Parrott, Wayne

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">wikifluff</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Wayne Allen Parrott is a professor of crop sciences at the University of Georgia in Athens.[1]</font></div><div>Contents  [hide] </div><div>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Education</div><div>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Career</div><div>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Research</div><div>4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Views</div><div>5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>References</div><div>6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>External links</div><div>Education[edit]</div><div>Parrott received his PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1985.[2]</div><div>Career[edit]</div><div>Parrott joined the faculty of the University of Georgia in 1988.[3]</div><div>Research[edit]</div><div>Parrott has been researching the genetic origins of the four-leaf clover, and they have come closest to discovering the plant's genetic roots.[4]</div><div>Views[edit]</div><div>Parrott has been critical of non-genetically modified cereals, noting that they tend to have fewer nutrients than genetically modified ones.[5][6] He has also argued that the dangers of mutation breeding, as well as those about genes in genetically modified crops spreading to other crops, are small or nonexistent.[1][7]</div><div>References[edit]</div><div>^ Jump up to: a b Kaskey, Jack (13 November 2013). "Mutant Crops Drive BASF Sales Where Monsanto Denied: Commodities". Bloomberg. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</div><div>Jump up ^ "Wayne Parrott". UGA website. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</div><div>Jump up ^ "UGA scientists find four-leaf clover gene". Athens Banner-Herald. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</div><div>Jump up ^ Stockton, Nick (17 March 2015). "The Mysterious Genetics of the Four-Leaf Clover". Wired. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</div><div>Jump up ^ Palmer, Roxanne (6 March 2014). "GMO Thought Experiment: What Would A World Without GM Crops Look Like?". International Business Times. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</div><div>Jump up ^ Charles, Daniel (5 December 2014). "Why Did Vitamins Disappear From Non-GMO Breakfast Cereal?". <b>NPR</b>. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</div><div>Jump up ^ Borel, Brooke (11 July 2014). "10 Common GMO Claims Debunked". <b>Popular Science.</b> Retrieved 1 November 2015.</div><div>External links[edit]</div><div>Profile at Google Scholar</div><div>Authority control<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>WorldCat VIAF: 26111545 LCCN: n87116309</div><div>Categories: University of Georgia facultyLiving peopleUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison alumniAmerican geneticists</div><div>----</div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><b>Wayne Allen Parrott</b> is a professor of crop sciences at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Georgia</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-bloomberg-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#Education" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Education</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#Career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Career</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#Research" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Research</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#Views" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Views</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Parrott&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Education" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">Parrott received his PhD from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Parrott&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">Parrott joined the faculty of the University of Georgia in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Parrott&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Research" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">Parrott has been researching the genetic origins of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">four-leaf clover</a>, and they have come closest to discovering the plant's genetic roots.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Views">Views</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Parrott&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Views" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">Parrott has been critical of non-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">genetically modified</a> cereals, noting that they tend to have fewer nutrients than genetically modified ones.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a></sup> He has also argued that the dangers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">mutation breeding</a>, as well as those about genes in genetically modified crops spreading to other crops, are small or nonexistent.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-bloomberg-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Parrott&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-bloomberg-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-bloomberg_1-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1; font-size: 10.08px;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-bloomberg_1-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1; font-size: 10.08px;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kaskey, Jack (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-13/mutant-crops-drive-basf-sales-where-monsanto-denied-commodities" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"Mutant Crops Drive BASF Sales Where Monsanto Denied: Commodities"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=Mutant+Crops+Drive+BASF+Sales+Where+Monsanto+Denied%3A+Commodities&rft.au=Kaskey%2C+Jack&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2013-11-13%2Fmutant-crops-drive-basf-sales-where-monsanto-denied-commodities&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/parrott.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"Wayne Parrott"</a>. <i>UGA website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=Wayne+Parrott&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cropsoil.uga.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Ffaculty%2Fparrott.html&rft.jtitle=UGA+website&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/metro/2010-07-17/four-leaf-clover-favors-work-over-luck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"UGA scientists find four-leaf clover gene"</a>. <i>Athens Banner-Herald</i>. 