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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki 2 22</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Alan Lee Keyes</b> (born August 7, 1950) is an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">conservative</a> political activist, pundit, author, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">perennial candidate</a>, and former ambassador.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A doctoral graduate of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a>, Keyes began his diplomatic career in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Foreign Service</a> in 1979 at the United States consulate in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mumbai</a> (then Bombay), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">India</a>, and later in the American embassy in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Zimbabwe</a>. Keyes was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ambassador</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Economic_and_Social_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Economic and Social Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic and Social Council</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>, and served as President Ronald Reagan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_International_Organization_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs</a> from 1985 to 1987; in his capacities as a U.N ambassador, Keyes was involved in the implementation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mexico City Policy</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes ran for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President of the United States</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1996</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2000</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2008</a>. He was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Republican</a> nominee for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Senate</a> in Maryland against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paul Sarbanes</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland,1988" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Maryland, 1988" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1988</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Barbara Mikulski</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland,1992" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Maryland, 1992" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1992</a>, as well as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Illinois</a> against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Barack Obama</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,2004" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2004</a>. Keyes lost all three elections by wide margins.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Keyes hosted a radio call-in show, <i style="">The Alan Keyes Show: America's Wake-Up Call</i>, from 1994 until 1998 on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBM" title="WCBM" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">WCBM</a>. The show was briefly simulcast by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Empowerment_Television" title="National Empowerment Television" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">National Empowerment Television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a></sup> In 2002, he briefly hosted a television commentary show on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">MSNBC</a> cable network, <i style="">Alan Keyes Is Making Sense</i>. He is a long time columnist for <i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Net_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="World Net Daily" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">World Net Daily</a></i></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life</span></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Early_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early career</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Diplomat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Diplomat</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Role_in_the_Reagan_Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Role in the Reagan Administration</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Political_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Political career</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#1988_Senate_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1988 Senate election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#1992_Senate_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1992 Senate election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#1996_Presidential_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1996 Presidential election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#2000_Presidential_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2000 Presidential election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#2004_Senate_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2004 Senate election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#2008_Presidential_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2008 Presidential election</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Media_and_advocacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Media and advocacy</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#Obama_citizenship_lawsuit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Obama citizenship lawsuit</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes&action=edit§ion=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Born at the St. Albans Naval Hospital (now a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Veterans_Affairs_medical_facilities_by_state#New_York" title="List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities by state" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VA Community Living Center</a>) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Albans,Queens" title="St. Albans, Queens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">St. Albans, Queens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CSPAN_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-CSPAN-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup> Keyes is the fifth child of mother Gerthina (Quick) and father Allison L. Keyes, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Army</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sergeant</a> and a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-Allison_L.Keyes_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Allison_L.Keyes-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> Due to his father's tours of duty, the Keyes family traveled frequently. Keyes lived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia(U.S.state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Georgia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maryland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Jersey</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(state)" title="New York (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Texas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Virginia</a> and overseas in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After high school, Keyes attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University</a>, where he was a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Glee_Club" title="Cornell University Glee Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University Glee Club</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Hangovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Hangovers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Hangovers</a>. He studied political philosophy with American philosopher and essayist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allan Bloom</a> and has said that Bloom was the professor who influenced him most in his undergraduate studies.<sup id="cite_ref-CSPAN_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-CSPAN-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup> Keyes has stated that he received death threats for opposing Vietnam war protesters who seized a campus building.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup> Keyes has stated that a passage of Bloom's book, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i>, refers to this incident,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup> speaking of an African-American student "whose life had been threatened by a black faculty member when the student refused to participate in a demonstration" at Cornell.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup> Shortly after this incident occurred, Keyes left Cornell and spent a year in Paris under a Cornell study-abroad program connected with Bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes continued his studies at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a>, where he resided in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_House" title="Winthrop House" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Winthrop House</a>. Keyes completed his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in Government Affairs in 1972, graduating magna cum laude. During his first year of graduate school,<b> Keyes's roommate was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kristol" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kristol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Kristol</a>.