force multipier

=<div>military speaks of climate disruption as a FM? i thought it had to do with bad synergy/cascade effects: more wars to fight with degraded ability to do it?
<div>=</div><div>
</div><div>icn</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19112018/military-readiness-climate-change-risk-hurricane-heat-sea-level-rise-dangers-without-borders">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19112018/military-readiness-climate-change-risk-hurricane-heat-sea-level-rise-dangers-without-borders</a></div><div>
</div><div>...Even as climate change starts to threaten military bases and infrastructure, it simultaneously worsens tensions abroad that could draw in American forces. National security officials have described global warming as a threat multiplier—the extra stress from a drought or typhoon that could push an already weak foreign land into chaos and send gusts of mass migration or terrorism through regions and even continents.</div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px 138.594px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
In a <a href="https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/15_07_24-dod_gcc_congressional-report-on-national-security-implications-of-climate-change.pdf" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">2015 report to Congress</a>, the Pentagon pointed to the Syrian civil war as an example of how climate change can aggravate the fragility of a nation already riddled with tensions and poor governance. At the time of the Arab Spring in 2010, Syria was already under great stress. The authoritarian regime of Bashar al-Assad was unpopular, and an influx of more than one million Iraqi refugees strained basic services."When I look at climate change, it's in the category of sources of conflict around the world and things we have to respond to," Gen. Joe Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKvpHtLs7sY&feature=youtu.be" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;"> said during a talk at Duke University</a> in November. "In fact, I can't think of a year since I've been on active duty that we haven't conducted at least one operation in the Pacific along those lines due to extreme weather in the Pacific. And then, when you look at source of conflict—shortages of water, and those kind of things—those are all sources of conflict."<p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px 138.594px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">...<div>=</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication</a></div><div>
</div><div>In  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">military science</a>, force multiplication or a force multiplier refers to a factor or a combination of factors that gives personnel or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">weapons</a> (or other hardware) the ability to accomplish greater things than without it. The expected size increase required to have the same effectiveness without that advantage is the multiplication factor. For example, if a certain technology like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">GPS</a> enables a force to accomplish the same results of a force five times as large but without GPS, then the multiplier is five. Such estimates are used to justify an investment cost for force multipliers.</div>Before the era of modern electronic communications, the Mongols used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming(military)" title="Swarming (military)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">swarming tactics</a> coordinated by effective <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">military communications</a> using flags, horns, and couriers.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] In the Middle Ages, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer%27s_stake" title="Archer's stake" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">archer's stakes</a> were driven into the ground for protection from mounted men-at-arms.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] This is an example of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">combined arms</a>", another ancient method of force multiplication.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Types" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Types</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Doctrinal_changes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Doctrinal changes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Psychology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Psychology</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Technology</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Tankers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Tankers</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Bombers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2Bombers</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Fighter_combat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.3Fighter combat</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Creating_local_forces" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Creating local forces</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#Deception" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Deception</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8References</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Types[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Some common force multipliers are:<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale" title="Morale" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morale</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility(military)" title="Mobility (military)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mobility</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fearsome <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">reputation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Technology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advantage_of_terrain" title="Advantage of terrain" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Geographical features</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Weather</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Recruitment</a> through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">diplomacy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Training</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">experience</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Military strategy</a>, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fabian strategy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Military tactics</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">force concentration</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (military)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Intelligence</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Deception</a></li></ul></dd></dl>Some factors may influence one another, e.g. enhanced technology improving morale or geographical features allowing deception.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Doctrinal changes</h2>In the First World War, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tactics", where a small group of highly trained soldiers (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper" title="Stormtrooper" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">stormtroopers</a>) would open a salient through which much larger forces could penetrate. This met with only limited success, breaking through the first lines of defence but lacking the staying power to break the opposing forces entirely while the 1939 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blitzkrieg</a>, which broke through with coordinated mechanized ground forces with aircraft in close support, was vastly more effective.Towards the end of World War II, the German army introduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">kampfgruppe</a> combat formations that were composed of whatever units happened to be available. Though poor quality ones generally constituted the major part of them, they often performed successfully because of their high degree of flexibility and adaptability. