angleton

=<div>see uber1</div><div>op chaos // cointelpro</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-5742">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-5742</a></div><div></div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton</a></div><div>
</div><div>James Jesus Angleton (December 9, 1917 – May 11, 1987) was chief of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Counterintelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Counterintelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CIA Counterintelligence</a> from 1954 to 1975. His official position within the organization was Associate Deputy Director of Operations for Counterintelligence (ADDOCI). Angleton was significantly involved in the US response to the purported KGB defectors <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliy_Golitsyn" title="Anatoliy Golitsyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anatoliy Golitsyn</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Nosenko" title="Yuri Nosenko" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yuri Nosenko</a>. Angleton later became convinced the CIA harbored a high-ranking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mole</a>, and engaged in an intensive search. Whether this was a highly destructive witch hunt or appropriate caution vindicated by later moles remains a subject of intense historical debate.According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Director of Central Intelligence</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Helms</a>: "In his day, Jim was recognized as the dominant counterintelligence figure in the non-communist world."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a>Investigative journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein" title="Edward Jay Epstein" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edward Jay Epstein</a> agrees with the high regard in which Angleton was held by his colleagues in the intelligence business, and adds that Angleton earned the "trust ... of six CIA directors—including Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Walter Bedell Smith</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_W.Dulles" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen W. Dulles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allen W. Dulles</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Helms</a>. They kept Angleton in key positions and valued his work."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Early_and_personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Early and personal life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#World_War_II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2World War II</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#CIA_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3CIA career</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Rise_in_influence_in_the_CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1Rise in influence in the CIA</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Chief_of_the_counterintelligence_staff_of_the_CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2Chief of the counterintelligence staff of the CIA</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Golitsyn_and_Nosenko" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3Golitsyn and Nosenko</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Suspicion_of_infiltration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.4Suspicion of infiltration</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Resignation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.5Resignation</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Legacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#CIA_Family_Jewels" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5CIA Family Jewels</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6In popular culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early and personal life</h2>James Jesus Angleton was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boise, Idaho</a>, to James Hugh Angleton and Carmen Mercedes Moreno. His parents met in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mexico</a> while his father was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Army</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cavalry</a> officer serving under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pershing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pershing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">General John Pershing</a>. His father purchased the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporation" title="NCR Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NCR</a> franchise in pre-war Italy, where he became head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="American Chamber of Commerce" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Chamber of Commerce</a> and later joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS).Angleton's boyhood was spent in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan" title="Milan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Milan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italy</a>, where his family moved after his father bought NCR's Italian subsidiary. He then studied as a boarder at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_College" title="Malvern College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Malvern College</a> in England before attending <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yale University</a>. The young Angleton was a poet and, as a Yale undergraduate, editor, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Whittemore" title="Reed Whittemore" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Reed Whittemore</a>, of the Yale literary magazine Furioso, which published many of the best-known poets of the inter-war period, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.E.Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">E. E. Cummings</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ezra Pound</a>. He carried on an extensive correspondence with Pound, Cummings and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S.Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">T. S. Eliot</a>, among others, and was particularly influenced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Empson</a>, author of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Types_of_Ambiguity" title="Seven Types of Ambiguity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Seven Types of Ambiguity</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Angleton was trained in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Criticism</a> at Yale by Maynard Mack and others, chiefly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Holmes_Pearson" title="Norman Holmes Pearson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Norman Holmes Pearson</a>, a founder of American Studies, and briefly studied law at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard</a>, but did not graduate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>He joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Army</a> in March 1943 and in July 1943 married Cicely Harriet d'Autremont, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Vassar</a> alumna from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tucson, Arizona</a>. Together, they had three children: James C. Angleton, Guru Sangat Kaur Khalsa (formerly Truffy Angleton<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>), and Siri Hari Kaur Angleton-Khalsa (formerly Lucy d'Autremont Angleton).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> They lived in the Rock Spring neighborhood of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arlington, Virginia</a>until Angleton's death in 1987.