</b> In 1988, Kristol ran Keyes's unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup> Keyes earned his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ph.D</a>. in government affairs from Harvard in 1979, having written a dissertation on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alexander Hamilton</a> and constitutional theory under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_C.Mansfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey C. Mansfield" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvey C. Mansfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup> Due to student deferments and a high draft number, Keyes was not drafted to serve in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Vietnam War</a>. Keyes and his family were staunch supporters of the war, in which his father served two tours of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-Allison_L.Keyes_4-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Allison_L.Keyes-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> Keyes was criticized by opponents of the war in Vietnam, but he says he was supporting his father and his brothers, who were also fighting in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career">Early career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes&action=edit§ion=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Diplomat">Diplomat</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A year before completing his<b style=""> doctoral studies</b>, Keyes joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Department of State</a> as a protégé of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> In 1979, he was assigned to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">consulate</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Mumbai</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, India.</span><sup id="cite_ref-BlackPast_14-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-BlackPast-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The following year, Keyes was sent to serve at the embassy in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Zimbabwe</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-BlackPast_14-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-BlackPast-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1983, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a> appointed Keyes as Ambassador to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. In 1985, he was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations</a>, a position he held until 1987. His stay at the UN provoked some controversy, leading <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Newsday</a></i> to say "he has propounded the more unpopular aspects of US policy with all the diplomatic subtlety of the cannon burst in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-autogenerated1-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup> He also served on the staff of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At a fundraiser for Keyes's senate campaign, President Reagan spoke of Keyes's time as an ambassador, saying that he "did such an extraordinary job ... defending our country against the forces of anti-Americanism." Reagan continued, "I've never known a more stout-hearted defender of a strong America than Alan Keyes."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup> In 1987 Keyes was appointed a resident scholar for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a>. His principal research for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">AEI</a> was diplomacy, international relations, and self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Following government service, Ambassador Keyes was President of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste" title="Citizens Against Government Waste" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens Against Government Waste</a> (CAGW) from 1989 to 1991, and founded CAGW's National Taxpayers' Action Day. In 1991, he served as Interim President of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_A%26M_University" title="Alabama A&M University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alabama A&M University</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Huntsville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Role_in_the_Reagan_Administration">Role in the Reagan Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Among the U.S. delegation to the 1984 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World Population Conference</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mexico City</a>, Keyes was selected by Reagan as deputy chairman. In that capacity, Keyes negotiated the language of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mexico City Policy</a> to withhold federal funds from international organizations that support abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MIL_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-MIL-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup> Additionally, Keyes fought against an Arab-backed UN resolution calling for investigation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israeli</a> settlements. The measure passed, 83–2, with 15 abstentions and only Israel and the U.S. voting against it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup> Reagan again appointed Keyes to represent the U.S. at the 1985 Women's Conference in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nairobi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIL_21-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-MIL-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During his time at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Department of State</a>, Keyes defended the Reagan policy of not imposing economic sanctions on South Africa as punishment for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup> Stated Keyes, "I see the black people in South Africa as the most critical positive factor for eliminating apartheid and building the future of that country ... And that is not something you do with rhetoric, slogans and noninvolvement. It's not something you will achieve through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">disinvestment</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-autogenerated1-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_career">Political career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Alan_Keyes" title="Electoral history of Alan Keyes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Electoral history of Alan Keyes</a></font></div><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="1988_Senate_election">1988 Senate election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1988 United States Senate election in Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1988 United States Senate election in Maryland</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1988, Keyes was drafted by the Maryland Republican Party to run for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Senate</a>, and received 38 percent of the vote against victorious incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democrat</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paul Sarbanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="1992_Senate_election">1992 Senate election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1992 United States Senate election in Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1992 United States Senate election in Maryland</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Four years later, he ran again for the Senate from Maryland, coming in first in a field of 13 candidates in the Republican primary. Against Democrat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Barbara Mikulski</a>, he received 29 percent in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the 1992 election, Keyes attracted controversy when he took an $8,463/month salary from his campaign fund.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="1996_Presidential_election">1996 Presidential election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes&action=edit§ion=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: 1996 Presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1996 United States presidential election</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Keyes sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1996,</b><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><b>[</b>27]</a></sup> and asked other candidates about abortion in those debates in which he participated. Many Republican leaders saw this as unnecessary and divisive.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup> Keyes was particularly critical of Clinton during his campaign, saying, "This guy lies, but he lies with passion." He questioned whether a Republican candidate who is truthful, yet cold and heartless, had a chance to win against the incumbent.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a></sup> Keyes was also especially critical of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pat Buchanan</a>, once saying during an interview on the <i>Talk from the Heart</i> program with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kresta" title="Al Kresta" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Al Kresta</a> (simulcast on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYFI" title="KYFI" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">KJSL</a> St. Louis and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMUZ-FM" title="WMUZ-FM" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WMUZ</a> Detroit) that Buchanan had a "black heart." Keyes's entry into the Republican race after Buchanan had secured victories in New Hampshire and Louisiana led many to believe that Keyes was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking_horse" title="Stalking horse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">stalking horse</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">neoconservative</a> elements in the Republican Party, since Buchanan had been a well-known ardent foe of abortion and had suffered political fallout for bringing abortion and "cultural war" to the center of the public policy debate. Later during the primaries, Keyes was briefly detained by Atlanta police when he tried to force his way into a debate to which he had been invited, and then uninvited. He was never formally arrested and was eventually picked up 20 minutes later by Atlanta's mayor at the time, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Campbell(mayor)" title="Bill Campbell (mayor)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bill Campbell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="2000_Presidential_election">2000 Presidential election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes&action=edit§ion=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: 2000 Presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2000 presidential campaign" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alan Keyes 2000 presidential campaign</a></font></div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 2000" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States presidential election, 200<i>0</i></a></font></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); width: 222px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; border: 0px;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_2000_campaign_logo.