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission-type_tactics" title="Mission-type tactics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mission-type tactics</a>, as opposed to extremely specific directives that give no discretion to the junior commander, are widely used by modern militaries now due to their force multiplication. Originating from German concepts of Auftragstaktik, these tactics may be developing even more rapidly in the concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">network-centric warfare</a> (NCW) where subordinate commanders receive information not only from their own commanders, but from adjacent units.A different paradigm was one of the results of the theories of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd(military_strategist)" title="John Boyd (military strategist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Boyd</a>, the "high-low mix" in which a large number of less expensive aircraft, coupled with a small number of extremely capable "silver bullet" aircraft, had the effect of a much larger force. Boyd's concept of quick action is based on the repeated application of the "Boyd loop", consisting of the steps<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Observe: make use of the best sensors and other intelligence available</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Orient: put the new observations into a context with the old</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Decide: select the next action based on the combined observation and local knowledge</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Act: carry out the selected action, ideally while the opponent is still observing your last action.</li></ul></dd></dl>Boyd's concept is also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="OODA Loop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">OODA Loop</a>, and is a description of the decision-making process that Boyd contended applies to business, sports, law enforcement and military operations. Boyd's doctrine is widely taught in the American military, and one of the aims of network centric warfare is to "get inside his OODA loop"—that is, to go from observation to action before the enemy can get past orientation, preventing him from ever being able to make an effective decision or put it into action. Small unit leadership is critical to this, and NCW's ability to disseminate information to small unit leaders enables such tactics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Network-centric warfare</a> can provide additional information and can help prevent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">friendly fire</a>, but also allows "swarm tactics"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> and the seizing of opportunities by subordinate forces. These are a realization of Boyd's theories. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#CITEREFRand-Edwards-2000pg.2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rand-Edwards-2000 & pg. 2</a>) defines " "a swarming case is any historical example in which the scheme of maneuver involves the convergent attack of five (or more) semiautonomous (or autonomous) units on a targeted force in some particular place. "Convergent" implies an attack from most of the points on the compass."Another version of "swarming" is evident in air-to-ground attack formations in which the attack aircraft do not approach from one direction, at one time, or at the same altitude, but schedule the attacks so each one requires a Boyd-style OODA iteration to deal with a new threat.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">page needed</a>] Replacement training units (RTU) were "finishing schools" for pilots that needed to know not just the school solution, but the actual tactics being used in Vietnam. Referring to close air support, "In the RTU, new pilots learned the rules of the road for working with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_air_control" title="Forward air control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Forward air controller</a> (FAC). The hardest part was finding the small aircraft as it circled over the target area. The fast-moving fighters used directional finding/steering equipment to get close enough to the slow, low FAC until someone in the flight could get an eyeball on him—a tally-ho. Once the FAC was in sight, he would give the fighters a target briefing—type of target, elevation, attack heading, location of friendlies, enemy defensive fire, best egress heading if hit by enemy fire, and other pertinent data. Usually the fighters would set up a circle, called a wheel or "wagon wheel", over the FAC, and wait for him to mark the target. Once the target was marked, the flight leader would attack first.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Psychology[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Napoleon</a> is well known for his comment "The moral is to the physical as three to one."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Former United States <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secretary of State</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colin Powell</a> has said: "Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale" title="Morale" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morale</a>, training, and ethos have long been known to result in disproportionate effects on the battlefield.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Psychological warfare</a> can target the morale, politics, and values of enemy soldiers and their supporters to effectively neutralize them in a conflict.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Technology[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ranged weapons</a> that hit their target can be far more effective than those that miss. That is why <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rifled muskets</a> for infantry and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rangefinders</a> for artillery became commonplace in the 19th century.Two new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of World War I" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">weapons of World War I</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">barbed wire</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">machine gun</a>, multiplied defensive forces, leading to the stalemate of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trench warfare</a>.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Tankers[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tankers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Airborne tanker aircraft, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boeing</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">KC-135</a> are a very significant force multiplier. They can carry fuel so bomber and fighter aircraft can take off loaded with extra weapons instead of full fuel tanks. The tankers also increase the range and time loitering within or near the target areas by off-loading fuel when it is needed. Tankers can also be used to rapidly deploy fighters, bombers, SIGNET, Airborne Command Post, and cargo aircraft from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a> to the areas where they are needed. The force multiplier of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135R" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135R" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">KC-135R</a> can be anywhere from 1.5 to as much as 6 when used near the target area.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Bombers[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bombers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>At one extreme, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">stealth aircraft</a> like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">strategic bomber</a> can attack a target without needing the large numbers of escort <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fighter aircraft</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">electronic-warfare aircraft</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defenses" title="Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses</a>, and other supporting aircraft that would be needed were conventional bombers used against the same target.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Precision-guided munitions</a> (PGM) give an immense multiplication. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_Hoa_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoa Bridge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thanh Hoa Bridge</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">North Vietnam</a> had been only mildly damaged by approximately 800 sorties by aircraft armed with conventional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unguided_bomb" title="Unguided bomb" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Unguided bombs</a>, but had one of its spans destroyed by a 12-plane mission, of which 8 carried <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">laser-guided bombs</a>. Two small subsequent missions, again with laser-guided bombs, completed the destruction of this target. Precision guided munitions are one example of what has been called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_in_Military_Affairs" title="Revolution in Military Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Revolution in Military Affairs</a>. In World War II, British night bombers could hit, at best, an area of a city.Modern PGMs commonly put a bomb within 3–10 meters of its target (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Circular error probable</a>), and most carry an explosive charge significant enough that this uncertainty is effectively voided. See the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_reconnaissance#Ground-aided_precision_strike:_initial_experience" title="Special reconnaissance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">use of heavy bombers in direct support of friendly troops</a> in Afghanistan, using the technique of Ground-Aided Precision Strike.