17 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=UGA+scientists+find+four-leaf+clover+gene&rft.date=2010-07-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.augusta.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2F2010-07-17%2Ffour-leaf-clover-favors-work-over-luck&rft.jtitle=Athens+Banner-Herald&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stockton, Nick (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/2015/03/mysterious-genetics-four-leaf-clover/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"The Mysterious Genetics of the Four-Leaf Clover"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=The+Mysterious+Genetics+of+the+Four-Leaf+Clover&rft.au=Stockton%2C+Nick&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F03%2Fmysterious-genetics-four-leaf-clover%2F&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Palmer, Roxanne (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/gmo-thought-experiment-what-would-world-without-gm-crops-look-1559744" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"GMO Thought Experiment: What Would A World Without GM Crops Look Like?"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 November</span>2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=GMO+Thought+Experiment%3A+What+Would+A+World+Without+GM+Crops+Look+Like%3F&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Roxanne&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fgmo-thought-experiment-what-would-world-without-gm-crops-look-1559744&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Charles, Daniel (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/05/368248812/why-did-vitamins-disappear-from-non-gmo-breakfast-cereal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"Why Did Vitamins Disappear From Non-GMO Breakfast Cereal?"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Vitamins+Disappear+From+Non-GMO+Breakfast+Cereal%3F&rft.au=Charles%2C+Daniel&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2014%2F12%2F05%2F368248812%2Fwhy-did-vitamins-disappear-from-non-gmo-breakfast-cereal&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Borel, Brooke (11 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/article/science/core-truths-10-common-gmo-claims-debunked" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%;">"10 Common GMO Claims Debunked"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWayne+Parrott&rft.atitle=10+Common+GMO+Claims+Debunked&rft.au=Borel%2C+Brooke&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Farticle%2Fscience%2Fcore-truths-10-common-gmo-claims-debunked&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; 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</font><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What Lipton Missed</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But readers of the emails can find facts that are much more damaging to perceptions of academic independence than that contained in the main article.  For one thing, the money Folta received is <b>insignificant besides the tens of millions his university was taking from Syngenta (>$10million), Monsanto(>$1million), Pioneer (>$10million), and BASF </b>(>$1million). Money that it’s hard to believe did not have a role in protecting Kevin Folta as he roamed zealously (and often offensively) over the internet, via his twitter account, blog, podcast, and OpEds, squelching dissent and ridiculing GMO critics wherever he went.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Also missing from the main Times article is a sense of the extensive and intricate networking of a small army of academics furthering the interests of Monsanto and other parts of the chemical, agribusiness and biotech industries. Folta rarely acted alone. His networks are filled with economists, molecular biologists, plant pathologists, development specialists, and agronomists, many of them much more celebrated than Kevin Folta, but all of them in a knowing loop with industry and the PR firms. Their job was acknowledged openly in emails (<b>“We are all bad-ass shills for the truth. It’s a pleasure shilling with you.” </b>Or, as Folta himself put it: “I’m glad to sign on to whatever you like, or write whatever you like.”).<b> More generally, the group’s role was to initiate academic publications and other articles and to firefight legislative, media and scientific threats to the GMO and pesticide industries, all the while keeping their industry links hidden.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The academics identified by these emails as cooperating with industry and PR firms include:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Profs. Bruce Chassy</b> (University of Illinois) and Alan McHughen (University of California, Riverside) who worked together to destroy the credibility of Russian scientist and GMO critic Irina Ermakova. They persuaded the journal Nature Biotechnology to interview Ermakova about her research and describe it. This interview was followed by a detailed critique of her research (about which none of the authors were expert). Ermakova was neither told of the critique nor given a chance to answer it. This whole elaborate subterfuge required her to be sent a dummy proof of the article she thought she was publishing in the journal.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Prof. Calestuous Juma (Harvard University) longtime advocate of GMOs for Africa.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Prof. Wayne Parrott (University of Georgia) a serial intervener in academic GMO debates.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Prof. Roger Beachy (Danforth Center, formerly USAID). Beachy is the principal living exponent of a classic biotech strategy: to respond rapidly to a report or publication critical of some aspect of the technology with a multi-author “rebuttal” [Disclaimer: the inaugural report of the Bioscience Resource Project (on the genome damage caused by genetic engineering) was met, even before formal publication, with both barrels from 23 professors, including Roger Beachy (Altpeter et al 2005)].(2)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Prof. Ron Herring (Cornell) who has helped to promote GMOs in India and fought to defuse the farmer suicide debate in India.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Prof. CS Prakash (Tuskegee University) is the convener of the influential listserv AgBioWorld. AgBioWorld was the all-important conduit for a petition signed by three thousand scientists calling for the retraction of a 2001 scientific paper showing GMO contamination of Mexican corn (Quist and Chapela 2001). As detailed in an article called The Fake Persuaders, the scientists who initiated the petition, and made inaccurate and inflammatory statements about the authors, were not real people. However, their emails could be traced back to servers belonging to Monsanto or Bivings, a PR company that was working with Monsanto at the time.