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_2000_campaign_logo.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes campaign logo</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_2000_campaign_logo.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes again campaigned for the Republican nomination in the </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)presidential_primaries,2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2000" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2000 primaries</a> on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-abortion</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">family values</a>, tax reform plank.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a></sup> In Iowa, he finished 3rd, drawing 14 percent<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a></sup> in a crowded field. He stayed in the race after the early rounds and debated the two remaining candidates, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John McCain</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush</a>, in a number of nationally televised debates. He finished second in 8 primaries. His best showing in the presidential primaries was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Utah</a>, where he received 20 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a></sup> He was also noted for jumping into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mosh pit</a> during a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rage Against the Machine</a> song during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa caucus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iowa caucus</a> as part of a segment on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Michael Moore</a>'s TV series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Awful_Truth(TV_series)" title="The Awful Truth (TV series)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Awful Truth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="2004_Senate_election">2004 Senate election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2004 United States Senate election in Illinois</a></font></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); width: 222px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; border: 0px;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_2004_sign.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_2004_sign.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2004 campaign logo</font></a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); width: 152px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg/150px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg/225px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg/300px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="6157" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; border: 0px;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The results of the 2004 Illinois Senate Election-counties won by Obama are in blue, and counties won by Keyes are in red.</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On August 8, 2004—with 86 days to go before the </span></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election" title="General election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">general election</a>—the Illinois Republican Party drafted Alan Keyes to run against Democratic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">state senator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Barack Obama</a> for the U.S. Senate, after the Republican nominee, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan(Senate_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Ryan (Senate candidate)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew due to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_scandal" title="Sex scandal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">sex scandal</a>,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and other potential draftees (most notably former Illinois governor </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Edgar" title="Jim Edgar" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Jim Edgar</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and former </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Chicago Bears</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> coach </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ditka" title="Mike Ditka" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Mike Ditka</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) declined to run. </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a>''</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> called Keyes a "</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">carpetbagger</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"</span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> since he "had never lived in Illinois."</span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> When asked to answer charges of carpetbagging in the context of his earlier criticism of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Hillary Clinton</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, he called her campaign "pure and planned selfish ambition", but stated that in his case he felt a moral obligation to run after being asked to by the Illinois Republican Party. "You are doing what you believe to be required by your respect for God's will, and I think that that's what I'm doing in Illinois".</span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes, who opposes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">abortion</a> in all cases "except as an inadvertent result of efforts to save the mother's life",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup> said in a September 7, 2004 news conference that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jesus Christ</a> would not vote for Obama<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></sup> because of votes that Obama—then a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Illinois Senate</a> Judiciary committee and a lecturer in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">constitutional law</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Chicago Law School</a>—cast in 2001 against a package of three anti-abortion bills that Obama argued were too broad and unconstitutional. The legislation, which provided "that a live child born as a result of an abortion shall be fully recognized as a human person,"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a></sup> passed the Republican-controlled Illinois Senate, but failed to pass out of the Democratic-controlled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Illinois House</a> Judiciary committee.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a></sup> After the election, Keyes declined to congratulate Obama, explaining that his refusal to congratulate Obama was "not anything personal", but was meant to make a statement against "extend[ing] false congratulations to the triumph of what we have declared to be across the line" of reasonable propriety. He said that Obama's position on moral issues regarding life and the family had crossed that line. "I'm supposed to make a call that represents the congratulations toward the triumph of that which I believe ultimately stands for ... a culture evil enough to destroy the very soul and heart of my country? I cannot do this. And I will not make a false gesture," Keyes said.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes was also criticized for his views on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">homosexuality</a>. In an interview with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Signorile" title="Michelangelo Signorile" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Michelangelo Signorile</a>, a gay radio host, Keyes defined homosexuality as centering in the pursuit of pleasure, literally "selfish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hedonism</a>". When Signorile asked if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cheney" title="Mary Cheney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mary Cheney</a>, Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dick Cheney</a>'s lesbian daughter, fit the description and was therefore a "selfish hedonist", Keyes replied, "Of course she is. That goes by definition."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a></sup> Media sources picked up on the exchange, reporting that Keyes had "trashed", "attacked," and "lashed out at" Mary Cheney, and had called her a "sinner"—provoking condemnation of Keyes by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT Republicans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LGBT Republicans</a> and several GOP leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup> Keyes noted that it was an interviewer, not he, who brought up Mary Cheney's name in the above incident, and he told reporters, "You have tried to personalize the discussion of an issue that I did not personalize. The people asking me the question did so, and if that's inappropriate, blame the media. Do not blame me."