irving kristol sr

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</div><div>Butina was not keeping a low profile. In June, she wrote an <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-bear-the-elephant-13098" target="blank" rel="noopener nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transition: color 0.24s cubic-bezier(0.215, 0.61, 0.355, 1); position: relative;">English-language op-ed</a> about U.S-Russia relations for The National Interest, the foreign-policy magazine founded by neoconservative Irving Kristol. Butina staked out a case for regime change in America: “It may take the election of a Republican to the White House in 2016 to improve relations between the Russian Federation and the United States,” she wrote. “As improbable as it may sound, the Russian bear shares more interests with the Republican elephant than the Democratic donkey.” Citing the GOP’s coalition of social conservatives, businessmen and anti-terrorism hawks, Butina wrote, “These are values espoused by United Russia, the current ruling political party in Moscow.” The magazine identified Butina as the founder of “a Russian version of the NRA.” Not included in her bio: Butina was still on the government payroll, as special assistant to Torshin, who by now was deputy governor of the Russian central bank.wiki<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">Irving Kristol (January 22, 1920 – September 18, 2009) was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American</a> journalist who was dubbed the "godfather of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">neoconservatism</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-obit-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> As the founder, editor, and contributor to various magazines, he played an influential role in the intellectual and political culture of the last half-century;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> after his death he was described by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Daily Telegraph</a> as being "perhaps the most consequential public intellectual of the latter half of the 20th century."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"> </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Biography</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#Ideas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Ideas</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Articles</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#Books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Books</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Biography</h2>
Kristol was affiliated with the [CIA BACKED] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a>; he wrote in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Commentary</a> magazine from 1947 to 1952, under the editor Elliot Cohen (not to be confused with Elliot A. Cohen, the writer of today's magazine); was (with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Stephen Spender</a>) co-founder of and contributor to the British-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter(magazine)" title="Encounter (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Encounter</a>from 1953 to 1958; editor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reporter(magazine)" title="The Reporter (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Reporter</a>from 1959 to 1960; executive vice-president of the publishing house <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Basic Books</a> from 1961 to 1969; Henry Luce Professor of Urban Values at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">New York University</a> from 1969 to 1987; and co-founder and co-editor (first with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Daniel Bell</a> and then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Glazer" title="Nathan Glazer" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Nathan Glazer</a>) of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Interest" title="The Public Interest" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Public Interest</a> from 1965 to 2002. He was the founder and publisher of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The National Interest</a> from 1985 to 2002. Following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Ramparts</a>' publication of information showing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a> funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which was widely reported elsewhere, Kristol left in the late 1960s and became affiliated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-9" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none;">[</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-9" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">9]</a>Kristol was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">New York</a>, the son of non-observant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Jewish</a> immigrants from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Eastern Europe</a>, Bessie (Mailman) and Joseph Kristol.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> He received his B.A. from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">City College of New York</a> in 1940, where he majored in history and was part of a small but vocal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Trotskyist</a> anti-Soviet group who eventually became <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Intellectuals" title="The New York Intellectuals" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">The New York Intellectuals</a>. It was at these meetings that Kristol met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a>, whom he later married in 1942.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> During <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">World War II</a>, he served in Europe in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Armored_Division(United_States)" title="12th Armored Division (United States)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">12th Armored Division</a> as a combat infantryman.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>Kristol was a fellow of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, and a fellow emeritus at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a> (having been an associate fellow from 1972, a senior fellow from 1977, and the John M. Olin Distinguished Fellow from 1988 to 1999). As a member of the board of contributors of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Wall Street Journal</a>, he contributed a monthly column from 1972 to 1997. He served on the Council of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> from 1972 to 1977.In July 2002, he received from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Medal of Freedom</a>, the nation's highest civilian honor.Kristol married Himmelfarb, a historian, in 1942. They had two children, Elizabeth Nelson and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kristol" title="William Kristol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Kristol</a>, the editor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Weekly Standard</a>.Kristol died aged 89 on September 18, 2009 at the Capital Hospice in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Church,Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Falls Church, Virginia</a> from complications of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lung cancer</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-obit-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Ideas[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 1973, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Michael Harrington</a> coined the term "neo-conservatism" to describe those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">liberal</a> intellectuals and political philosophers who were disaffected with the political and cultural attitudes dominating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Democratic Party</a> and were moving toward a new form of conservatism.