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Prof. Nina Fedoroff (Penn State) is the most prominent of all of the scientists looped into all of the Times emails. Nina Fedoroff was the 2011-2012 President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The AAAS is the foremost scientific body in the US. During her Presidency, Fedoroff, who is also a contributor to the NY Times, used her position to coordinate and sign a letter on behalf of 60 prominent scientists. This letter was sent to EPA as part of an effort to defeat a pesticide regulatory effort. The real coordinator was Monsanto but Fedoroff participated in phone conferences and email exchanges with them (including with the prominent lobbyist Stanley Abramson) and gets credit in the emails for “moving the ball far down the field”. Yet Nina Fedoroff is not once named in the main article and nowhere at all is her position noted.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GM crops: Battlefield</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Papers suggesting that biotech crops might harm the environment attract a hail of abuse from other scientists. Emily Waltz asks if the critics fight fair.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Emily Waltz</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Download a PDF of this story</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Emma Rosi-Marshall's trouble started on 9 October 2007, the day her paper was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Rosi-Marshall, a stream ecologist at Loyola University Chicago in Illinois, had spent much of the previous two years studying 12 streams in northern Indiana, where rows of maize (corn), most of it genetically engineered to express insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), stretch to the horizon in every direction.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Working with colleagues including her former adviser Jennifer Tank at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Rosi-Marshall had found that the streams also contain Bt maize, in the form of leaves, stalks, cobs and pollen. In laboratory studies, the researchers saw that caddis-fly larvae — herbivorous stream insects in the order trichoptera — fed only on Bt maize debris grew half as fast as those that ate debris from conventional maize. And caddis flies fed high concentrations of Bt maize pollen died at more than twice the rate of caddis flies fed non-Bt pollen. The transgenic maize "may have negative effects on the biota of streams in agricultural areas" the group wrote in its paper, stating in the abstract that "widespread planting of Bt crops has unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences"1.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The backlash started almost immediately. Within two weeks, researchers with vehement objections to the experimental design and conclusions had written to the authors, PNAS and the US National Science Foundation (NSF), Rosi-Marshall's funder. By the end of the month, complaints about the paper had rippled through the research community. By the time Rosi-Marshall attended a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) meeting on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and wildlife on 5 November 2007, "She looked hammered", says Brian Federici, an insect pathologist at the University of California, Riverside, one of those who commented on her work. "I felt really sorry for her. I don't think she realized what she was getting into."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“The response we got — it went through the jugular.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">No one gets into research on genetically modified (GM) crops looking for a quiet life. Those who develop such crops face the wrath of anti-biotech activists who vandalize field trials and send hate mail. But those who, like Rosi-Marshall and her colleagues, suggest that biotech crops might have harmful environmental effects are learning to expect attacks of a different kind. These strikes are launched from within the scientific community and can sometimes be emotional and personal; heated rhetoric that dismisses papers and can even, as in Rosi-Marshall's case, accuse scientists of misconduct. "The response we got — it went through your jugular," says Rosi-Marshall.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Problem papers</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Behind the attacks are scientists who are determined to prevent papers they deem to have scientific flaws from influencing policy-makers. When a paper comes out in which they see problems, they react quickly, criticize the work in public forums, write rebuttal letters, and send them to policy-makers, funding agencies and journal editors. When it comes to topical science that can have an impact on public opinion, "bad science deserves more criticism that your typical peer-reviewed paper", Federici says.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But some scientists say that this activity may be going beyond what is acceptable in scientific discussions, trampling important research questions and stifling debate. "It makes public discussion very difficult," says David Schubert, a cell biologist at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, who found himself at the sharp end of an attack after publishing a commentary on GM food2 (see 'Seeds of discontent'). "People who look into safety issues and pollination and contamination issues get seriously harassed."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Protesters can brandish science suggesting that genetically modified crops are harmful.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Protesters can brandish science suggesting that genetically modified crops are harmful.P. PAVANI/AFP/GETTY</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">To see the effect that biotech crop research can have on policy — and why some researchers feel that they need to weigh in against such studies as quickly and forcefully as possible — it is instructive to look back to a study3 published in Nature in 1999. In it, John Losey, an entomologist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and his colleagues reported that nearly half of the monarch butterfly caterpillars eating leaves dusted with Bt maize pollen died after four days, compared with none exposed to untransformed pollen. The media and the anti-GMO community erupted. "Gene Spliced Corn Imperils Butterflies" headlined the 20 May 1999 San Francisco Chronicle. Greenpeace activists demonstrated in front of the US Capitol dressed as monarch butterflies, collapsing from 'killer' GM maize.