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the campaign, Keyes outlined an alternative to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">reparations for slavery</a>. His specific suggestion was that, for a period of one or two generations, African-Americans who were descended from slaves would be exempt from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">federal income tax</a> (though not from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">FICA tax</a> that supports <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Social Security</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a></sup> Keyes said the experiment "would become a demonstration project for what I believe needs to be done for the whole country, which is to get rid of the income tax."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a></sup> He also called for the repeal of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">17th Amendment</a> in order to require that U.S. Senators be appointed by state legislatures, rather than being directly elected.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes finished with 27% of the vote<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a></sup> despite winning a small number of southern Illinois counties.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a></sup></font></p><table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); margin: 1em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse;"><caption style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); margin-bottom: -1px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2004 Illinois U.S. Senate Election</font></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center; width: 130px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Party</font></th><th scope="col" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center; width: 17em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Candidate</font></th><th scope="col" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center; width: 5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Votes</font></th><th scope="col" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center; width: 3.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">%</font></th><th scope="col" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center; width: 3.5em;"><span title="Change in percentage value since previous election" class="rt-commentedText" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">±%</font></span></th></tr><tr class="vcard"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(51, 51, 255); width: 5px;" /><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Democratic</font></a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Barack Obama</font></a></b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3,597,456</font></b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">70.0</font></b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">+22.6</font></b></td></tr><tr class="vcard"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(232, 27, 35); width: 5px;" /><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Republican</font></a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alan Keyes</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1,390,690</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">27.0</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">-23.3</font></td></tr><tr class="vcard"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); width: 5px;" /><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Independent</font></a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Al Franzen</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">81,164</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></td><td class="table-na" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" /></tr><tr class="vcard"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(254, 209, 5); width: 5px;" /><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Libertarian</font></a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jerry Kohn</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">69,253</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1.3</font></td><td class="table-na" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" /></tr><tr class="vcard"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(233, 233, 233);" /><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Write-ins</font></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" /><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2,957</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">0.1</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;" /></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><th colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Majority</font></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2,206,766</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">43.0</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">+40.1</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><th colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Turnout</font></a></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">5,350,493</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">71.3</font></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em;" /></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" /><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democratic</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Republican</a></font></td><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: right;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing(politics)" title="Swing (politics)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Swing</font></a></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;" /><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" /></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="2008_Presidential_election">2008 Presidential election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign</a></font></div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2008 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2008 Republican Party presidential primarie<i>s</i></a></font></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); width: 222px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; border: 0px;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_booth.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_booth.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We Need Alan Keyes for President booth in Iowa, August 2007</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_booth.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On June 5, 2007, We Need Alan Keyes for President was formed as a </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">political action committee</a> to encourage Keyes to enter the 2008 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a></sup> On September 14, 2007, Keyes officially announced his candidacy in an interview with radio show host <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Parshall" title="Janet Parshall" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Janet Parshall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a></sup> On September 17, 2007, Keyes participated in the <i>Values Voter Debate</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming video" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">streamed</a> live on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Angel" title="Sky Angel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sky Angel</a>, the Values Voter website, and radio. In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_poll" title="Straw poll" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">straw poll</a> of the attending audience, Keyes placed third among the invited candidates, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mike Huckabee</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ron Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a></sup> Keyes was excluded from the Republican <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" title="CNN" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CNN</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">YouTube</a> debate on November 28, 2007. Keyes's campaign called the exclusion "arbitrary, unfair, and presumptuous," arguing that CNN was playing the role of "gatekeeper" for the presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a></sup></font></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg/220px-Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg/330px-Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg/440px-Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="780" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; border: 0px;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes at a 2008 presidential campaign rally</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On December 12, 2007, Keyes participated in the <i /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines Register" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Des Moines Register</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.1em;">'</span>s Republican presidential debate, televised nationwide by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PBS</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable news" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cable news</a> networks. This was the first major presidential debate in which Keyes participated during the 2008 election season and the last Republican debate before the Iowa Caucuses.