Causes, Junctional Rhythm
- Chest trauma
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Radiation therapy
- Collagen vascular disease
- Myocarditis
- Clonidine
- Reserpine
- Adenosine
- Cimetidine
- Antiarrhythmics class I to IV
- Lithium
- Amitriptyline
- Neuromuscular disorder
- X-linked muscular dystrophy
- Familial disorder
- Vasovagal simulation (endotracheal suctioning)
- Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Digoxin
- Ivabradine
- Opioids
- Cannabinoids
- Isoproterenol infusion
- Hypothyroidism
- Sleep apnea
- Hypoxia
- Intracranial hypertension
- Hyperkalemia
- Anorexia nervosa
- Amyloidosis
- Pericarditis
- Lyme disease
- Rheumatic fever
- Ischemic heart disease
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Acute and chronic coronary artery disease
- Repair of congenital heart disease
- Inherited channelopathy
Other than the above-listed causes of severe SA node disease, which can result in junctional rhythm, a high-grade second-degree heart block and a third-degree heart block can also result in a junctional rhythm. Digoxin toxicity can also lead to an accelerated junctional rhythm.