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In response, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) told seed companies to submit data about the toxicity of Bt maize pollen in monarch butterflies or lose the right to sell the maize. Scientists dived into the research, using industry and government funding. The effort produced six PNAS papers in 2001 that concluded that the most common types of Bt maize pollen are not toxic to monarch larvae in concentrations the insects would encounter in the fields4. (Losey had used higher concentrations in his lab studies.) "The Losey paper resulted in a lot of good work and brought to a close that particular question," says Alison Power, who studies ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University. Yet some scientists were dismayed that a single paper with preliminary data gave so much ammunition to anti-GMO activists and caused an expensive diversion of resources to calm the scare. They did not want it to happen again.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jennifer Tank (left) and Emma Rosi-Marshall study stream ecology.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jennifer Tank (left) and Emma Rosi-Marshall study stream ecology.G. LAMBERTI</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The caddis-fly study was Tank and Rosi-Marshall's debut in GM research. The idea stemmed from a 2002 talk that Tank gave at Michigan State University in East Lansing about nitrogen dynamics in streams. A researcher in the audience asked whether organic debris from fields of transgenic maize drains into streams, and whether it has any effect on stream life. "We've never thought about that," Tank told the questioner. And once the paper was complete, Tank, Rosi-Marshall and their collaborators had little idea of the storm it was about to kick up. "I thought the response would be 'So what? We're going to lose a few trichopterans'," says co-author Todd Royer, an assistant professor at Indiana University in Bloomington.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On a Friday after the paper was published, Federici and plant biotechnologist Alan McHughen, also at the University of California, Riverside, met at a campus bar for a beer after work. "[McHughen] was really annoyed," says Federici. "I don't think there's been another case where I've seen him so really ticked off." Federici says he too was annoyed — Rosi-Marshall's study was "bad science", he says, and they feared that activists would use it to forward an anti-GMO agenda. McHughen and Federici wanted to neutralize any effects that Rosi-Marshall's paper might have on policy.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The two discussed the key points of a rebuttal letter. McHughen wrote the critique and "circulated it around to people who might be sympathetic", says Federici. The letter listed six grievances with the "sloppy experimental design", and said the publication of the paper had "seriously jeopardized the credibility of PNAS ". "How many busy scientists and how much scarce money will we need to divert to calm this new scare?" the researchers wrote. McHughen got ten other scientists' signatures, including Federici's. On 22 October, they sent the letter to the journal and to the NSF. Days later, Klaus Ammann, a retired botanist and professor emeritus at the University of Bern in Switzerland who had signed the McHughen letter, posted it on an online discussion forum5.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Critical mass</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wayne Parrott, a crop geneticist at the University of Georgia in Athens, also began working on a rebuttal to Rosi-Marshall's paper as soon as he saw it. He said recently that in his opinion: "The work is so bad that an undergrad would have done a better job. I'm convinced the authors knew it had flaws." He e-mailed the authors, the NSF and PNAS two bulleted lists of flaws that he said invalidated the paper. He wrote: "It is risky to extrapolate from lab results to field results, particularly when key factors were not monitored, measured or controlled appropriately." In January 2008, PNAS published a slimmed-down version of this letter6 and the one from McHughen7.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tank and Rosi-Marshall were dismayed by Parrott's e-mail. A few days after receiving it, Tank called James Raich, her contact at the NSF, to talk it over. "I told her to ignore it," says Raich, an ecosystem ecologist at Iowa State University in Ames who worked for the NSF for two years reviewing grant proposals. He told her that letters like these were unusual. But the critiques kept on coming. On 30 November, Monsanto, a maker of Bt maize based in St Louis, Missouri, sent the EPA a six-page critical response8 to the paper, and posted it online. Eric Sachs, director of global scientific affairs at Monsanto, says that regulators ask seed companies to notify them of papers that relate to crop safety, so Monsanto often includes with its notification evaluations of these papers.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Four other signatories of the McHughen letter went on to publish scathing opinion articles over the next few months. In a March 2008 article9 criticizing four papers on biotech crops, Ammann joined forces with Henry Miller, a research fellow at the Hoover Institution in Stanford, California, to ask "Is biotechnology a victim of anti-science bias in scientific journals?". They called Rosi-Marshall's conclusions "dubious", and said their use of evidence "arguably amounts to investigator misconduct". And in a July 2008 commentary in Current Science10, Shanthu Shantharam, a visiting research scholar at Princeton University in New Jersey said Rosi-Marshall's "offending" paper "carried a wrong message to farmers and environmentalists", and that anti-biotech crop activists would use the paper to "hamper the progress of science".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rosi-Marshall took the hits hard. "I experienced it in person and in writing," she says. "These are not the kind of tactics we're used to in science." She was a few years out from her PhD, she did not have tenure at Loyola and her first paper in a prominent journal was getting trashed, along with her reputation. "She's young and was getting picked on," says Michelle Marvier, a biologist at Santa Clara University in California who attended the NAS November 2007 meeting.