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CT_64-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-CT-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a></sup> Although Keyes was not listed on the latest national CNN poll leading up to the debate,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a></sup> he registered with at least 1 percent of the Iowa vote in order to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[66]</a></sup> During the debate, after the moderator began to ask a question of Texas Congressman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ron Paul</a>, Keyes insisted he was not getting fair treatment. He interrupted the debate moderator at one point, saying that she had not called on him in several rounds and that he had to make an issue of it.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_67-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-LA-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a></sup> He went on the offensive against his opponents during the debate, criticizing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rudy Giuliani</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" title="Abortion-rights movements" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">pro-abortion rights</a> position, as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mitt Romney</a>'s recent change in position on the same subject. In answering a question about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">global warming</a>, he continued his criticisms of other candidates, saying, "I'm in favor of reducing global warming, because I think the most important emission we need to control is the hot air emission of politicians who pretend one thing and don't deliver".<sup id="cite_ref-CT_64-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-CT-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a></sup> He also advocated ending the income tax, establishing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">state-sanctioned prayer in public schools</a>, and abolishing abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_67-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-LA-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a></sup> Toward the end of the debate, Keyes stated he could not support Giuliani if he were to win the nomination due to the former New York mayor's position on abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[68]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Republican_caucuses,2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Republican caucuses, 2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iowa caucuses</a>, Keyes did not appear on any of the election totals</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_69-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Iowa-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a></sup> Keyes stated that many of the caucus locations he visited did not list him as a choice. His campaign CEO, Stephen Stone blamed much of this on the media and on Keyes's decision to enter the race late. Stone explained that the media would not acknowledge Keyes's candidacy, making it difficult to run an effective campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_69-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Iowa-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes supports an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">amendment to the Constitution barring same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a></sup> He stated he would not have gone to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">war in Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a></sup> but also said that the war was justified<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[72]</a></sup> and defended President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush</a>'s decision in one of his 2004 debates.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a></sup> Keyes has stated that troops should stay in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a></sup> but also said that he would have turned over operations to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-75" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[75]</a></sup> However, Keyes has also stated that even while he was an ambassador there he was not a supporter of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[76]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After the early states, Keyes exclusively campaigned in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Republican_primary,2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Republican primary, 2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-noodoo_77-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-noodoo-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[77]</a></sup> where he finished with 0.60 percent of all votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[78]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Following Texas, the Keyes campaign moved to seeking the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constitution Party</a> presidential nomination, but he continued to appear on several Republican ballots. On May 6, Keyes scored his best showing of the campaign by winning 2.7% for fourth place in North Carolina, earning him two delegates to the Republican National Convention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes first stated that he was considering leaving the Republican Party during a January 2008 appearance on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Filibuster" title="The Weekly Filibuster" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Weekly Filibuster</a> radio show.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-79" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[79]</a></sup> He did not withdraw his candidacy after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John McCain</a> won the necessary 1,191 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">delegates</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Republican National Convention</a>, even though he was no longer campaigning for the Republican nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-noodoo_77-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-noodoo-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[77]</a></sup> On March 27, 2008, Keyes's campaign website began displaying the Constitution Party's logo, along with a parody of the trademarked GOP logo in the form of a dead <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-80" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[80]</a></sup> This appeared to be an indication of Keyes's intentions to quit the Republican party and to begin officially seeking the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constitution Party</a>'s presidential nomination.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On April 15, Keyes confirmed his split from the Republican Party and his intention to explore the candidacy of the Constitution Party</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-81" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-82" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[82]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> He lost his bid for the party's nomination, however, coming in second to 2004 CP </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">vice presidential</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> candidate </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Chuck Baldwin</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> at the party's national convention in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Kansas City, Missouri</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, on April 26, 2008.</span><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-83" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[83]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> During the convention, the party's founder, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Phillips (politician)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Howard Phillips</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, gave a controversial speech in which he referred to Keyes as "the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocon" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Neocon</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> candidate" who "lingered in the Republican Party until a week ago."</span><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-84" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[84]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Following the defeat, Keyes held an interview with Mike Ferguson</span><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-85" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[85]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in which he compared his defeat to an abortion.</span><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-86" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[86]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Later, Keyes told a group of his supporters that he was "prayerfully considering" making a continued bid for the presidency as an </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">independent</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> candidate,</span><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-87" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[87]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and asserted his refusal to endorse Baldwin's candidacy.</span><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-88" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[88]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes' supporters formed a new third party, America's Independent Party, for his presidential candidacy. America's Independent Party gained the affiliation of a faction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">California</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Independent Party</a>. However, the AIP ticket, which had Brian Rohrbough, father of a victim of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Columbine High School massacre</a>, of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colorado</a> as its vice presidential candidate, was only on the ballot in California, Colorado, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Florida</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the federal election held on November 4, 2008, Keyes received 47,694 votes nationally to finish seventh.