in 2007 when Rich Williamson was appointed as the new special envoy to Sudan.[28]
In an April 2003 interview with Ted Koppel, Natsios suggested that the total cost of rebuilding Iraq would not exceed $1.7 billion to U.S. taxpayers.[29] Actual figures have proven to be considerably higher.[30]
From 2006 to 2012, Natsios taught as a Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and served as an Advisor on International Development at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service.
Natsios teaches courses on international development and famine theory at Texas A&M's George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service[31] and serves as the director of the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs.
Natsios was a Jennings Randolph Senior Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace from 1998 to 1999 and a Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute from 2008 to 2018.