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was at least some comfort to Rosi-Marshall and Tank that e-mails and phone calls of encouragement came pouring in from other scientists. Some of their supporters had observed similar attacks on other biotech crop papers. "The most reassuring thing we learned was that it had happened before and by the exact same people," says Tank.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What was it about Rosi-Marshall's paper that prompted such a strong reaction? The wording of the abstract — "widespread planting of Bt crops has unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences" — was a particular point of contention. Her critics say that the data do not support such a definitive conclusion. "They absolutely went too far," says Randy Schekman, editor-in-chief of PNAS. Of the half-a-dozen letters received by the journal, most of them protested at this wording, he says. "Why this would have escaped the attention of the referees beats me."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The authors agree that the wording was unfortunate and in retrospect say that the sentence should have articulated the potential for ecosystem-scale consequences within streams, rather than suggesting that such consequences were observed. "This was an oversight," says Rosi-Marshall. "But we did not expect that this sentence would, in light of all of the other statements in our paper, elicit the response it did. We thought the paper would be taken as a whole."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The study's methods also came under fire. It is unclear, for example, whether it was the Bt toxin itself affecting the caddis flies, or some other difference between Bt and non- Bt plants. To test this possibility, critics say the caddis flies should have been fed isogenic lines: strains of maize that are genetically identical except for Bt genes. The authors say they chose not to use such lines because their nutritional quality would have differed — Bt maize has higher concentrations of lignin than non- Bt maize, and so is less nutritious. So the authors matched the Bt samples with non- Bt samples that had similar levels of lignin and other nutrients. "To do otherwise would have resulted in a confounded experiment. Pairing the treatment on the basis of isolines might be standard for agronomic studies, but was inappropriate for an ecological feeding study," the authors told Nature in an e-mail. Rosi-Marshall and her colleagues made this point and other responses to their critics in a correspondence11 published online in PNAS the week after McHughen's and Parrott's critiques.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It is also unclear how much Bt toxin the caddis flies ate. The authors let the insects eat as much as they wanted, as they would in the wild. Critics argue that the authors should have fed the insects known amounts of the toxin in a method called a dose-response study that is routine in toxicity assessments. "The Rosi-Marshall et al. paper would have benefited from additional toxicological data," says Doug Gurian-Sherman, a senior scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a former reviewer for the EPA. But the method the authors used "is a widely accepted method, and is generally adequate for a preliminary study of possible toxicity", he says.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Omitted study</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The paper was also accused of omitting contrary findings. In June 2007, four months before Rosi-Marshall's PNAS paper was published, Jillian Pokelsek, a master's student at Loyola University Chicago working with Rosi-Marshall, presented results from a preliminary field experiment at the annual meeting of the North American Benthological Society in Columbia, South Carolina. The work showed that Bt maize pollen did not influence the growth or mortality of filter-feeding caddis flies. The society posted an abstract12 of the presentation on its website attributing the work to Pokelsek, Rosi-Marshall, Tank, Royer and four other scientists who also authored the PNAS paper. It was not mentioning this study that prompted Miller and Ammann's accusation of misconduct9.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The authors defend the omission on the grounds that the data in the meeting presentation were not published or peer-reviewed, and were less reliable than those in the PNAS paper. "Field experiments are inherently difficult to control and have lower statistical power to detect significant differences compared with controlled laboratory experiments, thus we included the more controlled and statistically rigorous lab experiments in our paper," Tank and Rosi-Marshall told Nature. Also, the caddis flies in the student presentation belonged to a different family, with different feeding mechanisms to those in the PNAS study. Miller's response: "I don't want to split hairs," he says. "If you don't do appropriate controls or if you draw conclusions that are erroneous, I think that's misconduct." But Ammann says he has a "bad feeling" about the accusation. "Maybe we should have been more careful with the wording."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Scientists who were not involved in the debate over Rosi-Marshall's paper say the results were preliminary and left some questions unanswered, but that overall the data are valuable. "The science is fine as far as I'm concerned," says Arthur Benke, an aquatic ecologist at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, who called the strong language in some of the criticisms "inappropriate".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“When bad science is used to justify bad policies, we all lose.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What drives the critics? Financial or professional ties to the biotech industry don't seem to be the impetus. Such ties do exist — like many people researching biotech crops, some have received research grants from industry or have other interactions with it — but in interviews they say that these are not the major driving force. Rather, many of them feel strongly that transgenic crops are safe and beneficial to the environment and society, and that the image and regulation of these crops has been too harsh. Many of the critics have been studying biotech crops since they were developed commercially in the late 1980s, and some were involved with the first regulatory approvals. They have specific ideas about how the risks of these crops should be scientifically assessed. And they worry that papers that fall short of high standards will give anti-GMO activists ammunition to influence policy, just as the monarch-butterfly study did. "When bad science is used to justify bad public policies, we all lose," says McHughen, who says he is on a "campaign to make academic scientists a little less politically naive and a bit more careful in their scientific work". Miller adds that "agricultural biotech has been so horrendously, unscientifically regulated and so over-regulated and so inhibited over the past 30 years that to have these pseudo-controversies stirred up unnecessarily does a disservice to everyone and everything".