<sup id="cite_ref-FEC_89-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-FEC-89" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[89]</a></sup> About 86% (40,673) of the votes he received were cast in California.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[</sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_and_advocacy">Media and advocacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); width: 222px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; border: 0px;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_TV_interview(3453624458).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_TV_interview(3453624458).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes being interviewed during a 2009 </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tea Party</a> rally in Indiana</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes has worked as a media commentator and talk show personality. In 1994, he began hosting a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio syndication" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">syndicated</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">radio show</a> called <i>The Alan Keyes Show: America's Wake-Up Call</i> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_America(United_States)" title="Radio America (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Radio America</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arlington, Virginia</a>. The show became simulcast on cable's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Empowerment_Television" title="National Empowerment Television" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Empowerment Television</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-90" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[90]</a></sup> Keyes also launched various web-based organizations—notably Renew America and the Declaration Foundation, both headquartered in Washington, D.C.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes has served on the board of advisors for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League(U.S.)" title="Catholic League (U.S.)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Catholic League</a>, a non-profit, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Catholic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">advocacy group</a> headed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Donohue" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Donohue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William A. Donohue</a>. In 1997, he was quoted as calling in that capacity the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ABC</a> television show <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Sacred(TV_series)" title="Nothing Sacred (TV series)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nothing Sacred</a></i> "propaganda dressed up as entertainment, the way the Nazis used to make movies. The entertainment elite's belief that there are no moral absolutes deeply contradicts the religious view of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[91]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2002, he hosted a live television commentary show, <i>Alan Keyes Is Making Sense</i>, on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">MSNBC</a> cable news channel.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-92" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[92]</a></sup> The network canceled the show in July, citing poor ratings. The cancellation triggered a currently ongoing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> boycott led by Jewish education website Mesora.org whose reach numbers more than 72,000 email subscribers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (October 2021)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-93" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[93]</a></sup> The show was unsympathetic to supporters of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Intifadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Intifadah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">al-Aqsa Intifadah</a>—whom Keyes frequently debated on the program—and supported the Israeli crackdown on Palestinians. The show also featured critical discussion of homosexuality and of priests accused in the Catholic Church sex abuse scandals. The last episode was broadcast on June 27, 2002. As a result of Keyes's strong advocacy of Israel on his MSNBC show, in July 2002 the state of Israel awarded him a special honor "in appreciation of his journalistic endeavors and his integrity in reporting" and flew him in to meet Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ariel Sharon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-94" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[94]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In August 2003, Keyes came out in defense of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alabama</a> Chief Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Roy Moore</a>, citing both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Constitution</a> and the Alabama constitution as sanctioning Moore's (and Alabama's) authority to publicly display the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ten Commandments</a> in the state's judicial building, in defiance of a court order from U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-95" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-96" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[96]</a></sup> Although the monument was ultimately removed by state authorities, the issue impelled Keyes to spend the next year advocating his understanding of the Constitution's protection of the right of states to display monuments that reflect the religious sentiments of the people in their states. As a result, he published an essay describing his rationale titled "On the establishment of religion: What the Constitution really says."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-97" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[97]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In early 2005, Keyes sought to intervene in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Terri Schiavo case</a>,</b> arguing that Schiavo's life was protected by the Florida constitution, and that Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jeb Bush</a> had final authority to determine the outcome of the case under state provisions. He attempted to meet with Bush to discuss the provisions of Florida law that authorized the governor to order Schiavo's feeding tubes reinserted—something Bush claimed he wished to do, but for which he said he lacked authority—but the governor declined to meet with Keyes. Keyes subsequently wrote an essay directed openly at Governor Bush titled "Judicial review and executive responsibility",<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-98" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[98]</a></sup> days after Schiavo's feeding tube had been removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes appeared in the 2006 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mockumentary</a> film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borat" title="Borat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Borat</a></i> as an unwitting interviewee of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borat_Sagdiyev" title="Borat Sagdiyev" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Borat Sagdiyev</a> (a character portrayed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sacha Baron Cohen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-99" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-100" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[100]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In November 2006, Keyes criticized Massachusetts governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mitt Romney</a> for instituting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">same-sex marriage</a> entirely on his own—according to Keyes—with no requirement or authority to do so under Massachusetts law. Keyes said Romney's actions, which he suggested were due to a complete misunderstanding of his role as governor and of the limitations of the judicial branch of government, were not necessitated by a ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in November 2003 that directed the state legislature to institute same-sex marriage. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial court had ruled that the state law banning same-sex marriage was not constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[101]</a></sup> The court gave the Massachusetts Legislature 180 days to modify the law; after it failed to do so, Romney ordered town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses on May 17, 2004, in compliance with the court ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[102]</a></sup> Commenting on the issue, Keyes asked rhetorically, "Since the legislature has not acted on the subject, you might be wondering how it is that homosexuals are being married in Massachusetts. It's because Mitt Romney, who is telling people he's an opponent of same-sex marriage, forced the justices of the peace and others to perform same-sex marriage, all on his own, with no authorization or requirement from the court. Tells you how twisted our politicians have become."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[103]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On May 8, 2009, Keyes and 21 others were arrested while protesting President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Barack Obama</a>'s commencement speech at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Notre Dam</a></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">e</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Keyes was charged with trespassing and released on $250 bond.