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[11]</a> Intended by Harrington as a pejorative term, it was accepted by Kristol as an apt description of the ideas and policies exemplified by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Interest" title="The Public Interest" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Public Interest</a>. Unlike liberals, for example, neo-conservatives rejected most of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Great Society</a> programs sponsored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Lyndon Johnson</a>; and unlike traditional conservatives, they supported the more limited welfare state instituted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>.In February 1979, Kristol was featured on the cover of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Esquire</a>. The caption identified him as "the godfather of the most powerful new political force in America – Neo-conservatism".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> That year also saw the publication of the book The Neo-conservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America's Politics. Like Harrington, the author, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Steinfels" title="Peter Steinfels" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Peter Steinfels</a>, was critical of neo-conservatism, but he was impressed by its growing political and intellectual influence. Kristol's response appeared under the title "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed – Perhaps the Only – 'Neo-conservative'".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a>Neo-conservatism, Kristol maintains, is not an ideology but a "persuasion," a way of thinking about politics rather than a compendium of principles and axioms.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> It is classical rather than romantic in temperament, and practical and anti-Utopian in policy. One of Kristol's most celebrated quips defines a neo-conservative as "a liberal who has been mugged by reality." These concepts lie at the core of neo-conservative philosophy to this day.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a>That reality, for Kristol, is a complex one. While propounding the virtues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">supply-side economics</a> as the basis for the economic growth that is "a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">sine qua non</a> for the survival of a modern democracy", he also insists that any economic philosophy has to be enlarged by "political philosophy, moral philosophy, and even religious thought," which were as much the sine qua non for a modern democracy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a>One of his early books, Two Cheers for Capitalism, asserts that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">capitalism</a>, or more precisely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">bourgeois</a>capitalism, is worthy of two cheers: One cheer, because "it works, in a quite simple, material sense", by improving the conditions of people. And a second cheer, because it is "congenial to a large measure of personal liberty". These are no small achievements, he argues, and only capitalism has proved capable of providing them. But it also imposes a great "psychic burden" upon the individual and the social order as well. Because it does not meet the individual's "'existential' human needs", it creates a "spiritual malaise" that threatens the legitimacy of that social order. As much as anything else, it is the withholding of that third cheer that is the distinctive mark of neo-conservatism, as Kristol understands it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Articles[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unz.org/Pub/Encounter-1954dec-00047" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Men and Ideas: Niccolo Machiavelli," Encounter, December 1954.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23895/irving-kristol/american-intellectuals-and-foreign-policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"American Intellectuals and Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs, July 1967 (repr. in On the Democratic Idea in America).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70716FF3F5F127A93C3A81789D85F4C8685F9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Memoirs of a Cold Warrior," New York Times Magazine, February 11, 1968 (repr. in Reflections of a Neo-conservative).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/when-virtue-loses-all-her-loveliness-some-reflections-on-capitalism-and-the-free-society" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"When Virtue Loses All Her Loveliness," The Public Interest, Fall 1970 (repr. in On the Democratic Idea in America and Two Cheers for Capitalism).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061FF83A5F127A93CAAB1788D85F458785F9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Pornography, Obscenity, and Censorship," New York Times Magazine, March 28, 1971 (repr. in On the Democratic Idea in America and Reflections of a Neo-conservative).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmSpectator-1974jun-00005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Utopianism, Ancient and Modern," Imprimus, April 1973 (repr. in Two Cheers for Capitalism).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2nUuTagIw8C&pg=PA258&dq=%22Adam+Smith+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SZIaUuDyNNOv4AOn6ICADg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Adam%20Smith%20and%20the%20Spirit%20of%20Capitalism%22&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Adam Smith and the Spirit of Capitalism," The Great Ideas Today, ed. Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler, 1976 (repr. in Reflections of a Neo-conservative).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irvingkristol.org/essay/memoirs-of-a-trotskyist/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Memoirs of a Trotskyist," New York Times Magazine, January 23, 1977 (repr. in Reflections of a Neo-conservative).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unz.org/Pub/Encounter-1979oct-00005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"The Adversary Culture of Intellectuals," Encounter, October 1979 (repr. in Reflections of a Neo-conservative).</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The Hidden Cost of Regulation", The Wall Street Journal.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Books[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">On the Democratic Idea in America, New York: Harper, 1972 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060124679" title="Special:BookSources/0060124679" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0060124679</a>).