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ammann points to the example of golden rice, a variety engineered in the late 1990s to contain more vitamin A. Regulations have delayed the rice's development, he says, although more than 250,000 children a year go blind from vitamin-A deficiency. "We have to get emotional," says Ammann. "I can't agree with the cool scientists' perspective — only dealing with the facts. We live in the real world." In 2006, Ammann formed a rebuttal team called ASK-FORCE to challenge reports about biosafety of GM crops. On one online site, Ammann criticizes 20 reports — none of them positive toward biotech crops — that he considers biased or bad science. In July, he was revising a critique of a paper that appeared in The Lancet ten years ago. "I'm working nearly day and night on these things," says Ammann.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The emotional and sometimes harsh quality of some of the attacks strikes some scientists as strange and unlike the constructive criticism to which they are accustomed. Benke points out that none of the criticisms on the caddis-fly paper, for example, called for further study on the insects. "What papers like this do is alert us to possible reasons to look into this more carefully," he says. "No one mentioned this." To try to dismiss the research out of hand ignores how science is supposed to work, adds Power — you make a hypothesis, test it, refine it, test it and refine it again. "You keep doing that until you have an answer that is as close as you're going to get," she says. "I don't understand the resistance to that notion."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Arbiters of the truth</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Some scientists say they are galled by the certainty with which some of the critics state their opinion. "Part of what exasperates me is that they have declared themselves to be the experts in this field, and forcefully present themselves as the ultimate arbiters of truth," says an editor for the Entomological Society of America who asked to remain anonymous. "I personally am in favour of GMOs in general, and think that they are very beneficial for the environment. But I do have problems with the tactics of the large block of scientists who denigrate research by other legitimate scientists in a knee-jerk, partisan, emotional way that is not helpful in advancing knowledge and is outside the ideals of scientific inquiry."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“It is critical to assert the right of scientists to question each other's work.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The critics respond that they are simply pointing out flaws in research, and that this is an important part of the scientific process. "It is neither fair nor accurate to equate pointing out serious deficiencies with experimental design and data interpretation as 'denigration'," Parrott says. "For science to maintain its integrity and move forward, it is critical to assert the right of scientists to question each other's work." McHughen says that he doesn't condone ad hominem attacks. "They are invariably unproductive," he says, and points out these tactics are often used against scientists who don't oppose GM crops.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Federici says he finds it inappropriate to call the reactions 'knee-jerk' ones. "Losey and colleagues, and Rosi-Marshall and colleagues at the time of their studies were newcomers to the field. Most of the people who found their studies flawed and protested had extensive experience with Bacillus thuringiensis." He also points out that the critics varied in how strongly they responded to the Rosi-Marshall paper, saying "I don't consider writing a letter to the editor a harsh response."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“Young people are not going into this field because they are discouraged by what they see.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ignacio Chapela, a microbial ecologist at the University of California, Berkeley, says that the attacks may be deterring young scientists from pursuing careers in biotech crop research. "I have a very long experience now with young people coming to me to say that they are not going into this field precisely because they are discouraged by what they see," he says. Chapela faced criticism from pro-GMO scientists after publishing a 2001 paper in Nature, in which he reported that native maize varieties in Mexico had been contaminated with transgenic genes13. Following the criticism, Nature decided that "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">At its worst, the behaviour could make for a downward spiral of GM research as a whole, says Don Huber, a emeritus professor of plant pathology at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. "When scientists become afraid to even ask the questions … that's a serious impediment to our progress," he says. Miller says: "I don't see how criticism of flawed science that verges on misconduct should discourage anybody." Researchers could be invigorated by entering a field with such lively debate. "For some people it might be exciting because you're doing science that is relevant to society," says Power.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pervasive spread</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rosi-Marshall's caddis-fly paper did find its way into the anti-GMO rhetoric, although on nowhere near the scale that the monarch butterfly paper did. For example, the London-based Institute of Science in Society, a not-for-profit organization involved in the GM debate, on 30 October 2007 posted its summary of the paper, saying that: "calling a halt to planting Bt corn next to streams … would be in keeping with the evidence [the authors] have provided". Greenpeace included the paper in an April 2008 briefing on Bt maize, citing it as evidence of environmental risk.