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> Both of Angleton's daughters became followers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh_Khalsa" title="Harbhajan Singh Khalsa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harbhajan Singh Khalsa</a>.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">World War II[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Jesus_Angleton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>During <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War II</a>, Angleton served under Pearson in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-2_Counter_Espionage_Branch" title="X-2 Counter Espionage Branch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">counter-intelligence branch (X-2)</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Office of Strategic Services</a> in London, where he met the famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">double agent</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kim Philby</a>. Angleton was chief of the Italy desk for X-2 in London by February 1944 and in November was transferred to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italy</a> as commander of SCI [Secret Counterintelligence] Unit Z, which handled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra" title="Ultra" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ultra</a> intelligence based on the British intercepts of German radio communications.By the end of the war, he was head of X-2 for all of Italy. In this position Angleton helped <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junio_Valerio_Borghese" title="Junio Valerio Borghese" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Junio Valerio Borghese</a> escape execution, whose elite unit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decima_MAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Decima MAS" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Decima MAS</a> had collaborated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SS</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> Angleton was interested in the defense of installations such as ports and bridges and offered Borghese a fair trial, in return for his collaboration.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> He dressed him up in an American uniform and drove him from Milan to Rome for interrogation by the Allies. Borghese was then tried and convicted of collaboration with the Nazi invaders but not of war crimes, by the Italian court.Angleton remained in Italy after the war, establishing connections with other secret intelligence services and playing a major role in the victory of the US-supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christian Democratic Party</a>, over the USSR-supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italian Communist Party</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_general_election,1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 1948" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1948 elections</a>.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">CIA career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Jesus_Angleton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CIA career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Rise in influence in the CIA[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Jesus_Angleton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise in influence in the CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Returning to Washington, he was employed by the various successor organizations to the OSS, eventually becoming one of the founder-officers of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. In May 1949, he was made head of Staff A of the CIA's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Special_Operations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Special Operations (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Office of Special Operations</a>, where he was responsible for the collection of foreign intelligence and liaison with the CIA's counterpart organizations. Beginning in 1951, Angleton was responsible for liaison with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israel</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mossad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shin Bet</a> agencies, "the Israeli desk", crucial relationships that he managed for the remainder of his career. During the next five years, Angleton helped put in place the structure of the new Agency and participated, to some extent, in the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rollback</a>" operations, associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wisner" title="Frank Wisner" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Frank Wisner</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Albania</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Poland</a> and other countries, concerning all of which Angleton counseled caution and all of which failed. He worked particularly closely with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kim Philby</a>, who being groomed to head the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secret Intelligence Service</a> MI6, was also in Washington. The Angletons developed a varied social set in Washington, including professional acquaintances like the Philbys, poets, painters and journalists. In 1951, Philby's colleagues <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Guy Burgess</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Maclean(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Donald Maclean</a> defected to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Moscow</a>. Philby was expelled from Washington, suspected of having tipped them off to imminent exposure based on decoded Soviet communications from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Venona project</a>.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Chief of the counterintelligence staff of the CIA[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Jesus_Angleton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief of the counterintelligence staff of the CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 1954 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allen Dulles</a>, who had recently become <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Director of Central Intelligence</a>, named Angleton head of the Counterintelligence Staff, a position that Angleton retained for the rest of his CIA career. Dulles also assigned Angleton responsibility for coordination with allied intelligence services. In general, Angleton's career at CIA can be divided into three areas of responsibility: foreign intelligence activities, counterintelligence and domestic intelligence activities.Under the heading of foreign intelligence, there was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli_desk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israeli desk (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israeli desk</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestone_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovestone Empire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lovestone Empire</a> and a variety of smaller operations. The Israeli connection was of interest to Angleton, for the information that could be obtained about the Soviet Union and aligned countries, from émigrés to Israel from those countries and for the utility of the Israeli foreign intelligence units, for proxy operations in third countries. Angleton's connections with the Israeli secret intelligence services were useful in obtaining from the Israeli <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shin Bet</a> a transcript of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1956 speech</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Congress of the CPSU" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Congress</a> denouncing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>The Lovestone Empire is a term for the network run for the CIA by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jay Lovestone</a>, once head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communist Party of the United States</a>, later a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trade union</a> leader, who worked with foreign unions, using covert funds to construct a worldwide system of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-communist</a> unions. Finally, there were individual agents, especially in Italy, who reported to Angleton.