</span><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-106" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[106]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> He was arrested a second time on May 16.</span><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-107" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[107]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Keyes, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olavo_de_Carvalho" title="Olavo de Carvalho" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Olavo de Carvalho</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, author of a dozen books on philosophical and political matters, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Pe%C3%B1a_Esclusa" title="Alejandro Peña Esclusa" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Alejandro Peña Esclusa</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, president of UnoAmerica, met on March 3, 2009 in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C." style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Washington D.C.</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> for an informal and friendly talk.</span><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[104]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> In July 2010, Olavo de Carvalho denounced a plot against </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Pe%C3%B1a_Esclusa" title="Alejandro Peña Esclusa" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Alejandro Peña Esclusa</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, who was arrested on terrorism-related charges.</span><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-105" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[105]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> According to the website of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Ministry_of_Communications%26_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Ministry of Communications & Information" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Venezuelan Ministry of Communications & Information</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Pe%C3%B1a_Esclusa" title="Alejandro Peña Esclusa" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Alejandro Peña Esclusa</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> was the head of a plan to murder </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Pope John Paul II</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> during a visit to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Venezuela</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> on November 13, 1984.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">About.com</a>, owned by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company" title="The New York Times Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times Company</a>, named Keyes one of the top 20 conservatives to follow on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Twitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-108" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[108]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>During the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2016 presidential election</a>, Keyes emerged as a strong critic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Donald Trump</a></b>. He criticized many conservative Christians for supporting "a candidate whose life could be used to illustrate the deceitfully seductive quality of sin summarized in the phrase 'the glamour of evil.'"<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-109" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[109]</a></sup> After Trump's election, Keyes both criticized<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-110" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-111" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-112" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[112]</a></sup> and praised<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-113" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-114" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-115" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[115]</a></sup> Trump and various policies he pursued.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Keyes has actively promoted the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a> (MMS) in both the United States and Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-116" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[116]</a></sup> One of the products featured by Keyes, made by a company called Genesis II, had its sales blocked in April 2020 by a federal court order</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-117" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[117]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes is married to Jocelyn Marcel Keyes, who is of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian People" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">East Indian</a> descent and comes from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Calcutta</a>. They have three children: Francis, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Marcel-Keyes" title="Maya Marcel-Keyes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maya</a>, and Andrew. Keyes is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">traditional Catholic</a> and a third-degree <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Knight of Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-118" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-119" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[119]</a></sup> He is also a close friend of Brazilian conservative philosopher and journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olavo_de_Carvalho" title="Olavo de Carvalho" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Olavo de Carvalho</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2005, at the age of 19, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Marcel-Keyes" title="Maya Marcel-Keyes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maya Marcel-Keyes</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">came out</a> publicly as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lesbian</a>. At the time, Marcel-Keyes—<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (December 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>old <i>The Washington Post</i> that her parents had thrown her out of their home, stopped speaking to her, and stopped paying for her education.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_120-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-120" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Keyes'Daughter_Coming_Out_121-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Alan_Keyes'Daughter_Coming_Out-121" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[121]</a></sup> Marcel-Keyes also stated that her family had taken these steps after she attended a demonstration against President George W. Bush<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_120-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-120" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Keyes'Daughter_Coming_Out_121-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Alan_Keyes'Daughter_Coming_Out-121" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[121]</a></sup> and asserted that her father disassociated himself from her because she is a "'liberal queer'".<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_120-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-120" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[120]</a></sup> In October 2007, Alan Keyes contradicted reports that he had disowned his daughter, stating that to do so would be "wrong in the eyes of God." However, Keyes maintained that he would not give his approval to Marcel-Keyes's homosexuality and contended that he must "stand for the truth [Jesus Christ] represents".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-122" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[122]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Obama_citizenship_lawsuit">Obama citizenship lawsuit</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation#Keyes_v.Bowen" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation § Keyes v. Bowe<i>n</i></a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On November 14, 2008, Keyes filed a lawsuit—naming as defendants <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="California Secretary of State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">California Secretary of State</a> Deborah Bowen, President-elect <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Barack Obama</a>, Vice President-elect <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Joe Biden</a>, and California's 55 Democratic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">electors</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-123" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-124" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[124]</a></sup>—challenging Obama's eligibility for the U.S. presidency. The suit requested that Obama provide documentation that he is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_born_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural born citizen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">natural born citizen</a> of the United States.</span><sup id="cite_ref-keyesObamaSuit_125-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-keyesObamaSuit-125" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Union_126-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-Union-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[126]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Following the inauguration, Keyes alleged that Obama had not been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">constitutionally</a> inaugurated, refused to call him president, and called him a "usurper" and a "radical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">communist</a>".