“[M]anagers who radiate certainty climb two rungs faster” (Lee , 2025, p. 381)
But . . .
Paul Tillich: living with doubt as preferable to “a leap from doubt to dogmatic certainty,” which “may be the expression of a desire for safety” (Tillich, 1952, p. 175). Doubt is not something to be eliminated, because the “element of doubt is a condition of all spiritual life” (Tillich, 1952, p. 48), especially in an age of existential despair, in which we feel separated “from the whole of reality” (Tillich, 1952, p. 49). To flee from this essential doubt into certainty is to give up one’s self and one’s freedom: “Meaning is saved, but the self is sacrificed” (Tillich, 1952, p. 49).