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> It is quite possible that there were other foreign intelligence activities for which Angleton was responsible, for example, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Southeast Asia</a> and in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Caribbean</a>.Angleton's primary responsibilities as chief of the counterintelligence staff of the CIA have given rise to a considerable literature focused on his efforts to identify any Soviet or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eastern Bloc</a> agents, working in American secret intelligence agencies. As such agents have come to be called "moles", operations intended to find them have come to be called "Molehunts".Three books dealing with Angleton take these matters as their central theme: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mangold" title="Tom Mangold" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tom Mangold</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warrior:James_Jesus_Angleton:The_CIA%27s_Master_Spy_Hunter" title="Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA's Master Spy Hunter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA's Master Spy Hunter</a>, David C. Martin's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilderness_of_Mirrors:Intrigue,Deception,and_the_Secrets_that_Destroyed_Two_of_the_Cold_War%27s_Most_Important_Agents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilderness of Mirrors: Intrigue, Deception, and the Secrets that Destroyed Two of the Cold War's Most Important Agents (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wilderness of Mirrors: Intrigue, Deception, and the Secrets that Destroyed Two of the Cold War's Most Important Agents</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wise(journalist)" title="David Wise (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Wise</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molehunt:The_Secret_Search_for_Traitors_that_Shattered_the_CIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molehunt: The Secret Search for Traitors that Shattered the CIA (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Molehunt: The Secret Search for Traitors that Shattered the CIA</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tim Weiner</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Ashes:The_History_of_the_CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA</a> paints Angleton as an incompetent alcoholic.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal;July_14,2007-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> These views have been challenged by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Riebling" title="Mark Riebling" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mark Riebling</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge:The_Secret_War_between_the_FBI_and_CIA" title="Wedge: The Secret War between the FBI and CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wedge: The Secret War between the FBI and CIA</a>.Angleton thought that all secret intelligence agencies could be assumed to be penetrated by others, or, at least, that a reasonable chief of counterintelligence should assume so.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] Angleton had direct experience of ways in which secret intelligence services could be penetrated.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobarge200332%E2%80%9335-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> There was the manipulation of the German services in World War II by means of Ultra; there was the direct penetration of the British services by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cambridge Five</a> and their indirect penetration of the American services by means of the liaison activities of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kim Philby</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Donald Maclean</a> and perhaps others, and there were the highly successful efforts of the American secret intelligence services in regard to allied, hostile and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Third World</a> services. The combination of Angleton's close association with Philby and Philby's duplicity caused Angleton to double-check "potential problems". Philby was confirmed as a Soviet mole, when he eluded those sent to capture him and defected. Philby said that Angleton had been "a brilliant opponent" and a fascinating friend who seemed to be "catching on" before Philby's departure, thanks to CIA employee <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_Harvey" title="William King Harvey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William King Harvey</a>, a former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> agent, who had voiced his suspicions regarding Philby and others, who Angleton suspected were Soviet agents.Angleton's position in the CIA, his close relationship with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Helms</a>, in particular, his experience and character, made him particularly influential. As in all bureaucracies, this influence brought him the enmity of those who had different views. The conflict between the "Angletonians" and the "Anti-Angletonians" has played out in the public sphere generally in publications about the mole hunts and, in particular, in regard to two Soviet defectors (among many): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliy_Golitsyn" title="Anatoliy Golitsyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anatoliy Golitsyn</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Nosenko" title="Yuri Nosenko" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yuri Nosenko</a>....<div>=<div><a href="https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/DC-ADsCIA.html">https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/DC-ADsCIA.html</a></div><div>
</div><div>devil's chessbd bk</div><div>
</div><div>...In addition to his chilling indifference to the slaughter of the Jews, Dulles worked overtime to undermine FDR’s adamant insistence that he would accept nothing less than an “unconditional surrender” and that Nazi war criminals would face justice. Dulles worked his wiles at saving many Nazi war criminals and returning them to power in post-war West Germany. Among them was Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler’s notorious chief of intelligence.[<a href="https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/DC-ADsCIA.html#fn2" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2</a>] </div><div>
</div><div>In a talk to the Council of Foreign Relations on December 3, 1945, as the first Nuremburg trial was underway, he told the meeting, “Most men of the caliber required to [run the new Germany] suffer a political taint. We have already found out that you can’t run the railroads without taking in some [Nazi] party members.” Couching this in anti-Soviet rhetoric for an audience of like-minded power brokers, many of whom were no doubt as ant-Semitic as he was, Dulles made sure it happened. He worked hard to save the neck of Himmler’s former chief of staff and commander of the security forces in Italy, SS general Karl Wolff. </div><div>