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The impact went further than that. On 9 January 2008, three months after Rosi-Marshall's paper was published, France's watchdog on GM foods ruled that one of Monsanto's types of Bt maize, known as MON810, may have an impact on wildlife. The evidence it cited included Rosi-Marshall's paper. Two days later, the French government announced a ban on cultivating the maize. "[The paper] got to every agency and non-governmental organization that doesn't like the technology and gave them a flag to wave," says Parrott. Not that he considers the effort wasted: "I have no doubt the impact on policy-makers would have been much worse had it not been countered."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nearly two years since the paper was published, the critics' comments are still pointed. "It was just an idiotic experiment," Miller said this July. But Rosi-Marshall and her co-authors stand behind their paper. "We believe our study was scientifically sound," they wrote in an e-mail, "although many questions on the topic remain to be answered. The repeated, and apparently orchestrated, ad hominem and unfounded attacks by a group of genetic engineering proponents has done little to advance our understanding of the potential ecological impacts of transgenic corn."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And Rosi-Marshall's career seems to have survived the furore. In May 2009 she secured tenure at Loyola University Chicago, and in August she moved to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New York. There she will study human-dominated ecosystems and will continue to investigate the influence of maize varieties on stream ecosystems. Since the caddis-fly paper, she has co-authored another study on transgenic crops showing that Bt maize debris decomposes in streams at a faster rate than conventional maize14. She says more data produced with the NSF grant are on the way and that the attacks won't deter her from her studies.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"It toughened me up a lot," she says. "I'm not going to be intimidated." </font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></font></div></div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="27" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://parrottlab.uga.edu/parrottlab/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Parrott Lab at the University of Georgia</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;"><b>parrott</b>lab.<b>uga</b>.edu/<b>parrott</b>lab/</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Missing: <s>monsanto</s></font></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="34" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/parrott.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wayne Parrott | Faculty | Crop & Soil Sciences at CAES | UGA</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.<b>crops</b>oil.<b>uga</b>.edu/personnel/.../<b>parrott</b>.html</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">University of Georgia<span class="Bs" style="border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></a></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1600&bih=809&q=related:www.cropsoil.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/parrott.html+Wayne+Parrott,+a+crop+geneticist+at+the+University+of+Georgia+in+Athens+monsanto&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQHwgnMAE" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f">May 29, 2015 - </span>Photo: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott</span>, Academic Rank ... Area of Expertise: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Plant</span>Breeding and Genomics. Campus ... <span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Athens</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">GA</span> 30602-7272. Additional Web</span>  ...</font></span></a><div class="Tib"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1600&bih=809&q=related:www.cropsoil.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/parrott.html+Wayne+Parrott,+a+crop+geneticist+at+the+University+of+Georgia+in+Athens+monsanto&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQHwgnMAE" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Missing: <s>monsanto</s></font></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="43" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.caes.uga.edu/alumni/news/southscapes/spring15/burtons-of-today.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Burtons' of Today - UGA College of Agricultural and ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.caes.<b>uga</b>.e...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b2" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQ7B0ILTAC" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ul></div></div><div class="crc" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; margin-left: 4px;"><div class="crl" data-async-context="res:2;ri:;site:caes.uga.edu" data-async-trigger="cra-2-filled" jsaction="crd.tglpop" data-ved="0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQ5CsIMDAC" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7tE-rlaRZMwJ:www.caes.uga.edu/alumni/news/southscapes/spring15/burtons-of-today.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Envi...<span class="Bs" style="border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></a></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7tE-rlaRZMwJ:www.caes.uga.edu/alumni/news/southscapes/spring15/burtons-of-today.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: bold;">UGA</span> Researchers Carry on Burton's Legacy Through Innovations That Will Feed the ...<span class="ft">Professor in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">UGA</span> Institute of <span style="font-weight: bold;">Plant</span> Breeding, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Genetics</span> and Genomics, Department of</span> ... <span class="ft">In 2006, Li took a position leading <span style="font-weight: bold;">Monsanto</span> Company's Corn Genotyping</span> ...<span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott</span>, since joining the faculty in 1988, has developed new</span>  ...</font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="49" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne</span> Allen <span style="font-weight: bold;">Parrott</span> is a professor of <span style="font-weight: bold;">crop</span> sciences at the <span style="font-weight: bold;">University of Georgia in Athens</span>.</span> ... <span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Parrott</span> joined the faculty of the <span style="font-weight: bold;">University of Georgia</span> in 1988.