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Two Cheers for Capitalism, 1978 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08803-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08803-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-465-08803-1</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reflections of a Neo-conservative: Looking Back, Looking Ahead, 1983 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06872-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06872-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-465-06872-3</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Neo-conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, 1995 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-874021-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-874021-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-02-874021-1</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Neo-conservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, Basic Books, 2011 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465022235" title="Special:BookSources/0465022235" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0465022235</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">On Jews and Judaism, Barnes and Noble, 2014.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-obit-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-obit_1-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-obit_1-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Barry Gewen (September 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/19/us/politics/19kristol.html?pagewanted=all" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Irving Kristol, Godfather of Modern Conservatism, Dies at 89"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Irving+Kristol%2C+Godfather+of+Modern+Conservatism%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.au=Barry+Gewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F19%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F19kristol.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Kristol" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/34900.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">http://www.reason.com/news/show/34900.html</a></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }See, for example, "American Conservative Opinion Leaders," by Mark J. Rozell and James F. Pontuso, 1990.</li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Stelzer" title="Irwin Stelzer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stelzer, Irwin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6219496/Irving-Kristols-gone---well-miss-his-clear-vision.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Irving Kristol's gone – we'll miss his clear vision</a> Telegraph.</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Hoeveler, J. David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JocfGWYGciMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA81" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Watch on the right: conservative intellectuals in the Reagan era</a> (University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-12810-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-12810-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-299-12810-4</a>, p. 81</li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzuwrsIil0UC&q=Bessie+Mailman+Kristol&dq=Bessie+Mailman+Kristol&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI65PplrzLAhVBkYMKHaxEDCUQ6AEIHzAC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://contemporarythinkers.org/irving-kristol/biography/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">http://contemporarythinkers.org/irving-kristol/biography/</a></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Kristol, Irving. Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: The Free Press, 1995. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-874021-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-874021-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-02-874021-1</a> pp. 3–4</li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders,Frances_Stonor" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunders, Frances Stonor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Saunders, Frances Stonor</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cultural Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Cultural Cold War</a>, page 419. The New Press,1999.</li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/18/AR2009091802514.html?hpid=topnews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Irving Kristol, Architect of Neoconservatism, Dies at 89"</a>. washingtonpost.com. September 18, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Irving+Kristol%2C+Architect+of+Neoconservatism%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F09%2F18%2FAR2009091802514.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Kristol" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lind, Michael</a>, "A Tragedy of Errors", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/tragedy-errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">http://www.thenation.com/article/tragedy-errors</a> Accessed 14 October 2010, The Nation, February 8, 2004</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtmagazine.com/esquire1979.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">dtmagazine.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828071559/http://www.dtmagazine.com/esquire1979.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> August 28, 2008, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Goldberg, Jonah</a>, "The Neo-conservative Invention", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/206955/neoconservative-invention/jonah-goldberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/206955/neoconservative-invention/jonah-goldberg</a> National Review Online, May 20, 2003</li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Reflections of a Neo-conservative, p. 79</li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Blumenthal" title="Sidney Blumenthal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blumenthal, Sidney</a>, "Mugged by reality", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/blumenthal/2006/12/14/jeane_kirkpatrick/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/blumenthal/2006/12/14/jeane_kirkpatrick/</a> Salon, December 14, 2006</li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Neo-conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea (New York, 1995), p. 37.</li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol#cite_ref-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Two Cheers for Capitalism (New York, 1978), pp. x–xii.</li></ol></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.75em;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more aboutIrving Kristolat Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sister projects</a></div><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; 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vertical-align: middle;" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Irving_Kristol" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Irving Kristol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irvingkristol.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Website and bibliography of Irving Kristol's writings</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irvingkristol.org/essay/american-conservatism-1945-1995/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">American Conservatism 1945–1995, by Irving Kristol</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=299" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">On The Political Stupidity of the Jews, by Irving Kristol</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/000tzmlw.asp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Neoconservative Persuasion, by Irving Kristol</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/6211897/Irving-Kristol.