</div><div>Called the “Bureaucrat of Death,” this killer was one of many Dulles saved under his separate peace pact, <a href="http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/law_review_articles/operation_sunrise.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Operation Sunrise</a>, a traitorous circumvention of Roosevelt’s insistence on justice. SS colonel Eugen Dollman was another. In this operation, he worked closely with James Jesus Angleton, the future CIA head of counterintelligence who saw Dulles as his maestro. Working together they helped many notorious Nazi war criminals escape to the United States, Latin America, and other countries via the “Nazi ratlines.”</div><div>....</div><div>Throughout his narrative Talbot mentions many of Dulles’s protégés who will figure prominently in future events, including assassinations of American and foreign leaders: <a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhuntH.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">Howard Hunt</a>, <a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/SSangleton.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">James Angleton</a>, <a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKphillips.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">David Atlee Philips</a>, <a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhelms.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Helms</a>, <a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKharvey.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">William Harvey</a>, <a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmorales.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">David Morales</a>, to name but a few. As one reads through his excellent chronicle of the CIA’s coups, its <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911185935/http://michael-robinett.com/declass/c000.htm" style="text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;">MKULTRA mind control project</a>, its cultural engineering that captivated artists and intellectuals, one can’t help feeling that Dulles’s machinations are leading to a defining culmination.</div>Enter <a id="Imperialism1957">Senator</a> John F. Kennedy and an explosive speech he delivered on the Senate floor <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122004703/http://www.jfklink.com/speeches/jfk/congress/jfk020757_imperialism.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">on July 2, 1957</a>. Talbot correctly notes this speech’s significance when he writes, “Breaking from the Cold War orthodoxy that prevailed in the Democratic as well as Republican parties, JFK suggested that Soviet expansionism was not the only enemy of world freedom; so, too, were the forces of western imperialism that crushed the legitimate aspirations of people throughout the Third World.”...Talbot’s section on the attempted coup d’état against French President Charles de Gaulle is terrific. This CIA backed event, launched in the same month as the Bay of Pigs, was also clearly meant to embarrass Kennedy and to send the message that it was the CIA, not Kennedy, who was in charge. The July 1962 assassination attempt on de Gaulle emphasized the message: those who dare to recognize the independence of Third World countries, as JFK had proposed in 1957 and de Gaulle was in the process of doing with Algeria, would be eliminated.[<a href="https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/DC-ADsCIA.html#fn5" style="text-decoration-line: none;">5</a>]Talbot convincingly shows that although he was out as CIA Director, Dulles was still very much in power, avidly conferring and plotting with his CIA acolytes, his moles in the Kennedy administration, and his military allies led by the Joint Chief’s chairman Lemnitzer, who hated Kennedy.<blockquote class="quote" style="line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“Like the Time-Life building in Manhattan, Dulles’s brick house on Q Street was a boiling center of anti-Kennedy opposition. The actively ‘retired’ spymaster maintained a busy appointments calendar, meeting not only with CIA old boys like Frank Wisner and Charles Cabell [the brother of the mayor of Dallas on the day Kennedy was murdered], but with a steady stream of top-rank, active-duty agency officials such as Angleton, Helms, Cord Meyer, and Desmond Fitzgerald. More surprisingly, Dulles also conferred with mid-level officials and operational officers such as Howard Hunt, James Hunt (a key deputy of Angleton, and no relation to Howard), and Thomas Karamessines (Helm’s right-hand man).”</blockquote>In October 1963 Dulles gave a speech ridiculing the Kennedy administration’s “yearning to be loved” by the rest of the world. His best-selling book, <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol8no1/html/v08i1a07p_0001.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Craft of Intelligence</a>, also appeared that fall and was sycophantically praised by his media allies at The New York Times and Washington Post, papers that would give their seal of approval to the Warren Commission report that Dulles would control and which has been called the Dulles Commission. Talbot correctly notes throughout the book that<a name="Rfn6">Dulles always had the backing of the powerful mainstream media such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, Time-Life, etc. Their owners and executives were a key part of his network of friends and insiders who worked in tandem to support their mutual interests at home and abroad.[</a><a href="https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/DC-ADsCIA.html#fn6" style="text-decoration-line: none;">6</a>]...notes?For background on the Dulles Brothers’ cloaking the involvement of American industrialists including Prescott Bush, Averell Harriman, George Herbert Walker, and the Rockefeller family with Nazi Industrialists see “<a href="http://www.panshin.com/trogholm/secret/rightroots/dulles.html" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Allen Dulles, the Nazis, and the CIA</a>,” by Cory Panshin, Trogholm, March 2005. Two quotations lead off the above:<blockquote style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg once stated that “The Dulles brothers were traitors.” Some historians believe that Allen Dulles became head of the newly formed CIA in large part to cover up his treasonous behavior and that of his clients.<div align="right">—Christian Dewar, <a href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/articles/02/04/p/05_killing.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Making a Killing</a></div><div style="line-height: 17.5467px;"> </div>Just before his death, James Jesus Angleton, the legendary chief of counterintelligence at the Central Intelligence Agency, was a bitter man. He felt betrayed by the people he had worked for all his life. In the end, he had come to realize that they were never really interested in American ideals of “freedom” and “democracy.” They really only wanted “absolute power.” </blockquote><blockquote style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
    Angleton told author Joseph Trento that the reason he had gotten the counterintelligence job in the first place was by agreeing not to submit “sixty of Allen Dulles’ closest friends” to a polygraph test concerning their business deals with the Nazis. In his end-of-life despair, Angleton assumed that he would see all his old companions again “in hell.”<div align="right">—Michael Hasty, <a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article5538.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Paranoid Shift</a></div></blockquote><div>=</div><div><div></div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/why-cia-still-keeps-jfk-secrets">https://www.alternet.org/why-cia-still-keeps-jfk-secrets</a></div><div>