</span><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-127" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-128" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[128]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Keyes also claimed that Obama's birth certificate had been forged and he was not qualified to be president.</span><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes#cite_note-129" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[129]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></span></h2></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Alan Keyes</b> was a member of the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council for National Policy</a> (CNP Membership Directory) in 1996, 1998, and 1999. Keyes, former U.S. representative to the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations</a>, "was <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=William_Kristol" title="William Kristol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Kristol</a>'s roommate at Harvard." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://watch.pair.com/database1.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>. NB: Though Keyes is sometimes referred to as "Ambassador Keyes," the title is misleading since he only served as the U.S. ambassador to the UN Economic and Social Council, not as ambassador to the UN or as an ambassador to a country.</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Biographical_information" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biographical information</span></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Political_involvement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Political involvement</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Electoral_candidacies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Electoral candidacies</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Political_activities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Political activities</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Influences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Influences</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Related_SourceWatch_resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Related SourceWatch resources</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sources</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Keyes#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biographical_information"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Biographical information</font></span></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Born: New York</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Undergraduate Education: <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University</a>/<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graduate Education: PhD in Government from <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a>.</font></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_involvement"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Political involvement</font></span></h2><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_candidacies"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Electoral candidacies</font></span></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Senate (Republican) in Maryland 1988 LOST; Campaign Manager: <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=William_Kristol" title="William Kristol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Kristol</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Senate (Republican) in Maryland 1992 LOST</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Senate (Republican) in Illinois 2004 LOST</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. president (Republican) in 1996 and 2000</font></li></ul><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_activities"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Political activities</font></span></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes was part of <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>'s National Security Team in the capacity of unofficial advisor.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Positions in the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Reagan_administration" title="Reagan administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Reagan administration</a>. In his words:</font></li></ul><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I was mostly in foreign policy. Well, altogether, I guess, in foreign policy, in those days. I was part of the Policy Planning Staff, during the early years of the administration, served at the United Nations as an Ambassador to the Economic and Social Council. <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeane_Kirkpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> was the perm rep and I sat on ECOSOC, and also represented the U.S. in the General Assembly Budget Committee and the Economic and Social Committees. I then went to be Assistant Secretary of State, overseeing our participation in the whole UN and international organizations system, and was also briefly part of the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Security Council</a> staff. So I covered a number of areas in foreign policy and national security policy." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.renewamerica.us/archives/media/interviews/99_09_09cspan.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a></font></dd></dl><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keyes was president of <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_Against_Government_Waste" title="Citizens Against Government Waste" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens Against Government Waste</a> from 1989 to 1991</font></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Influences"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Influences</font></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">C-SPAN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewamerica.us/archives/media/interviews/99_09_09cspan.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Interview</a> (September 9, 1999):</font></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Q</b>: Along the way, greatest influences among your teachers?</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Keyes</b>: I think that, without any doubt, the greatest influence among my teachers was <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allan Bloom</a>, who was a professor at Cornell when I started there, went to the University of Toronto. I think ended his life and career at the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Chicago</a>, was well known as the author of a book called <i>The Closing of the American Mind</i>, which enjoyed some popularity a few years ago. Without doubt, Allan Bloom was, in terms of my academic and intellectual formation, the most important teacher I had.</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Q</b>: Can you explain why?</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Keyes</b>: I think because, in a way that ended up, really, capturing my both interest and serious thought, he understood the moral foundations of politics – at least the importance of those moral foundations. And instead of approaching a political life and the questions that we are involved with in politics and morality, as is often popular these days, as if it is all somehow a consequence of material relationships, he took seriously what had been the view of societies and eras before our own, which saw a self-subsistent basis for moral things, and therefore for political life, and which took that seriously, going all the way back to ancient times with Plato and Aristotle and others. And I just felt, and still deeply believe, that there is more truth in that than in those approaches that try to reduce human things to some kind of sum of the material forces that operate upon us as material beings.</font></dd></dl><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_SourceWatch_resources"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related SourceWatch resources</font></span></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Leading_African-American_conservatives" title="Leading African-American conservatives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Leading African-American conservatives</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=RenewAmerica" title="RenewAmerica" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">RenewAmerica</font></a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sources</font></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External links</font></span></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realchange.org/keyes.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Alan Keyes' Skeleton Closet</a>, RealChange.org. Includes links to primary source documents.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Collection of his speeches, debates, quotes etc: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewamerica.us/archives/index.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">RenewAmerica.org</a> website.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionspeak.com/Presidential-Candidates/Alan-Keyes/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Republican Alan Keyes</a>, ElectionSpeak.com, Presidential Election Campaign Videos.</font></li></ul></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style: none none; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Politics</a></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Politicians" title="Category:Politicians" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Politicians</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div>