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Irving Kristol</a> – Daily Telegraph obituary</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?irvingkristol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Appearances</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">C-SPAN</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&SAB1=kristol&BOOL1=as%20a%20phrase&FLD1=Keyword%20Anywhere%20%28GKEY%29&GRP1=AND%20with%20next%20set&SAB2=&BOOL2=as%20a%20phrase&FLD2=Keyword%20Anywhere%20%28GKEY%29&GRP2=AND%20with%20next%20set&SAB3=&BOOL3=as%20a%20phrase&FLD3=Keyword%20Anywhere%20%28GKEY%29&CNT=25&PID=xA_qYqucNYlrRzS5Os2RyeUjto81c&SEQ=20100817092506&SID=1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Irving Kristol Papers</a> – Wisconsin Historical Society</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063153/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/67045-1/Irving+Kristol.aspx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Booknotes interview with Kristol on Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, September 24, 1995.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/arguing/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Arguing the World</a>, 1998 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PBS</a> documentary film featuring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Glazer" title="Nathan Glazer" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: rgb(221, 221, 255); width: 99.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Authority control</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 566px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/84235560" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">WorldCat Identities</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84235560" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">84235560</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50045985" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">n50045985</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000122824527" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">0000 0001 2282 4527</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119308134" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">119308134</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033540551" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">033540551</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12439820r" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">cb12439820r</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12439820r" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">(data)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446368" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">00446368</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Technology_in_the_Humanities" title="Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IATH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w61q02dk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">w61q02dk</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1920_births" title="Category:1920 births" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1920 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2009_deaths" title="Category:2009 deaths" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2009 deaths</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Brooklyn" title="Category:People from Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">People from Brooklyn</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_writers" title="Category:20th-century American writers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">20th-century American writers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_columnists" title="Category:American columnists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American columnists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Enterprise_Institute" title="Category:American Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Jews_of_European_descent" title="Category:American Jews of European descent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Jews of European descent</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_journalists" title="Category:Jewish American journalists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish American journalists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_male_journalists" title="Category:American male journalists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American male journalists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_journalists" title="Category:American journalists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American journalists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_male_writers" title="Category:American male writers" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: none;">American political commentators</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_political_writers" title="Category:American political writers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American political writers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Trotskyists" title="Category:American Trotskyists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Trotskyists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:City_College_of_New_York_alumni" title="Category:City College of New York alumni" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">City College of New York alumni</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cancer_in_Virginia" title="Category:Deaths from cancer in Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Deaths from cancer in Virginia</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_lung_cancer" title="Category:Deaths from lung cancer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Deaths from lung cancer</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_Marxists" title="Category:Former Marxists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Former Marxists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_writers" title="Category:Jewish American writers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish American writers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_philosophers" title="Category:Jewish philosophers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish philosophers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Association_of_Scholars" title="Category:National Association of Scholars" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Association of Scholars</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Neoconservatism" title="Category:Neoconservatism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Neoconservatism</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York(state)Republicans" title="Category:New York (state) Republicans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York (state) Republicans</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York_University_faculty" title="Category:New York University faculty" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York University faculty</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_soldiers" title="Category:United States Army soldiers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Army soldiers</a></li></ul></div></div>slate obit
passing of Irving Kristol last month at the age of 89 coincided with the death, at a much younger age, of the intellectually serious conservatism he did so much to foster. As a liberal who was fond of both, I've been feeling the loss.
Jacob Weisberg is chairman and editor-in-chief of The Slate Group and author of The Bush Tragedy. 