</div><div>Of  all the fascinating and weird things about the JFK assassination story, the veil of official secrecy that still surrounds the subject a half-century later is one of the most fascinating and weird.</div>Leave aside the implausible theories of conspiracy and the smug assurances that a little man shot a big man, get over it. The extreme and strange secrecy around the government’s information about the JFK assassination continues—even as the CIA insists we already know the whole truth of who killed a popular liberal president a long, long time ago.<div id="TeadsNative" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On President Trump’s April 26 deadline for full disclosure of the JFK files, that veil of secrecy is still in place. According to the Mary Ferrell Foundation’s analysis of the National Archives database, some <a href="https://www.maryferrell.org/pages/Featured_Letter_to_Archivist_March2018.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">21,890 JFK files</a> remain wholly or partially secret. Approximately 85 percent of the still-secret files are held by the CIA and FBI.Such secrecy not only stokes JFK conspiracy theories and the specter of a “deep state.” It also discourages historians, journalists and students from completing the historical record of JFK’s murder. Official secrecy helps cede the question of who killed JFK to the social media cohort educated by InfoWars and Reddit. Nothing abets the conspiracy mongering like CIA secrecy.As a journalist and historian who has written about these files since I <a href="https://jfkfacts.org/jfk-facts-scoop-1-the-cia-retains-1100-secret-jfk-documents/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">broke the story</a> of their existence back in May 2013, I’m less interested in what they say about conspiracy theories than in what they reveal about Washington’s response to a spectacular crime. The president of the United States was gunned down in broad daylight, and no one was ever brought to justice. No one at the CIA or FBI even lost their job over this atrocious intelligence failure. Now tell me exactly, how did that happen?What the Files ShowAs editor of the <a href="https://jfkfacts.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">JFK Facts</a> blog, I hoped the release of the last of the government’s JFK files in October 2017 would shed new light some aspect of the story. Was Kennedy’s death the work of unknown conspirators, abetted by CIA officers? Or the work of a lone gunman, abetted by sheer CIA incompetence? As <a href="https://www.npr.org/2017/10/26/559799857/final-jfk-assassination-files-due-to-be-released" style="text-decoration-line: none;">news organizations worldwide clamored</a> to know what might be in the last of the government's JFK files, President Trump tweeted boldly but proceeded cautiously. He acceded to pressure from CIA director Mike Pompeo and delayed full implementation of the law for six months.
They also found many files had not been released. Many still had blanked out paragraphs and even whole pages. These files concerned top CIA officers involved in the assassination story such as David Phillips, Howard Hunt, and George Joannides.In November and December, there was a partial release of files. The National Archives posted four large batches of newly declassified CIA, NSA and FBI files about JFK’s assassination. As reporters and researchers delved into the records they found some revelations about FBI director <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/jfk-assassination-files/jfk-files-j-edgar-hoover-said-public-must-believe-lee-n814881" style="text-decoration-line: none;">J. Edgar Hoover</a> and CIA counterintelligence chief <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/11/13/jfk-files-controversy-surrounding-cia-counterspy-chief-fed-assassination-conspiracies/857616001/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Angleton</a>.It was weirdly fascinating, which is to say it was business as usual in Trump's Washington. The president's October 26 tweet, “<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/924414387343028224" style="text-decoration-line: none;">JFK Files are released, long ahead of schedule!”</a> was wholly misleading. In reality, thousands of JFK files are still secret and their release is way behind schedule. Sad!The prospects that scholars, journalists, and interested citizens will ever see all of these files this week are not bright. The reason is found in <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/157-10014-10004.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">the recently released transcript</a> of what Angleton told Senate investigators behind closed doors in September 1975.<blockquote style="">“It is inconceivable,” he said behind closed doors, “that a secret intelligence arm of the Government has to comply with all of the overt orders of the Government.”</blockquote>This bold assertion that the CIA could defy government orders did not go over well with the Senate Intelligence Committee or the public. Under withering questioning from the committee chair Senator Frank Church, Angleton walked back the remark. The exchange was so sensitive that the CIA suppressed the transcript for 40 years. The CIA doesn't want you to know that top officials sometimes talk that bluntly.Angleton’s axiom, once controversial, seems to be alive and well in Washington.When it comes to the JFK files, the position of the overt, elected government is clear.Then Congress voted unanimously in favor of the JFK Records Act, which mandates the release of all files. The act was signed into law George H.W. Bush, a Republican, and implemented by Bill Clinton, a Democrat. President Trump favors full disclosure. Yet the will of the people—it seems a quaint concept these days—has not been achieved despite the letter and spirit of the law.Indeed, since October 26, 2017, the CIA has flouted the JFK Records Act. The law gives the agency the right to postpone the release of records with the approval of the president. Trump’s <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-heads-executive-departments-agencies-2/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">October 26, 2017, order</a> on JFK files conforms with the law.But the law also requires the CIA to provide a declassified summary of the reasons for postponement for each and every JFK file. That has not been done for the 21,000-plus record withheld from public view since last October.Angleton is dead, but his shadow is long. In 2018 the secret intelligence arm of the government is saying, with its actions, that it does not have to comply with the overt orders of the government, at least not as they concern ancient JFK assassination files. Will Trump Cave?Most JFK scholars and open government journalists who follow the JFK files story are pessimistic that Trump will deliver on his tweeted promise to open all the JFK files, save the names of living persons....<div>
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</div></div><div>===</div><div>
</div><div>newton diss<div>
</div><div><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, " courier="Courier" new="New" monospace="monospace" font-size="font-size" px="px" white-space="white-space" pre-wrap="pre-wrap" padding="padding" margin-top="margin-top" margin-bottom="margin-bottom" line-height="line-height" word-break="word-break" break-all="break-all" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" border="border" solid="solid" border-radius="border-radius">APPENDIX D

