EV Batteries

• Lithium
• Cobalt
• Manganese
• Nickel
• Graphite

In the upstream portion of the supply chain, mines extract raw materials; for batteries, these raw materials typically contain lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, and graphite.

After mines extract raw materials (the upstream portion of the EV battery supply chain), they are sent to facilities where they are processed, refined,and assembled into battery cells.

Processing involves removing unneeded materials from the minerals. Refining involves working with these processed materials to achieve a purity level that makes them suitable for use in many products, including batteries. Manufacturers then use these materials to make anode and cathode electrodes that are placed into battery cells, which store energy.*

The downstream portion of the EV battery supply chain involves the assembly of battery cells into modules and then packsbefore placing finished batteries into EVs