In the heyday of Kristol's influence in the 1980s, Republicans styled themselves the party of ideas. Whatever you thought of those ideas—challenging Soviet power, cutting taxes, passing power back to the states, ending affirmative action, cutting off welfare benefits to the undeserving poor—they represented a genuine attempt to remodel government around a coherent vision. Today, as during the pre-conservative stage of Kristol's career in the 1950s, the Republican Party takes itself much more lightly. It has fallen back upon what Lionel Trilling once called "irritable mental gestures"—crankily rejecting liberal attempts to come to grips with the country's problems without offering any plausible alternatives. Since the last election, it has been the brain-dead home of tea parties, pro-life amendments, and climate-change denial.
Those on the right frustrated with the paltry politics of today's GOP may find some inspiration looking back at Kristol's best work, which was done in the late 1960s and 1970s, when he was hovering somewhere between left and right. With his friend Daniel Bell, Kristol in 1965 founded the Public Interest, one of the really important American political magazines, and went on to edit it for the next 40 years. The circle around the Public Interest—including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, James Q. Wilson, and Nathan Glazer—was composed of liberals disturbed by the drift of then-regnant liberalism. Kristol and his colleagues accepted FDR's New Deal as both a political reality and a minimum standard for an advanced society but worried that the 1960s drift toward value-free social policy was undermining it. They wanted to fix government, not break it further.
The Public Interest's full archive has been digitized by National Affairs, a self-styled successor, and it's a good place to ponder what a sophisticated challenge to dominant liberalism might look like today. A typical issue from 1967 includes a piece on the failure of Pruitt-Igoe, the notorious public housing project in St. Louis that was later dynamited. Another article argues that little progress had been made in the previous two decades in reducing poverty, defined in relation to median income. A series of essays asked whether LBJ's attempt to apply cost-benefit analysis to federal programs would really result in more effective government. (It didn't.) The magazine's stance, rooted in empirical social science, was one of scholarly skepticism about whether liberal goals were attainable through Democratic programs.
As that skepticism deepened, the democratic socialist writer Michael Harrington dubbed the tendency neoconservatism. A brilliant publicist, Kristol claimed the slur as a badge of honor and sought to define it as a political philosophy. "Neo-conservatism is not at all hostile to the idea of the welfare state, but it is critical of the Great Society version of the welfare state," Kristol wrote in Newsweek in 1976. His more famous formulation was that a neoconservative is a liberal who has been mugged—sometimes softened with the grace note "by reality." But the goal of the neoconservatives—who in those days were still principally focused on domestic rather than foreign policy—remained better government, more mindful of tradition, and respectful of the values of the people.
How did this prudent outlook devolve into the spectacle of ostensibly intelligent people cheering on Sarah Palin? Through the 1980s, the neoconservatives became more focused on political power and less interested in policy. They developed their own corrupting welfare state, doling out sinecures and patronage subsidized by the Olin, Scaife, and Bradley foundations. Alliances with the religious right skewed their perspective on a range of topics. They went a little crazy hating on liberals.
Over time, the two best qualities of the early neocons—their skepticism about government's ability to transform societies and their rigorous empiricism—fell by the wayside. In later years, you might say Kristol and the neoconservatives got mugged by ideology. Actually, they were the muggers. "It becomes clear that, in our time, a non-ideological politics cannot survive the relentless onslaught of ideological politics," Kristol wrote in 1980. "For better or for worse, ideology is now the vital element of organized political action."There was no clearer sign of that shift than the effort by Kristol's son, William, to prevent any health care reform legislation from passing in 1993—on the theory that the political benefit would accrue to the Democrats. Today, that sort of Carthaginian politics has infected the entire congressional wing of the GOP, which equates problem-solving with treasonous collaboration. Though the president has tried to compromise with them in crafting the last missing piece of the social insurance puzzle, even allegedly moderate Republicans are not interested in making legislation more effective, less expensive, or in other ways more conservative. They are interested only in handing Obama a political defeat.