Intelligence Lobbying Efforts

Albuquerque, New Mexico

December 4, 1979

The Honorable Senator Frank Church

Room 204, Senate Office Building

United States Senate

Washington, D.C. 20510

Dear Senator Church:

As your records will disclose, I testified before your Committee, and in addition was

interrogated by members of the Committee staff. All of this allegedly related to my past

assignments, which deeply involved me in the operations of the FBI and CIA. I naturally

have followed developments since the "exposes" of your Committee and I am making

some observations which probably have come to your attention, and I am confident that

they are shared by thousands of Americans who have participated in discharging

responsibilities relating to the security of the U.S., but I doubt that you would have

received the observations from anyone whose experience closely conformed to mine. I do

not speak as an expert but as one whose day to day experiences gave me the opportunity

to observe much not available to the average officer.

One could have hoped that your examinations would have led to constructive

improvement in the capabilities of U.S. intelligence and internal security agencies to cope

with the threats in a nuclear age. I strongly emphasize "nuclear age" because that's what it

is all about and I really didn't see this as a major point of reference in your investigations.

Apparently quality and/or need of intelligence was not a priority. As you know your

Committee, with the additional outlet of the Freedom of Information Act, exposed and

exposed leading to the dissemination of volumes of sensitive intelligence; literally tearing

apart the operational effectiveness of agencies such as FBI and CIA; severely damaging

morale; destroying the absolute need of cooperation from friendly governments; and

above all providing the Soviet intelligence services with the gifts of the Century.

As I examine the foregoing I could qualify my observations by stating they are too harsh

because there have been other factors. I recognize that there have been defects in our

intelligence system just because of the glaring deficiencies in the existing law. I also

realize that we have failed in areas simply because we are not producing high quality

intelligence. However, at no time did I see evidence of your Committee's motivation to

get answers to "Why aren't we producing better intelligence, particularly in the human

intelligence field?" If my observations are harshly presented they largely stem from the

development of international events. I cite the deplorable situation in Iran. I refer to the

"Russian brigade" in Cuba. Admiral Turner, Director, CIA, is quoted as stating "in 1963

we estimated the ground combat forces which the Soviets had introduced into Cuba had

all been withdrawn. It was not until 1978 that we began to have strong suspicions that

this was no longer the case." I look at a 32 year history of CIA development and I view

the statement of Admiral Turner as being almost unbelievable. My point is that your

Committee should have spent more time looking at operational deficiencies of the

intelligence agencies with a thrust of bringing improvements leading to production of

intelligence quality which could be of immeasurable value in formulating policy and

decisions in an obviously turbulent world.

If one is shaken by the statement of Admiral Turner and if we look at Cuba and Iran, we

would be most naive if we didn't look ahead to areas where in the not too distant future

we may be faced with additional agonizing decisions. I only mention the entire Middle

East, Indonesia, Philippines [sic], Central America, South America, and possibly

outbreaks of revolutionary type of activity in Eastern Europe. By now we must

acknowledge that wherever there is a political eruption we can't separate the security of

this country from such an event, and contrary to the views of many, we can't neglect

internal threats from individuals or groups who may directly or indirectly have ties with

organizations in foreign countries, and I refer to those who are dedicated to the political.

social and economic destruction of the U.S. Let us not forget the proliferating expansion

of terrorism coupled with kidnappings and hostage black-mail. Let us not overlook the

area of those individuals who, although having noble intentions, become unwitting but

effective tools of those whose goal is to undermine if not destroy the strength of this

country. So there is no misunderstanding, I am not implying that the "unwitting" be

punished in some way. Damage from this direction can be greatly minimized by guidance

and direction from leaders such as you.

I believe you will agree that our position in the world today is such that, like never

before, we need capabilities of the highest quality to collect and analyze intelligence; to

use the products to maximum efficiency; and to protect our assets with the best

counterintelligence. So we do not forget, we are talking about survival and with survival

the protection of freedoms which we have taken for granted. This, of course, demands a

price to be paid for preserving freedom. Will the price include the maintenance of an

intelligence and internal security structure compatible with the preservation of our

freedoms and operationally adequate to assure survival in the nuclear world? This is, and

always will be, a continuing challenge but it is a goal which can be achieved. Striving for

such achievement falls heavily on shoulders such as yours.

You possibly may get the impression that I am one of those advocating a massive police

state type of operation. Of course this is ridiculous, but if we do not awaken and do the

necessary repairs, as a nation we could degenerate and permit an overwhelming

penetration, if not domination, by reactionaries who seek a dictatorial government.

Starting with your Committee and since, there has been a prevailing approach to the

alleged "sins" of the intelligence community by evaluating on a foundation or precepts of

high morality. Accepting that this was honestly motivated, it is commendable. However,

just the events of this year clearly establish that such an approach places us virtually in a

dream world. Needless to say the Soviets, Khomeni, and certainly others do not apply the

same ground rules. Do you not agree that to survive in this nuclear world our policy and

decision-making should be executed in the context of strategy? If this is accepted, I

believe you will agree that we will be lost in developing and executing strategic actions

without a continuing output of knowledge of a quality which greatly reduces the areas of

the unknowns and radically minimizes the guessing in our estimates.

When you examine the findings of your Committee, you and your associates may have

fallen into a course so often followed by inspection directed individuals or groups. There

can be a tendancy [sic] to become parasitic, i.e. feeding on the mistakes or errors of

judgement of people to the point of literally "feasting" and doing so at the expense of

destroying existing valuable assets. Do you not feel that it is time to terminate the

"feasting?"

It is possible that when your Committee examined the operations of the FBI and CIA you

encountered individuals such as myself who were heavily influenced by past history

starting with Pearl Harbor. I do not know if anybody on your Committee staff who spent

anytime reviewing the history of Soviet penetration of U.S. government and the U.S.

society from the Twenties through the Thirties and Forties. Those were not fly-by-night

Soviet operations. The penetrations were most extensive. We probably will never know

the true extent of the damage because it was not until WWII and particularly after the

War that we developed an assessment of the Soviet activity, and there still is a question,

if we really identified all or most of the penetration. It is unfortunate that much of this has

never been revealed to the public because of restrictions applied to sensitive data. The

foregoing is being emphasized because the deterioration of our capabilities, the

restrictions imposed on agencies such as the FBI and CIA, and the wide exposure to

sensitive data from proliferating growth of Congressional oversight, all provide a

bonanza type of atmosphere for Soviet infiltration.