</span></font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="55" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:E4WHIkQfrFcJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Parrott+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="ogd b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[PPT]</font></span></a><a href="http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/fri-rmgmcriticismfa09.ppt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GM crops: Battlefield Can criticism of an article go too far?</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.zo.utexas.edu/.../fri-rmgmcriticismfa0...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; 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position: relative; margin-left: 4px;"><div class="crl" data-async-context="res:4;ri:;site:zo.utexas.edu" data-async-trigger="cra-4-filled" jsaction="crd.tglpop" data-ved="0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQ5CsIPDAE" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:W1GDHdYKLXkJ:www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/fri-rmgmcriticismfa09.ppt+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">University of Texas at Austin<span class="Bs" style="border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></a></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:W1GDHdYKLXkJ:www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/fri-rmgmcriticismfa09.ppt+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="ft">And http://www.<span style="font-weight: bold;">monsanto</span>.com.au/images/global_area_chart.gif</span> ... <span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott, a crop geneticist at the University of Georgia in Athens</span>, recently said, "<wbr />The</span>  ...</font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="61" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:W1GDHdYKLXkJ:www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/fri-rmgmcriticismfa09.ppt+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="ogd b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[PDF]</font></span></a><a href="http://www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/FRI-rmGMOcriticFa11.pdf" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">9/26 or 27</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><cite class="Rm" style="font-style: normal;">www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/FRI-rmGMOcriticFa11.pdf</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b5" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQ7B0IPzAF" style="border-radius: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ul></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:KvbhWUvzLxoJ:www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/stuart/FRI-rmGMOcriticFa11.pdf+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="ft">And http://www.<span style="font-weight: bold;">monsanto</span>.com.au/images/global_area_chart.gif. Texas=70ha</span> ... <span class="ft">at the University of. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Georgia in Athens</span>, recently said, "The work is so bad</span> ... <span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott, a crop geneticist at the University of Georgia</span> in. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Athens</span>, recently said</span>  ...</font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="66" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-13/mutant-crops-drive-basf-sales-where-monsanto-denied-commodities" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mutant Crops Drive BASF Sales Where Monsanto Denied ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f">Nov 13, 2013 - </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Crop</span> breeders increasingly are using radiation and gene-altering chemicals to ... <span class="ft">Kevin M. Folta, a molecular <span style="font-weight: bold;">geneticist</span> and interim chairman of the horticultural sciences department at the University of Florida.</span> .... <span class="ft">according to <span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott</span>, professor of <span style="font-weight: bold;">crop</span> science at the <span style="font-weight: bold;">University of Georgia in Athens</span>.</span></font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="74" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GM crops: Battlefield : Nature News</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f">Sep 2, 2009 - </span><span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott, a crop geneticist at the University of Georgia in Athens</span>, also began working on a rebuttal to Rosi-Marshall's paper as soon as he</span>  ...</font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="81" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.toledoblade.com/Food/2013/11/13/Mutant-crops-drive-BASF-sales-where-Monsanto-denied-1.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mutant crops drive BASF sales where Monsanto denied ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; 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Folta, a molecular <span style="font-weight: bold;">geneticist</span> and interim chairman of the horticultural sciences department at the University of Florida.</span> .... <span class="ft">mutagenesis, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott</span>, professor of<span style="font-weight: bold;">crop</span> science at <span style="font-weight: bold;">University of Georgia</span> at <span style="font-weight: bold;">Athens</span>, said by phone. “Simply</span>  ...</font></span></a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="88" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.crops.org/about-society/committees/c011.07/members/history" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Committees | Crop Science Society of America</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="ft">C-7, Genomics, Molecular <span style="font-weight: bold;">Genetics</span>, and Biotechnology Officers. Past Chair</span> ... Dept. of<span style="font-weight: bold;">Plant</span>, Soil and Agricultural Systems 1205 Licoln .... <span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">University of Georgia</span><wbr />-<span style="font-weight: bold;">Athens</span>Department of</span> .... <span class="ft"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Parrott</span></span> ... <span class="ft">Email: david.a.somers@<span style="font-weight: bold;">monsanto</span>.<wbr />com</span>  ...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1600&bih=809&q=related:https://www.crops.org/about-society/committees/c011.07/members/history+Wayne+Parrott,+a+crop+geneticist+at+the+University+of+Georgia+in+Athens+monsanto&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ34r6zu7JAhVKPj4KHRD1DZYQHwheMAk" style="text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==</font></a></div></div>