This is no good at all. Without a substantive challenge, liberals grow smug and lazy. They overreach and overspend. Conservatives need to return to civic responsibility, not just to check their opponents, but to offer the country a valid alternative. They need some new neoconservatives. They need the old Irving Kristol.<a href="https://www.alternet.org/media/cias-60-year-history-fake-news-how-deep-state-corrupted-many-american-writers">https://www.alternet.org/media/cias-60-year-history-fake-news-how-deep-state-corrupted-many-american-writers</a>...RS: The reason your book is compelling, and I think people should read it–and let me just be clear right up front, I read it straight through, [laughs], I think I had one breakfast break. But I enjoyed it enormously, because it really makes these characters come alive. And they’re not cardboard characters, whether you’re talking about Irving Kristol, or you’re talking about, you know, Irving Howe or George Plimpton or anybody–there’s whole bunches of them run through the book, and you really are introduced to the cultural life of Paris and London and New York and so forth. But again, I keep getting back to this one question, you know; there’s a thing in the newspaper business, I remember one editor telling me “too good to check.” And maybe when somebody’s writing you an actual check, and you’re getting money and you’re getting first-class airfare, and they’re funding your wonderful magazine, your little magazine, so you don’t have to go to your parents–because most of these people were super rich, and they could just go to their uncle or father or something and get some more money. But still it was now, you know, classy to get it from some secret Fleischmann’s Yeast or something [Laughs], that was a front for the CIA. You know, and so yeah, you’re involved in intrigue and all that, which I guess a lot of writers like to be involved in; but the idea that they drank the Kool-Aid and thought they were saving freedom is the part that I still don’t get.JW: It does seem like there was a big pivot after World War II, and I think one of the organizations that normalized the idea of secrecy ruling over the media–which is eventually what you end up with in a program like this–was the OSS. A lot of the people, the founding lights of the CIA, came to see that the OSS had done some great work in, as they saw it, thwarting the Nazis during World War II. So a lot of the people who founded the CIA, they understood that if the Soviet communists were using secrecy to penetrate our organizations, instead of thinking of how do we stop the penetration, it seems like it turned into a system of let’s preemptively penetrate our own organizations, just to make sure we can watch them and keep them on the up-and-up. And of course one of the ways that they keep people in line, as you say, was through the money. So in terms of the official magazines that the CIA created and presided over, the British spy who overthrew Mosaddegh, he would have been, in June of 1953–his name was Christopher Montague Woodhouse–he would have been working on the CIA magazine for London, Encounter. He would have empowered the two editors, one American, one Brit, Stephen Spender on the British side, Irving Kristol on the American side, both working out of London; one paid through secrecy of the British state, one paid indirectly through the CIA. The spy overseeing this, Woodhouse, he would have then turned in the late summer towards overthrowing the democratically elected leader of Iran, Mohammad Mosaddegh. And then later, he’s also feeling so good about this system of, what essentially you have are coups as covert ops and then long-term soft-power propaganda, also on the covert ops side of the CIA and British secret services. So he feels so good about this that he’s later on a contributor to Encounter. So magazines like Encounter, they were created in Paris, they were created in Italy, they were created all over Europe; and then they spread to the Nordic countries, they spread to the Third World. What they did was they involved people at different levels. So the people in the know would be people who were editors and regular contributors, and it would even for them be kind of an open secret. So one person I interviewed was a guy named Nelson Aldrich, and he collaborated first–well, he worked for, I should say, first with the Paris Review. The Paris Review was not one of those magazines created by the CIA, or if it was, it was sort of indirectly used. It was used as Peter Matthiessen, the writer who was one of its founders, as his cover in Paris in the early fifties. But then he says he resigned from the CIA and there was no connection. Well, later on, George Plimpton, the famous writer and man about New York, was the public face of the Paris Review through its formative years and for many decades; he found a way to get CIA money through the Congress for Cultural Freedom, its cultural propaganda front. So that’s a second tie. Later on in my research, I found a third tie through a founding managing editor. So you have such a vast network of money for culture that in one organization, one magazine that’s sort of only a tangential CIA asset or friend, you can find three big separate ties....==</div></div>