It is true that the years gave the U.S. Intelligence a high respect for Soviet recruitment of

agents in foreign countries; for penetration of government agencies; for very skillful

application of what we commonly refer to as "covert action"; and most importantly for

the highest capability in the history of civilization in the utilization of deception.

My message above might suggest that I, and others, may have exaggerated assessment of

Soviet capabilities. This could be true if the U.S. today possessed a reliable assessment

which, in any way, described a deterioration of Soviet intelligence; which depicted a

severe breakdown in its capabilities; which reflected a significant change leading to a

drastic minimization of direction against U.S. targets; which to any degree was

abandoning clandestinity as an atmosphere for maintaining relations with foreign

governments. I strongly doubt that in 1979 we have acceptable evidence to provide

accurate evaluation of organization, identification of agents, planning, intentions, and

decision-making. I doubt very much that we have the needed agent penetrations in

Moscow. I doubt that our sophisticated technical coverage, admittedly productive and

necessary, is producing the answers. We certainly do not have the benefit of public

"exposes" or the revelations that might be surfaced in a free society. The point is, "What

do we really know when one thinks of plans and intentions?" How can we know when it

took us until 1978 "when we began to have strong suspicions" regarding Soviet combat

forces in Cuba, 90 miles from our shores.

If there is a theme of harshness in my communication maybe it is needed, just as you

undoubtedly felt when you initiated your investigations. Only now it would appear that

there is a critical need for rebuilding. If the legislation currently being introduced to

establish a charter is the answer, you can look forward to continuing intelligence disasters

and to unmanageable internal security crises. I wish you would accept this as an appeal to

seriously examine the state of our intelligence system, not concentrating on "why certain

operations were initiated" but rather "why don't we have a far greater capability to

produce needed knowledge?" Are you satisfied that the CIA, FBI, and other agencies can

adequately provide the necessary security to this country operating under current

restrictions and guide lines? Do you believe that we can cope with our adversaries in

today's world without the knowledge which can only be acquired by a sophisticated

intelligence system? I ask if you will give consideration to assessing the issue described

above. If you are satisfied with our present state of capabilities, would you say so

publicly? If not, would you take a public stand directed toward significant improvement?

You, sir, because of your important position and responsibilities delegated to you, can

provide a valuable service to our country in these very critical times.

Sincerely,

Sam J. Papich

SJP/mw

SECURITY and INTELLIGENCE FUND

Suite 500,

499 South Capitol St., S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20003

April 28, 1980

Dear:

None of the straw-grasping that passes for decision-making in the government of the hour

is more revealing of the collapse of reasoned purpose in the pursuit of national strategic

interests than the Administration's stubborn efforts to ram down the throat of a troubled

Congress a bad charter allegedly intended to "reform" the national intelligence services.

If the defeats and humiliations to which American defense and foreign policies have been

subjected in Iran and Afghanistan, not to mention the contemptuous plucking of the

American eagle's tail feathers now in shameful progress throughout the Caribbean and

Central America, should have taught us anything, it is that no first-class nation can rightly

expect to operate reliable foreign intelligence in a fish bowl.

Yet in the face of these calamitous lessons President Carter and the strange company of

leftwingers, neo-isolationinsts and pacifists whom he stationed at the gateways into the

national security formulation processes remain unconvinced. They are determined to hold

the already gravely crippled intelligence functions, foreign and domestic, under too many

of the damaging constraints imposed on the intelligence community in part by the

President's own misguided directive of January 19, 1978, and further in part by the

reckless exposure of intelligence operations under the Freedom of Information Act and

the uncontrollable surveillance of the Congress.

The straightforward purpose of this letter is to ask for your continued support in helping

us turn the Congress back from this folly.

Accurate and timely foreign intelligence and sleepless counter-intelligence in defense of

the intelligence services themselves are crucial to the successful management of foreign

and military policies against the outer threats. Vigilant and resolute internal security is the

only sure protection against espionage, subversion, sabotage and terrorism inside our

frontiers.

Yet at an hour of clear and present danger all three functions have been gravely

weakened and, in certain respects, all but decimated.

Lately, there has been talk of ambitious schemes for assembling Fast Deployment

Military forces that would enable the President to project effective power into far places

in defense of imperiled American interests. But preparing such forces is going to take

time and their usefulness in a test at the far margins of power will depend acutely on

whether the intelligence will be good enough for them to be moved to the right places, in

the right numbers, at the right time. Yet a full understanding of this elementary

requirement seems not to have penetrated the inner councils of the Presidency. The Ship

of State gropes aimlessly in a fog of contradictions, but the men on the bridge are bent on

blinding their own radar, stuffing the ears of their sonar gear and calling the look-outs

down from their lofty posts.