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Fighter combat[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fighter combat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fighter aircraft</a> coordinated by an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">AWACS</a> control aircraft, so that they can approach targets without being revealed by their own radar, and who are assigned to take specific targets so that duplication is avoided, are far more effective than an equivalent number of fighters dependent on their own resources for target acquisition.In exercises between the Indian and US air forces, the Indian pilots had an opportunity to operate with AWACS control, and found it extremely effective.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> India has ordered AWACS aircraft, using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EL/W-2090" title="EL/W-2090" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israeli Phalcon electronics on a Russian airframe</a>, and this exercise is part of their preparation. Officer and pilot comments included "definitely was a force multiplier. Giving you an eye deep beyond you"... "We could pick up incoming targets whether aircraft or missiles almost 400 kilometers away. It gives a grand battle coordination in the air".<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Creating local forces[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Creating local forces" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The use of small numbers of specialists to create larger effective forces is another form of multiplication. The basic A Team of US Army <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Special Forces</a> is a 12-man unit that can train and lead a company-sized unit (100-200 men) of local guerrillas.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Deception</h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception" title="Deception" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Deception</a> can produce the potential effect of a much larger force. The fictitious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_States_Army_Group" title="First United States Army Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">First United States Army Group</a> (FUSAG) was portrayed to the World War II Germans as the main force for the invasion of Europe. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Operation Bodyguard</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> successfully gave the impression that FUSAG was to land at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas de Calais" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pas de Calais</a>, convincing the Germans that the real attack at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Normandy</a> was a feint. As a result of the successful deception, the Normandy force penetrated deeply, in part, because the Germans held back strategic reserves that they thought would be needed at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas de Calais" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pas de Calais</a>, against what was a nonexistent force. FUSAG's existence was suggested by the use of decoy vehicles that the Allies allowed to be photographed, fictitious radio traffic generated by a small number of specialists, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Cross_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Cross System" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Double Cross System</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplication#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> Double Cross referred to turning all surviving German spies in the UK into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT#Double_Agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Clandestine HUMINT" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">double agents</a>, who sent back convincing reports that were consistent with the deception programs being conducted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Controlling_Section" title="London Controlling Section" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">London Controlling Section</a>.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_multiplication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Network-centric warfare</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Asymmetric warfare</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="C4ISTAR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">C4ISTAR</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lanchester's laws</a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">References</h2><div>=</div><div>
</div><div>biz = war josh kaufman</div><div>
</div><div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 40px 0px; line-height: 1.2em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What Is A ‘Force Multiplier’?</h1>Force Multipliers are tools that help you Amplify your effort to produce more output. A hammer is a force multiplier. Investing in Force Multipliers means that you’ll get more done with the same amount of effort. Generally, the only good use of debt or outside capital is when it gives you access to Force Multipliers that you wouldn’t be able to access any other way.<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 40px; margin-bottom: 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Josh Kaufman Explains ‘Force Multipliers’</h2>One of the things that make humans unique is our ability to create and use tools. Tools are important because they multiply the effect of physical force, thought, or attention. The more a tool amplifies or concentrates your effort, the more effective the tool.If you try pounding on a nail with your bare hands. You’ll certainly be able to exert some force, but it won’t be enough to drive the nail into something solid. (Besides, you’ll probably hurt your hand.)Using a hammer multiplies the magnitude of the force you’re exerting and concentrates that force into a small area, making it easy to drive a nail in a single stroke. Saws, screwdrivers, and other tools work the same way — they <a href="https://personalmba.com/amplification/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Amplify</a> and concentrate a small input into a larger output.The most effective tools amplify force in the greatest magnitude. A power saw is far more effective at multiplying force than a handsaw is. A dump truck can carry more than a wheelbarrow. A rocket can launch a payload farther than a slingshot.Investing in Force Multipliers makes sense because you can get done with the same amount of effort. If you need to dig the foundation to build a new house, a $10 shovel from your local hardware store will certainly work, but a backhoe will get the job done job faster and easier. If building homes is your business, buying or leasing a backhoe is worth the cost.Force Multipliers can be expensive — the more effective they are, the more expensive they tend to be. Factory production and distribution systems are examples of large scale force multipliers—they make it possible to deliver value to thousands (or millions) of paying customers in a very short time. They may cost thousands (or millions) of dollars, but they can give you capabilities that would otherwise be out of reach.As a general rule, the only good use of debt or outside capital in setting up a system is to give you access to force multipliers you would not be able to access any other way. If your business requires tooling up a factory, you probably don’t have $10 million sitting in your bank account. Taking a <a href="https://personalmba.com/loans/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Loan</a>from a bank or accepting <a href="https://personalmba.com/capital/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Capital</a> from an outside investor may be your best option, provided you use those funds to purchase and maintain force multipliers, not pay yourself or maintain rent on a fancy office.Always choose the best tools that you can obtain and afford. Quality tools give you maximum output with a minimum of input. By investing in force multipliers, you free up your time, energy, and attention to focus on building your business instead of simply operating it.</div></div>