Let it be noted in fairness, as our Fund has already done in its Winter Quarterly Situation

Report, that the President and some of his more politically sensitive lieutenants have

sensed the rising concern in the Congress over the magnitude of the Soviet threat. By way

of compromise, they have loosened somewhat the more extreme controls which they

intended to fasten on the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of

Investigation when they first set out to write new charters for both agencies two years

ago.

But they are still driving hard toward their principal objectives. The new charters if

enacted in their present forms, will in fact put into law most of the stifling constraints

sought by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and be the improvident, hand

wringing catalogue of the faults and failures of the intelligence service brought out in

1976 by the Senate Committee of Inquiry under the chairmanship of Senator Church of

Idaho.

No doubt some reform was called for. The CIA was not yet three decades old — hardly

out of the apprenticeship stage as long established foreign intelligence services measure

their experience — when Senator Church marked it as a prime target. In hindsight, the

scattered misdeeds and misjudgments which he uncovered, though embarrassing enough,

are seen to have hardly merited the sensationalism with which the press and opportunistic

politicians exploited the products of Senator Frank Church's Snake River Valley

evangelism.

But there's no underestimating the damage that was done and the losses. You can number

the failures in Afghanistan and Iran among the casualties [sic].

The pending prosecutions of the former senior executives in the FBI still cast a somber

shadow over the FBI's reputation. But, as we advised our members in the Winter

Situation Report, there has been some slight lightening on the otherwise dark horizon.

Thanks to your past help, echoed by the courage and foresight of a number of influential

Senators who were determined to begin to repair the harm done to the CIA and the FBI, a

bill cosponsored by Senator Moynihan (D-New York), Senator Malcolm Wallop (R-

Wyoming) and five others is now under active consideration by the upper house.

This is a badly needed first step in unshackling the CIA. If enacted, it will basically:

— Exempt the CIA from the Freedom of Information Act.

— Make it a crime to reveal the identity of Intelligence

Agents, and

— Repeal the Hughs-Ryan Amendment — a 1974 Law

which requires that all CIA covert operations be reported to

eight Congressional Committees.

This is a good bill. It is an essential step in restoring sanity and realism to the nation's

intelligence functions. Its fate is of vital importance to you as a citizen. Help us get it

passed by writing to your Senators, insisting that they vote for it rather than the restrictive

charter which the men around the President want.

Sound Counsel from an Experienced Source.

There is another matter that we urge upon you.

One of the most knowledgeable [sic] intelligence officers in the service of the FBI since

the onset of the Cold War is Mr. Sam Papich, who retired ten years ago. He is a founding

member of our Fund. The other day, he sent to us a copy of a letter that he had mailed to

Senator Church. The letter was sent in December. Mr. Papich waited a respectful interval

for a reply. None came. The letter went unacknowledged. Mr. Papich decided the topic

was too important to be allowed to lie fallow. He felt it was one that our membership

should be made aware of. We are honored to pass it on to you to let you decide for

yourself why Senator Church, who could act the tiger when the television cameras had

him in their sights as an aspiring Presidential candidate, found Sam Papich's letter too hot

to handle.

Sam Papich served the FBI for 30 years. He was an advisor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff

and to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. While in the FBI he spent 1 8

years as its senior liaison officer with the CIA.

Few Americans can match Sam Papich in the breadth of his experience in both foreign

intelligence and internal security, yet if the wisdom that he passed on to the Senator from

Idaho, whose expertise in these matters is that of scourge and gadfly, was not accorded

even an acknowledgment that his letter had been received.

Good people in the CIA and the FBI, however resolute, cannot by reason of their

vulnerability in career hierarchies, hope to stand off their political overlords for long.

But Sam Papich is telling us that there is a way to preserve the integrity and quality of the

professional intelligence services.

It is to rally on the side of the professionals the support of the enlightened members of

Congress, the press and organizations like our own. People of influence who are united in

their determination to restore order, purpose, objectivity, and devotion to the intelligence

functions in their service to the Nation.

We look to you to stand with us in mobilizing support in the Senate for the passage of the

Moynihan-Wallop bill. The pressing need is to clear the way for a return to the CIA of its

now all but lost capabilities for effective political action with friendly nations.

Toward this end, we are bringing forward expert witnesses who will help articulate the

logic of that bill before the appropriate Members of Congress.

We have another collateral objective. It is to persuade the Congress to reestablish the

Senate Internal Subcommittee which was capriciously scattered into oblivion by Senator

Kennedy of Massachusetts. It was the only instrumentality in the government empowered

to conduct serious investigations into the penetration of our society by the Soviet bloc

spies, and to expose in open hearings the techniques of subversion, deception, and

disinformation being practiced in our midst by the swarms of KGB agents and their Bloc

confederates who come and go at will.

We can't do this job alone. The Intelligence Services are themselves all but muted. We

need your support — in your communities, in the press of your communities, and with the

Members of Congress who represent you.

So please help us move toward the achievement of our objectives by renewing your

membership in our Fund for 1980 if you have not already done so.

Sincerely,

James Angleton, Chairman

Elbridge Durbrow

Former Chief President

Counterintelligence, CIA U.S.

Ambassador (Ret.)

Robert C. Richardson, III

Secretary-Treasurer

Brigadier General, USAF (Ret.)

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